Anatomy/Histology Flashcards
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs that are positioned along the posterior abdominal wall at spinal levels _
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs that are positioned along the posterior abdominal wall at spinal levels T12-L3
The kidneys are surrounded by two dense layers of fat; _ and _
The kidneys are surrounded by two dense layers of fat; pararenal fat and perirenal fat
Pararenal and perirenal fat layers are separated by _ fascia
Pararenal and perirenal fat layers are separated by Gerota’s fascia aka “renal fascia”
Each kidney is completely enveloped by a thin fibrous _
Each kidney is completely enveloped by a thin fibrous renal capsule
The top and bottom regions of the kidney are called the _ and _
The top and bottom regions of the kidney are called the superior and inferior pole
The medial boarder of the kidney, where the renal vein, arery, and renal pelvis pierce through is called the _
The medial boarder of the kidney, where the renal vein, arery, and renal pelvis pierce through is called the hilum
The renal veins drain into the _
The renal veins drain into the inferior vena cava
The renal arteries arise from the _
The renal arteries arise from the aorta (L1) to vascularize the kidneys
The suprarenal glands (sitting atop the kidneys) are called the _
The suprarenal glands (sitting atop the kidney) are called the adrenal glands
The _ continues as the ureter and carries urine to the bladder
The renal pelvis continues as the ureter and carries urine to the bladder
Internally, the kidneys contain both cortical and medullary regions which contain around 2 million functional units called _
Internally, the kidneys contain both cortical and medullary regions which contain around 2 million functional units called nephrons
The renal cortex extends into the medullary region as _
The renal cortex extends into the medullary region as renal columns
The renal medulla is arranged into _ with the broad base facing outward and the apex directed towards the center
The renal medulla is arranged into renal pyramids with the broad base facing outward and the apex directed towards the center
The apex of the renal pyramids point towards the collecting system of the kidneys, called the _
The apex of the renal pyramids point towards the collecting system of the kidneys, called the calyces
The tips of each of the pyramids are called the _
The tips of each of the pyramids are called the papilla
* The collecting ducts of hundreds of nephrons can be found in one pyramid and papilla
The papilla project into the _ calyx
The papilla project into the minor calyx
Explain the movement of urine through the kidneys
Blood is filtered in the nephron and urine is formed (metabolites, salts, urea, water) and flows down the collecting ducts –> exits at the papilla into the calyces –> down to the ureter
About 12 minor calyces will merge to form 2-3 _
About 12 minor calyces will merge to form 2-3 major calyces
The major calyces combine to form the _ which is the superior portion of the ureter
The major calyces combine to form the renal pelvis which is the superior portion of the ureter
The kidney are divided into 5 functional segments:
The kidney are divided into 5 functional segments:
1. Superior (apical)
2. Anterior superior segment
3. Anterior inferior segment
4. Inferior segment
5. Posterior segment
Each renal artery divides into _ segmental arteries which are distributed to the
Each renal artery divides into 5 segmental arteries which are distributed to the 5 segments
After the renal artery branches into the segmental arteries to supply each segment of the kidney, they then branch into _ arteries
After the renal artery branches into the segmental arteries to supply each segment of the kidney, they then branch into interlobar arteries (between pyramids)
Interlobar arteries feed into _ arteries which feed into the more superficial interlobar arteries
Interlobar arteries feed into arcuate arteries which feed into the more superficial interlobar arteries
The _ arteries are the ones that feed into the afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli
The interlobar areries are the ones that feed into the afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli
The kidneys receive sympathetic innervation from the _ nerves and parasympathic innervation from the _
The kidneys receive sympathetic innervation from the splanchnic nerves and parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve
The sympathetic splanchnic neves synapse in the _
The sympathetic splanchnic neves synapse in the aorticorenal ganglia and renal plexus at the base of the renal arteries
Post ganglionic sympathetic nerves innervate the renal vasculature to trigger _ in the kidney and _ renal blood flow
Post ganglionic sympathetic nerves innervate the renal vasculature to trigger vasoconstriction in the kidney and reduce renal blood flow
(True/False) The kidneys have visceral sensory nerves
True; the kidneys have visceral sensory nerves that carry pain from the kidneys
