GI Flashcards
Candidiasis
irregular, longitudinal plaques with intervening normal mucosa
Typically upper 1/3 oesophagus
Immunocompromised (HIV, Transplant)
In older asymptomatic patients = Mucosal white plaques more uniform, rounded, and less well defined than candidiasis = Glycogenic Acanthosis
Immunocompromised, multiple small <1cm oesophageal ulcers with a surrounding halo of oedema?
Herpes ulcer
Singular large flat ulcer. 1cm in length in the oesophagus?
CMV or HIV
HIV more common to have massive ulcer (can be several cms)
Solitary or multiple shallow ulcers usually in mid/upper oesophagus at sites of narrowing e.g., at aortic arch indentation?
Drug induced
Mid oesophageal stricture, associated hiatal hernia and reflux?
Barretts
‘reticular muscosal pattern’
Young male, dysphagia. Barium - Concentric, ring-like strictures of oesophagus
Eosinophilic oesophagitis
**Not transient - Permanent **
DDx
feline oesophagus
- folds1-2 mm thick and run horizontally around the entire circumference of the esophageal lumen.
- The findings are transient, seen following reflux and not during swallowing.
- Associated with GORD
- distal two-thirds of the thoracic esophagus
long stricture ± diffuse ulceration of lower and mid oesophagus.
Caustic
Stomach can be pulled into the chest as the oesophagus shortens and strictures
DDX Long stricture
-NG tube in too long or radiation - These are usually smooth
Features of oesophageal scleroderma?
-affects the Lower 2/3 (smooth muscle) with atony and peristalsis that begin caudally and moves cranially.
-Moderate dilatation of esophagus with fusiform stricture at lower end
Nb upper 1/3 to above aortic arch is normal (striated muscle)
NB - Jejunum - dilated but with preserved valvulae conniventes
DDx
Achalsia
- Grossly dilated whole oesophagus with smooth, beak-like tapering at lower end
Reflux Esophagitis (With Stricture)
-Longer tapered distal stricture
-Less luminal dilation
-Distinguished from scleroderma by normal peristalsis
Esophageal Carcinoma
-Abrupt proximal borders of strictured segment (rat tail appearance)
-Mucosal irregularity, shouldering, mass effect
Nb polymositits
- affects skeletal muscle so therefore affects the upper third of oesophagus, retention of barium in the valeeculae, regurg nasal reflux, failure of contrast to progress in upper third without gravity
Water density cyst in the posterior mediastinum ?
Oesophageal duplication cyst
Commonest site-** distal ileum**, duodenum, oesophagus
DDx
- Bronchogenic cyst - Cartilage, **subcarinal **
- Leiomyoma - solid oesophageal mass
- Oesophageal diverticulum - communicated directly
- Neurenteric cyst - associated vertebral abnormalities
Outpouching with rounded contour posteriorly and the neck is above the cricopharyngeus muscle
Zenker Diverticulum
In hypopharynx!!!
Site of weakness is the Killian dehiscence - between the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and cricopharyngeal muscle
Dysphagia in elderly person. Previous TB. Barium-filled tented or triangular outpouching in the mid oesophagus ?
Traction diverticulum
Acquired condition due to subcarinal or perihilar granulomatous lymph node pathology (TB, histo)
External force on oesophageal wall, such as mediastinal inflammation, that adheres and pulls on oesophageal wall
Small outpouching in the cervical oesophagus. Anterior and lateral direction?
Killian - Jamieson Diverticulum
Large saccular outpouching just above the diaphragm, right side?
Epiphrenic diverticulum
Can be mistaken for paraesophageal hernia - usually in on the left
associated with dysmotility disorders
Barium - multiple, tiny (1- to 4-mm depth), flask-like outpouchings in the oesophagus
Oesophageal pseudodiverticulosis
Barium trapped in dilated excretory ducts of submucosal glands
CHRONIC REFLUX* and Candida
Oesophageal web, iron deficiency anaemia, dysphagia, spoon shaped nails?
Plummer - Vinson syndrome
Webs are risk factor for hypopharyngeal and oesophageal Cancer
Anterior indentation of the oesophagus and posterior indentation of the trachea?
Pulmonary sling
Aberrant left pulmonary artery
Posterior indentation of the oesophagus and anterior indentation of the trachea?
Double aortic arch
classic “reverse S” indentation of the contrast column on frontal view produced by an upper indentation of the right-sided aortic arch and the lower indentation is by the left-sided aortic arch
Features of GIST tumour?
