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Pharmacology > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Treatment of peptic ulcer diease

A

combination of lifestyle and pharmacotherapy work best

goals of treatment are to eliminate infection by H.pylori, promote ulcer healing, prevent recurrence of sympotms

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2
Q

Drugs used to treat Peptic Ulcer Disease

A 
H2-receptor antagonists
proton pump inhibitors
antacids
antibiotics
miscellaneous drugs
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3
Q

Antibiotics (used for PUD)

A

administered to treat H.Pylori infections of GI tract

two or more antibiotics are given concurrently to increase effectiveness and lower the potential of creating resistance to treatment

usually uses a proton pump inhibitor and bismuth compounds (which inhibit bacterial growth and prevent h.pylori from adhering to gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Therapeutic Action of Miscellaneous Drugs (for PUD)

A

SUCRALFATE - coats ulcer and protects it from further erosion

MISTOPROSTOL - inhibits acid and stimulates production of mucus

PIRENZEPINE - inhibits autonomic receptors responsible for gastric secretion

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5
Q

Therapeutic Action of H2-Receptor Blockers

A

suppress the volume and acidity of stomach acid

often drugs of choice to treat PUD

also treats GERD and heartburn

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6
Q

H2-Receptor Antagonists (blockers)

A

cimetidine
famotidine
nizatidine
ranitidine

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7
Q

Ranitidine (zantac)

A

prototype h2-receptor blocker or antagonist

used to treat PUD

acts by blocking h2-receptors in stomach to decrease acid production

adverse effects are possible reduction in the number of red and white blood cells and platelets, impotence, or loss of libido in men

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8
Q

What are some risks nurses must monitor for with h2-receptor antagonist therapy?

A

assess kidney and liver function

evaluate cbc for possile anemia during long term use

risk of dysrythmia and hypotension with IV cimetidine

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9
Q

therapeutic action of proton pump inhibitors

A

binds with the enzyme H+, K+, ATPase - this enzyme increases HCl

used for short term therapy of PUD and GERD

more effective at reducing gastric-acid H2-receptor blockers

need to be taken 30 minutes prior to eating and may be administered at same time as antacids

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10
Q

proton pump inhibitors

A 
esomeprazole
lansoprazole
omeprazole
pantoprazole
rabeprazole
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11
Q

omeprazole

A

reduces acid secretion in stomach by binding irreversibly to enzyme H+, K+, ATPase

primarily used for short term (4-8 week) treatment of peptic ulcers and GERD

adverse effects include headache, nausea, diarrhea, rash, abdominal pain, drug interactions

**long term use associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer

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12
Q

Therapeutic action of antacids

A

neutralize stomach acid

are inexpensive and effective

simethicone added to reduce gas

relieve symptoms but don’t promote ulcer healing

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13
Q

Antacids

A

aluminum hydroxide
calcium carbonate
calcium carbonate with magnesium hydroxide
magnesium hydroxide
magnesium hydroxide with aluminium hydroxide
magnesium hydroxide with aluminium hydroxide with simethicone
sodium bicarbonate

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14
Q

Aluminium Hydroxide

A

prototype antacid

neutralizes stomach acid by raising pH of stomach contents

primarily used in combination with other antiulcer agents for relief of heartburn due to GERD or PUD

adverse effects are constipation or drug interactions

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15
Q

Drugs for treating bowel disorders

A

laxatives

antidiarrheals

antiemetics

drugs for pancreatitis

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16
Q

therapeutic action of laxatives

A

promotes bowel movements

bulk forming agents absorb water, adding size to fecal mass

stool softeners or surfacants cause more water and fat to be absorbed into stools

stimulants irritate bowel to increase peristalsis

saline or osmotic laxatives are not absorbed in intestine (pull water into fecal mass to create more watery stool)

herbal agents are natural product available OTC, the most common is SENNA

misc. agents include mineral oil, which acts as poop lube

17
Q

Laxatives and Cathartics: Bulk-forming Agents

A

calcium polycarbophil
methylcellulose
psyllium mucilloid

18
Q

Laxatives and Cathartics: saline and somotic agents

A

magnesium hydroxide
polyethylene glycol
sodium biphosphate

19
Q

Laxatives and Cathartics: stimulants

A

bisacodyl
castor oild
phenolphthalein

20
Q

Laxatives and Cathartics: stool softeners

A

doxusate

21
Q

Laxatives and Cathartics: misc. agents

A

mineral oil

22
Q

What are important things to assess for when treating constipation?

