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Nephrology > GFR/RBF > Flashcards

GFR/RBF Flashcards

1
Q

_ is the theoretical volume of plasma that is completely cleared of a substance per unit of time

A

Clearance is the theoretical volume of plasma that is completely cleared of a substance per unit of time

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2
Q

Clearance equation

A

Clearance = U * V / P

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3
Q

The clearance of _ is used clinically to estimate the GFR under steady state conditions

A

The clearance of creatinine is used clinically to estimate the GFR under steady state conditions

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4
Q

Two ways that the clearance of a substance can be zero:

A
  1. The substance is not filtered at the glomerulus nor secreted; none of it appears in the urine (ex: plasma protein)
  2. The substance is freely filtered but completely reabsorbed so that none of it appears in the urine (ex: glucose)
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5
Q

Creatinine is a good estimate of the GFR because it is _ but not _

A

Creatinine is a good estimate of the GFR because it is freely filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted

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6
Q

Creatinine is a product of _ ; therefore it does vary with age

A

Creatinine is a product of muscle breakdown; therefore it does vary with age (decreases with age)

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7
Q

As GFR increases, plasma creatinine levels _

A

As GFR increases, plasma creatinine levels decrease

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8
Q

The maximal clearance of a substance is equal to the _

A

The maximal clearance of a substance is equal to the renal plasma flow (600 ml/min)

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9
Q

For a substance to be completely cleared from the plasma flowing through, it must be _ and _

A

For a substance to be completely cleared from the plasma flowing through, it must be filtered and secreted

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10
Q

Filtered load equation

A
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11
Q

Excreted load equation

A
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12
Q

PAH is a good measure of _

A

PAH is a good measure of RPF

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13
Q

Normal filtration fraction is _ %

A

Normal filtration fraction is 20%

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14
Q

Filtration fraction =

A

FF = GFR / RPF

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15
Q

Dehydration causes _ GFR, _ RPF, and _ FF

A

Dehydration causes decreased GFR, extremely decreased RPF, and increased FF
* Dehydration will have a larger effect on RPF

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16
Q

Serum glucose levels should range from _ to _

A

Serum glucose levels should range from 60-120 mg/dL

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17
Q

100% of glucose should be reabsorbed in the PCT via _

A

100% of glucose should be reabsorbed in the PCT via SGLT2

18
Q

Some glucosuria can be normal in pregnant women due to overall _ in GFR and _ filtration

A

Some glucosuria can be normal in pregnant women due to overall increased GFR and increased filtration

19
Q

Glucosuria begins at around _ mg/dL

A

Glucosuria begins at around 200 mg/dL

20
Q

_ is the rate at which glucose transporters are fully saturated

A

Tm is the rate at which glucose transporters are fully saturated

21
Q

We reach the _ at about 200 mg/dL where the Tm is met and we can no longer keep up with the reabsorption so glucose begins to spill into the urine

A

We reach the renal threshold at about 200 mg/dL where the Tm is met and we can no longer keep up with the reabsorption so glucose begins to spill into the urine

22
Q

The idea that not all nephrons are reabsorbing glucose at the same rate is the idea of _

A

The idea that not all nephrons are reabsorbing glucose at the same rate is the idea of splay

23
Q

The myogenic mechanism responds to _ and causes _

A

The myogenic mechanism responds to increased stretch and causes afferent arteriole vasoconstriction

24
Q

Autoregulation involves two mechanisms (myogenic and tubuloglomerular) which both act on the _ arteriole

A

Autoregulation involves two mechanisms (myogenic and tubuloglomerular) which both act on the afferent arteriole

25
Q

The macula densa senses _ and responds by _

A

The macula densa senses increased NaCl and responds by afferent arteriole vasoconstriction

26
Q

_ and _ are two intrinsic mechanisms by which we control GFR and RPF; _ and _ are two extrinsic mechanisms

A

Myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback are two intrinsic mechanisms by which we control GFR and RPF; RAAS and SNS are two extrinsic mechanisms

27
Q

Renin is secreted from _ cells in the _

A

Renin is secreted from juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney (afferent arteriole)
* Renin converts angiotensinogen –> angiotensin I

28
Q

Angiotensinogen is secreted from the _

A

Angiotensinogen is secreted from the liver

29
Q

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is secreted from the _

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is secreted from the lungs
* ACE converts angiotensin I –> ang II

30
Q

Three stimuli that activate RAAS

A
  1. Low blood pressure
  2. Low NaCl in the filtrate
  3. High sympathetic tone
31
Q

Four effects of ang II

A

Ang II will stimulate:
1. Smooth muscle to vasoconstrict
2. Posterior pituitary to secrete ADH
3. Adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
4. Kidneys to increase water and Na+ reabsorption

32
Q

How does high sympathetic tone activate the RAAS system?

A

The kidneys have B1 receptors which get stimulated via sympathetic activation

33
Q

Decreased NaCl in the filtrate is sensed by _

A

Decreased NaCl in the filtrate is sensed by macula densa

34
Q

Low blood pressure to the kidneys is sensed by _ (to activate RAAS)

A

Low blood pressure to the kidneys is sensed by renal baroreceptors in the afferent arteriole

35
Q

Three types of cells make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus:

A

Three types of cells make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus:
1. Macula densa
2. Juxtaglomerular cells
3. Mesangial cells

36
Q

(True/False) Ang II causes systemic vasoconstriction

A

True; Ang II causes systemic vasoconstriction
* ATII binds its AT1 receptor

37
Q

Ang II has what effect on FF and GFR?

A

Ang II constricts the efferent arteriole –> increases GFR + increases FF

38
Q

Ang II can directly increase H2O and Na+ retention via stimulation of _

A

Ang II can directly increase H2O and Na+ retention via stimulation of Na/H exchanger
* Increases Na+, H2O, and HCO3- reabsorption in the PCT

39
Q

ANP and BNP act to _ RAAS and _ vascular smooth muscle

A

ANP and BNP act to inhibit RAAS and relax vascular smooth muscle

40
Q

ANP triggers (dilation/constriction) of the _ arteriole which will _ GFR

A

ANP triggers dilation of the afferent arteriole which will increase GFR
* It will also decrease renin

41
Q

The molecular mechanism by which ANP dilates the afferent arteriole is via an increase in _

A

The molecular mechanism by which ANP dilates the afferent arteriole is via an increase in cGMP

42
Q

Why would ANP increase GFR?

A

By increasing GFR, ANP will promote pressure natriuresis

Nephrology (16 decks)

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