Well-circumscribed.
Hypervascular
submucosal mass extending exophytically from GI tract
Stomach (70%)
**Heterogenous - Central necrosis is key **
Remember
- assocaited NF-1
- Carneys triad
- Pulmonary condromas, Exrtra-adrenal paragangliomas, GIST
Features of Gastric lymphoma?
Diffuse wall thickening
can cross the pylorus
Rarely causes gastric outlet obstruction
can be primary MALT and secondary to systemic lymphoma (NHL)
Features of gastric carcinoma?
- Intraluminal mass with no peristalsis through lesion (at fluoroscopy)
- Antral mass causing outlet obstruction - Ulcer -
Width > depth, nodular edges
obliteration of surrounding areae gastricae - Infiltrative -
Diffuse infiltration of gastric wall; non-peristaltic, non-distensible = **Linitis plastica (leather bottle) ***
**Pseudoachalasia: Fundal carcinoma may destroy myenteric plexus
Oesophageal obstruction, dilated lumen, diminished peristalsis; mistaken for primary achalasia - Pseudo the GE junction doesnt relax
Krukenberg tumor: Metastases to ovaries via peritoneal seeding
Early epigastric nodes
Grossly thickened, lobulated folds in gastric fundus and body with poor barium coating. low albumin ?
Menetriers disease
SPARES the antrum
Hyperplastic gastropathy/ protein-losing gastropathy
Imaging
CT - Massive thickening of mucosa and submucosa, giant, mass-like, tortuous folds resemble cerebral convolutions
DDx
Gastritis - thickened lobulated folds favour antrum
ZES - Multiple ulcers, pancreatic tumor (gastrinoma)
Types of gastric volvulus?
- Organoaxial
- Greater curvature flips over the lesser.
- Older people
- Associated with paraesophageal hernia - Mesenteroaxial
- Twisting over the mesentery
- ischaemia, obstruction
- kids
Patterns of fold thickness on barium
Thin straight
Thick (>3mm) and straight - diffuse or segmental
Thick Nodular - diffuse or segmental
Thickened, irregular folds, Sand-like micronodules (1-2 mm) in the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum
Whipples disease
+ LOW density (near fat) mesenteric lymphadenopathy
Pseduo whipples
MAI infection in AIDS patient CD$ <100
Nodules in jejenum
+ Splenomegaly and retroperitoneal lymph nodes
Most common location for small bowel adenocarcnioma?
**Proximal small bowel
usually, Duodenum. present with SBO!!
**Increased incidence with coeliac disease
**
Focal circumferential bowel wall thickening in the proximal small bowel
DDx
Small bowel lymphoma
- immunosuppression - transplant, AIDS
- usually **do not obstruct, lumen can be aneurysmal and not narrow
**
Carcicnoid
- distal small bowel - terminal ileum and appendix
Small bowel spiculated mesenteric mass with calcification. Solidary enhancing ileal lesion
Carcinoid
Sunburst desmoplastic reaction in the mesentery
Tethering of SB loops
90% arise in terminal ileum/appendix
Hyper-vascular liver mets - Carcinoid syndrome
111I- Octreotide scans (1st - highest sensitivity)
or 123I-MIBG (for 10% dont take up octreotide)
for Dx and staging
Assocaited with MEN 1 or MEN 2a
DDX
Sclerosing mesenteritis
- FAT HALO sign - Mass envelop vessels, but preservation of fat around vessels
- usually jejunal small bowel mesentery
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
- Hypervascular tumor, not associated with desmoplastic effect on mesentery
Small Bowel Carcinoma
- More common in duodenum or jejunum than in ileum
- Causes luminal obstruction
- Mass and metastases are hypovascular
Features of desmoid tumour?
Small bowel mesentery or abdominal wall mass arising at site of scarring from prior surgery
Associated with Gardner syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), usually intraabdominal
Soft tissue mass with well-defined or ill-defined margins
variable, heterogeneous enhancement on CECT
can infiltrate into bowel wall/adjacent structures, can cause SBO
Commonest cause of small bowel mets?
Melanoma
Key difference between direct and indirect hernia?
Direct
- Medial to inferior epigastric artery
- Defect in Hesselbacks triangle
Indirect
- most common
- lateral to the inferior epigastric artery
- Covered by internal spermatic fascia
- failure of Processus vaginalis to close
Features of femoral hernia?