The visceral sensory nerves from the kidneys travel to the _ level of the spinal cord
The visceral sensory nerves from the kidneys travel to T10-T12 of the spinal cord and corresponding dermatomes
* Kidney pain causes unilateral flank pain
The abdominal portion of the ureter descends along the anterior aspect of the _ muscle
The abdominal portion of the ureter descends along the anterior aspect of the psoas muscle
The ureter descends along the psoas muscle and is crossed by the _ vessels before the ureter then crosses the common iliac
The ureter descends along the psoas muscle and is crossed by the gonadal vessels before the ureter then crosses the common iliac
The ureter passes the pelvic brim to enter the pelvis over the _ artery
The ureter passes the pelvic brim to enter the pelvis over the common iliac artery (where it bifurcates)
The pelvic portion of the ureter travels along the lateral pelvic wall and ultimately enters the urinary bladder at the _ junction
The pelvic portion of the ureter travels along the lateral pelvic wall and ultimately enters the urinary bladder at the uretero-vesical junction
The ureters receive their blood supply from the contribution of several nearby arteries, including:
The ureters receive their blood supply from the contribution of several nearby arteries, including:
* Renal
* Gonadal
* Aorta
* Common iliac
* Internal iliac
* Uterine
* Vesical
The _ and _ arteries vascularize the upper portion of the ureters
The renal and gonadal arteries vascularize the upper portion of the ureters
The _ , _ , and _ arteries vascularize the middle portion of the ureters
The gonadal, aorta, and common iliac arteries vascularize the middle portion of the ureters
The _ , _ , and _ arteries vascularize the lower portion of the ureters
The internal iliac, uterine, and vesical arteries vascularize the lower portion of the ureters
There are several constrictions of the ureter that are caused by ureteral narrowing or compression by adjacent structures; these areas are common sites for _
There are several constrictions of the ureter that are caused by ureteral narrowing or compression by adjacent structures; these areas are common sites for kidney stones
The first constriction site (most proximal to the kidney) is at the _ junction
The first constriction site (most proximal to the kidney) is at the utero-pelvic junction near the hilum of the kidney
The second constriction site is located where the ureter passes the _
The second constriction site is located where the ureter passes the iliac vessels
The third constriction site (most distal) is at the _ junction
The third constriction site (most distal) is at the uretero-vesical junction where the ureter traverses the bladder wall
Pain from the ureters (from obstruction or distension) gets conveyed to the spinal cord segments _
Pain from the ureters (from obstruction or distension) gets conveyed to the spinal cord segments T10-L2
* This is why ureteric pain is ipsilateral pain in the lower quadrant of the body wall and groin
What type of capillaries are seen here?
Fenestrated capillaries
What is the function of these cells?
Filtration- these cells are podocytes
List the three components of the renal filtration barrier
- Fenestrations of the endothelial cells
- Basement membrane
- Filtration slits between the podocytes
_ assists in restricting negatively charged proteins from passing into the Bowman space
Heparan sulfate assists in restricting negatively charged proteins from passing into the Bowman space
_ in the basement membrane serves as a macromolecule filter to prevent large proteins from passing through
Type IV collagen in the basement membrane serves as a macromolecule filter to prevent large proteins from passing through
Identify the four types of cells shown here
- Podocyte
- Simple squamous cell in the parietal layer
- Endothelial cell
- Mesangial cell
What is the function of the mesangial cells?
Mesangial cells do the following:
* Contribute to formation of the glomerular basement membrane
* Phagocytosis of filtered debris
* Production of the ECM for structural support of capillaries
* Secretion of cytokines for immune defenses
* Contract, thereby decreasing the surface area available for filtration
* Possess receptors for angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide
What region is marked by the question marks?
Proximal convoluted tubule
This region can be recognized as the PCT because (1) this is the urinary pole
where the glomerulus flows into a tubule (see dotted line in image at
right), (2) the PCT cell has a brush border (formed by microvilli) at its apical
surface for absorption, (3) the cytoplasm contains vesicles and vacuoles
(small white dots above) which indicate endocytosis and absorption, and
(4) the TEM shows an invaginated basal surface with lots of mitochondria
(numerous gray oval structures) which are needed for energy in a cell with
lots of Na+ pumps in the basolateral membrane. This image is too highly
magnified to see the “convolutions” (twists and turns) of the PCT