A

colon cancer

esophageal obstruction

intestinal obstruction

fecal impaction

undiagnosed abdominal pain

23
Q

psyllium mucilloid

A

prototype laxative, bulking agent

swells and increases size of fecal mass

primary use is to promote passage of stool

adverse effects are rare and cramping is less than with stimulant type laxatives

24
Q

therapeutic action of antidiarrheals

A

for mild diarrhea

effective at returning elimination patterns to normal

for severe cases, opioids are the most efficacious antidiarrheal agents

25
Q

Antidiarrheals: Opioids

A

belladonna with opium
diphenoxylate with atropine
loperamide

26
Q

antidiarrheals: misc. agent

A

bismuth subsalicylate

bismuth subsalicylate with kaolin-pectin

27
Q

For whom is antidiarrheal therapy countraindicated?

A

severely dehydrated, those with electrolyte imbalance

patients with liver and renal disorders

glaucoma patients

28
Q

diphenoxylate with atropine

A

antidiarrheal, opioid

slows peristalsis

primarily used for moderate to severe diarrhea

adverse effects are dizziness and drowsiness

NOT recommended for children

29
Q

Therapeutic action of drugs for Inflammatory bowel disears

A

mild to moderate is treated with 5-aminosalicylic acid or 5-ASA

corticosteroids used in more persistent cases

particularly severe may require immunosuppresent drugs

30
Q

`therapeutic action of drugs for irritable bowel syndrome

A

treatment is supportive

targeted at symptoms

medications include bulk laxatives, anticholinergic drugs, serotonin agonists

31
Q

therapeutic actions of antiemetics

A

drugs from at least 8 classes

used to prevent nausea and vomitting

act by inhibiting dopamine or serotonin receptors in brain

32
Q

select antiemetics

A

anticholinergic: SCOPOLAMINE

antihistamines: DIMENHYDRINATE
DIPHENHYDRAMINE
HYDROXYZINE

benzodiazipines: DIAZEPAM
LORAZEPAM

cannabinoids:CANNABIDIOL

glucocorticoids: DEXAMETHASONE
METHYPREDNISOLONE

phenothiazines and phenothiazine like agents
METOCLOPRAMIDE
PERPHENAZINE
PROCHLORPERAZINE
PROMETHAZINE

serotonin receptor antagonists
DOLASETRONETRON
ONDANSETRON
GRANISETRON

33
Q

What are emetics?

A

emetics are drugs that stimulate nausea or vomiting

34
Q

prochloperazine

A

prototype antiemetic

blocks dopamine receptors to brain, inhibiting signals to vomiting center in medulla

primarily used for severe nausea and vomiting, but also to treat psychosis

adverse effects include dore-related anticholinergic side effects(dry mouth, sedation, constipation, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, extrapyrimidal symptoms**

**the serious concern with prolonged therapy

35
Q

therapeutic action for pancreatitis

A

pancrease secretes essential digestive enzymes carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin, and trypsin

lipase, amylase and nuclease require presence of bile

lack of secretion results in malabsorption disorders. replacement therapy is sometimes warrented

36
Q

pancrelipase

A

prototype drug for pancreatitis

contains lipase, protease, and amylase of pork origin which: facilitates conversion of lipid into glycerol and fatty acids; converts starches to dextrin & sugars andconverts proteins to peptides

primarily used as replacement therapy for clients with insufficient pancreatic exocrine secretions

adverse effects include GI symptoms of nausea, vomiting and or diarrhea. can cause hyperuricosuria

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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