Old females
Medial to femoral vein
Posterior to the inguinal ligament
Usually on the right
Which muscles does obturator hernia pass through?
Pectineus and obturator externus
What is a littre and amyand hernia?
Litrre - Hernia with a meckel diverticulum in it
Amyand - hernia with an appendix in it
Commonest internal hernia type?
Paraduodenal
Left side (75%)
-Encapsulated cluster or sac-like mass of small bowel loops located between pancreatic body/tail and stomach to left of ligament of Treitz
-Protrusion of small bowel through paraduodenal mesenteric fossa of Landzert
- mass effect on stomach
Right side
- Clustered, encapsulated small bowel in right upper abdomen lateral/inferior to descending duodenum
- rotrusion of small bowel through jejunal mesentericoparietal fossa of Waldeyer
Tranmesenteric
-Small bowel obstruction (SBO) in patient status post liver transplant or Roux-en-Y surgery with dilated bowel loops abnormally clustered at periphery of abdomen
Epiploic appendagitis and omental infarct?
Epiploic appendagitis
- LLQ, adjacent to sigmoid colon
- < 3cm
- Shorter/acute Hx
Omental infarction
- RLQ
- > 3cm
- longer Hx
Round or oval, thin-walled, cystic mass near tip of cecum. Ca⁺⁺ curvilinear within wall
Appendix mucocele
IF ruptures = Pseudomyxoma peritonei
Loculated ascites; scalloped surface of liver and spleen
Diffuse ulcerating colitis, right lobe liver abscess. spares the terminal ileum. coned caecum ?
Entamoeba histolytica / Amebiasis
nb other GI parasite infections
- Ascariasis: Linear filling defect on small bowel follow-through (SBFT)
Double-contrast sign representing Ascaris worm with barium ingestion - Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis
Thickened duodenal and jejunal folds on SBFT
DDx for stenois of terminal ileum and features?
Crohn disease
Yersina
gram-negative bacterium, radiographic similar to Crohn’s. resolves quickly, without stricture
TB
-Asymmetric wall thickening of ileocecal valve and
- Cecum and terminal ileum are usually contracted (cone-shaped cecum)
- nb Crohn’s not typical for caecum
-Look for signs of peritonitis/ ascites & caseated nodes
- ** large linear Ulcers with elevated margins **
- Fleischner/umbrella - narrowed TI and open ileocecal valve
Carcinoid
Mesenteric mass (± calcification)/ desmoplastic infiltration of SB mesentery
Infectious colitis that causes diffuse involvement of the whole colon?
CMV
Escherichia coli (O157:H7)
C-diff: ‘accordion sign’
Campylobacteriosis: Pancolitis ± small bowel
three C’s And an E
Infectious colitis affecting the right colon?
Salmonella/Typhoid fever - invariably in ileum
Shigellosis
Amebiasis: ± terminal ileum
Infectious colitis affecting the rectosigmoid colon?
Gonorrhoea
chlamydia
herpes
syphilis
Infectious colitis affecting the left colon?
Schistosomiasis
Which part of bowel affecting in neutropenic colitis (typhlitis)
Caecum
Elderly lady with severe diarrhoea, electrolyze disturbance, irregular polypoid mass in the rectum?
McKittrick-Wheelock syndrome
Villous adenoma
Which stage of rectal cancer would require neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy prior to surgery?
T3 -
tumour breaks into the perirectal fat/ involves the muscularis propria
T4 -
Spread beyond the mesorectal fascia
MRI to stage- T2 weighted imaging, no contrast!!
Muscularis propria is outer wall of rectum and is low on T2
Mesorectal fascia is also low.
Spread is to internal ilaic
anal cancer
- upper third/ above the denate line = mesorectal and internal iliac lymph nodes
- - lower third = superficial inguinal and external iliacs
Features of pyogenic hepatic abscess?
Pyogenic
-Singular - Klebsiella
-Multiple - E.coli
-‘Double targe sign’
-Confluent complex cystic lesions
Candida - Bulls eye
Amoebic
- ‘extra hepatic extension’ - if left lobe needs emergently drained as can rupture into the pericardium
-transient hepatic attenuation difference (THAD) due to thrombophlebitis of portal vein and hyperemia of abscess capsule
- enhancing capsule and hypodense halo of edema
Hydatid
- ‘water lily, sandstorm’
- Large, well-defined, cystic liver mass with numerous peripheral daughter cysts
- Echinococcus
Schistosomiasis is - ‘Tortoise shell’
- Septations hyperdense
Features of Haemangioma?
US - Hyperechoic with acoustic enhancement
CT - Hypodense (isodense to blood)
MRI - T1 low and T2 High (++ light bulb)
Enhancement - Peripheral nodular arterial enhancement (supplied by hepatic artery)
slow, progressive, centripetal enhancement isodense to vessels
> 10cm = Giant
incomplete centripetal filling of lesion (scar does not enhance)
Haemangioma vs mets
- delayed imaging and T2 haemangioma is brighter than the spleen
- So bright can cause T2 shine through on DWI
Features of hepatic adenoma?
Female (OCP) or Man (steroids)
**Solitary
Multiple = Von Gierke
Can’t reliably differentiate from HCC on imaging.
Heterogeneous
Hyper vascular mass
+/- foci of fat or haemorrhage
Nb Signal drop out as fat
Propensity to bleed - RUQ pain is often the presentation
Doesnt retain Gad like FNH as no functioning bile ductules
Features of HCC?
Liver cirrhosis
AFP elevated (90%)
Often invade the hepatic and portal vein
Arterial hyperenhancement and washout in venous or delayed phases on CT or MR
Heterogenous MR/CT depending on the degree of fatty change, fibrosis, necrosis
Features of fibrolamellar HCC?
Young and non-cirrhotic
Normal AFP
May Ca2+
**‘Central scar’ ** = Doent enhance
scar is T1/T2 dark
Gallium avid (FNH is colloid sulfur)
Heterogeneously enhancing, large, lobulated mass with hypointense central scar and radial septa
Features of Hepatic angiomyolipoma?
Well-circumscribed, mostly (sometimes variable amount) fatty mass
US hyperechoic
CT gross fat
MRI T1 and T2 hyperintense
associated with tuberous sclerosis
Well-circumscribed, mostly (sometimes variable amount) fatty mass in liver
Features of biliary cystadenoma (Mucinous cystic neoplasm) of liver
Solitary large, well-defined, unilocular or multiloculated hepatic cyst
CANT differentiate from biliary cystadenocarcinoma
Features of haemochromatosis on MRI ?
Liver that is hyperdense on NECT and markedly hypointense on T2WI or in-phase GRE MR
Drop out of signal in the IN phase (non india ink T.E 4.6ms)
Hepatosteastosis
**Drop out in the OUT of phase (india ink TE 2.3ms)
Primary versus secondary haemochromatosis?
Low signal on T1 and T2
loss of signal on the in phase
Increased density on CT
Primary
- Genetic, increased absoprtion of iron
- Liver and pancreas invloved
- Spleen is SPARED
Secondary
- Acquired, Chronic illness, multiple transfusions
- Liver and SPLEEN
- pancreas is spared
Features of steatosis?
CT hypodense
-NECT : 40HU or less
-Portal venous: if less than 100 HU and 25HU less than the spleen
MRI two standard deviations difference between the in and out of phase imaging
**Drop out on the OUT of phase (india ink TE 2.3ms on 1.5T) **
US
Hyperechoic (brighter than the right kidney)
Budd-Chiara vs Veno-occlusive vs passive congestion?
Budd-chiara
Acute
- Ascites, pain, narrowed and thrombosed IVC and hepatic veins
- ‘Flip - flop’ - early arterial central caudate lobe and central and relatively less enhancement peripherally. on portal venous phase this is the opposite.
-** Reversed flow portal vein (hepatofugal)**
Chronic
- Large regenerative nodules on dysmorphic liver - enhancing, hyperdense, central scar
- caudate lobe hypertrophy and peripheral atrophy
- Total obliteration of IVC/hepatic
- Collateral veins
Causes Budd-Chairi
- Thrombosis of hepatic veins = OCP, thrombocytosis, pregnancy
- Non-thrombotic causes = right atrial myoxma, mechanical compression by tumour, constrictive pericarditis
Veno-occlusive
- Occlusion of small hepatic venules
- Jamaican bush tea and Stem cell transplant
- Main IVC and hepatic veins are patent, but portal waveforms abnormal
Passive congestion
- CCF or constrictive pericarditis
- enlarged hepatic veins and IVC
- Increased portal vein pulsatility
Differences between HIV cholangiopathy and PSC?
The intrahepatic duct appearances are difficult to tell apart
PSC
- Extrahepatic stricture’s rarely >5mm
- Has saccular deformities of the ducts
HIV
- Focal strictures of the extrahepatic duct > 2cm and associated with papillary stenosis
which type of choledochal cyst is the most common and which type is caroli’s disease?
Type 1 - Focal dilatation of the CBD
Type 5 is Caroli’s - Intrahepatic only
Type 2 and 3 are very rare
- 2 = diverticulum of the CBD
- 3 = Choledochocele (into duodenum)
Type 4 is both intra and extrahepatic
- associated with medullary sponge kidney
Features of Carolis disease?
Intrahepatic only
Carolis disease
- ‘Central dot sign’ - portal vein branch within dilated intrahepatic duct
- associated with medullary sponge kidney, - ADPRD
Focal (typically fundal) or diffuse GB wall thickening with intramural cystic spaces containing echogenic foci and comet-tail artifacts
Adenomymatosis
- Crystals are intraluminal (within rokitansky-aschoff sinuses)
Cholesteroloisis
- Cholesterol is within the substance of the LAMINIA PROPRIA and associated with polyps
Can be focal, segmental or diffuse
Focal most common @ fundus. Cant be differentiated from GB cancer.
Features of Serous cystadenoma?
Grandma (older)
Heterogenous mixed density made up of multiple cysts
Pancreatic head
Doesnt communicate with the pancreatic duct (IPMNs do)
20% -** classic central scar +/- Ca2+ **
Can be younger patients with VHL
Features of Mucinous cystic neoplasm?
Mother (50s)
Pre-malignant
Body and tail
No communication with the pancreatic duct (IPMN)
Unilocular + thick spetations
Cyctic components >2cm
can have elavated CEA levels (transform to mucinous cystadenocarcinoma)
Peripheral calcification
Difference between side branch and main branch IPMN?
Side branch
- small cystic mass, typically head or uncinate process
- < 3cm, benign
- duct can be enlarged if large amounts of mucin are produced
Main branch
- **Diffuse dilatation of the main duct ** excessive mucin production and accumulation
- atrophy of the gland and Ca2+ (DDx chronic pancreatitis)
- higher malignancy risk - resection
- dilatation of the papilla, with bulging of the papilla into the duodenal lumen, secreting thick mucin = seen on ERCP
Features of solid pseudopapillary tumor?
Daughter (30s)
Usually, Asian or black
Large at presentation - solid and cystic, heterogenous
predilection for the tail
‘Thick capsule’
Polyposis syndromes?
FAP
- Hundreds or thousands of polyps may carpet colon. - Hepatoblastomas
- desmoid tumours
Gardner
- Multiple osteomas including - skull, mandible
- poor dentation
-fibromatoses
- desmoid tumours of mesentery and anterior abdominal wall
Turcot
-** medulloblastomas + GBM**
- Thus Hx diarrhoea and seizures
Cowdens
- aka multiple hamartoma syndrome
- **Fibrocystic disease of the breast
- Breast cancer ** (occurs in up to 50%)
- dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma
Peutz-jeghers
- multiple hamartomatous polyps (predominantly the small intestine)
- mucocutaneous melanin pigmentation involving the mouth, fingers and toes
- increased risk of many cancers (upper GI, ovary, thyorid, testes, pancreas and breast)
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) / Lynch
- 40s/50s with colorectal cancer
- 5 times more common than (FAP
- It is the most common hereditary cause of endometrial cancer
Also Cronklite-canada syndrome
- hamartous polpys in the stomach and colon,
- alopecia or nail atrophy
Features of coeliac ?
Iron def anaemia
associated with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
Increased risk if bowel wall lymphoma
Fold reverseal (jejunum like the ileum, ileum like the jejunum.
-Moulage sign - smooth tubular appearance of the jejunum
-Dilatation without fold thickness
Cavitary lymph nodes (low density) - Fat-fluid levels
Splenic atrophy
DDX
Lymphoma
- Thickened ,nodular folds
Commonest anal fistula?
inter-sphincteric (75%)
Doesn’t cross the external sphincter, stays medial to it
AAST grades for spleen
see image
AAST grades for liver
see image
AAST grades for kidneys
see image
AAST grades for pancreas?
Surgery if the duct is disrupted
grade I: haematoma with minor contusion or superficial laceration without duct injury
grade II: major contusion or laceration without duct injury
grade III: distal transection or deep parenchymal injury with duct injury
grade IV: proximal transection or deep parenchymal injury involving the ampulla (and/or intrapancreatic common bile duct)
grade V: massive disruption of the pancreatic head (“shattered pancreas”)
Deafferentation between Benign and malignant ulcers?
Benign
- Hamptons line
- Deep > wide
- Protrusion beyond the stomach
Malignant
- Wide > deep
- Carmen meniscus sign
Gallbaldder polyp vs GB malignancy
see image
appearances of Regenerative and dysplastic nodules?
Regenerative nodules (iron)
- Typically, isodense on NECT unless have iron = **siderotic regenerative nodules with are HYPERDENSE **
- Typically, low on T1 and T2
- Do not enhance
Dysplastic (fat, glycoproteins)
- show early arterial uptake but the contrast DOESNT wash out on delayed phase (unlike HCC)
- T1 bright, T2 isointense/low
Differentiate from HCC
- increased T2 signal
- restricted diffusion
- Arterial enhancement and WASHOUT on multiphase postcontrast imaging
Curvilinear soft tissue between pancreas and duodenum, often with cystic degeneration within groove or medial wall of duodenum?
Groove pancreatitis
Sausage-like enlargement of pancreas (with smooth contour). Hypoattenuating halo or capsule around pancreas
Narrowing pancreatic duct
Lack of calcifications and fluid collections
Autoimmune pancreatitis
Vs chronic
Ductal dilatation and Ca2+
what is afferent loop syndrome?
An uncommon complication post Billroth 2.
The most common cause is obstruction (adhesions, tumor, intestinal hernia) of the afferent. The acute form may have a closed loop obstruction.
The result of this afferent obstruction is the build up of biliary, pancreatic, and intestinal secretions resulting in afferent limb dilation.
The back pressure from all this back up dilates the gallbladder, and causes pancreatitis.
A much less common cause is if the stomach preferentially drains into the afferent loop
what is Whipples procedure and normal findings post op?
pancreaticoduodenectomy) involves surgical removal of pancreatic head, gastric antrum, proximal duodenum, and gallbladder
3 anastomoses created:
Hepaticojejunostomy
pancreaticojejunostomy
gastrojejunostomy (classic) or duodenojejunostomy (pylorus sparing)
Normal findings immediately after Whipple procedure
-Small free fluid, edema, and fat stranding in surgical bed with reactive subcentimeter lymph nodes in mesentery
-Mild biliary dilatation and pancreatic duct dilatation due to anastomotic edema
-Pancreatic duct stent (thin, linear radiodensity) often placed during surgery (traversing pancreaticojejunostomy) to ↓ risk of pancreatic fistula
Tortuous and prominent hepatic arterial branches and early filling if dilated hepatic veins and IVC. Arterial phase, mosaic attenuation of the liver with multiple enhancing foci?
HHT
liver transplant and hepatic artery stenosis?
Direct signs
- found at the stenosis itself and they include elevated
PSV and spectral broadening (immediate post stenotic)
Indirect signs
-tardus parvus (downstream) - with time to
peak (systolic acceleration) > 70 msec.
-The RI downstream will be low (< 0.5) because the
liver is starved for blood.
The RI upstream will be elevated (> 0.7) because that blood needs to overcome the area of stenosis - elevated peak (more) and end diastolic velocity
Normal RI is 0.5-0.7
Greater vs lesser omentum
Greater
-hangs from gretaer curvature of the stomach and descends towards to attach anterosuperior transverse colon
- gastrophrenic ligament = extends to left dome of the diaphragm
- Gastrocolic = extends to transverse colon (main attachment)
- Gastrosplenic = to spleen
very mobile structure
Primary Lymphatic drainage
Spleen = Pancreaticosplenic nodes
Pre-aortic nodes
- 3 groups coeliac, Superior and inferior mesenteric
- efferent lymphatics drain into the intestinal trunk , which in turn drains into cisterna chlyi
Anatomical relations of each part of the colon
see chart
cause of widening of the presacral space
see chart
appendix location ?
The distribution of positions is as follows:
Ascending retrocaecal (64%)
Subcaecal (32%)
Transverse retrocaecal (2%)
Ascending preileal (1%)
Ascending retroileal (0.5%)
Sigmoid vs caecal volvulus?
see picture
MEN 1 and MEN 2
see picture
