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Year 2 Reproduction > Getting Pregnant > Flashcards

Getting Pregnant Flashcards

1
Q

When is implantation completed?

A

End of first trimester

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2
Q

When does implanation start and what stage of development is the embryo at?

A

Blastocyst at day 5-6

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3
Q

Recall which cell in the testis makes sperm and which nurses and what home stimulate them?

A

LH stimulates Leydig- make sperm FSH stimulates sertoli - nurse sperm

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4
Q

What is epidydimal maturation?

A

Sperm are immotile when they get to the epidydimis. Androgen stimulates maturation so that at the tail of the epidydimis they are now motile and can fertilise an oocyte.

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5
Q

How does the epidydimis change sperm?

A

concentrates Sperm modelling complete Metabolic changes on the sperm (ready to use external fructose) Mobility Membrane changes

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6
Q

Where does seminal plasma come from?

A

The male accessory glands

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7
Q

Why do sperm need a plasma?

A

Transport medium Nutrition Buffering vaginal acidicity Prostaglandins in plasma may increase female genital tract contractility.

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8
Q

What do all the accessory gland do and what % volume of ejaculate do they conrtibute?

A
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9
Q

What are normal ranges for semen analysis?

Include volume, viscosity, ph, count, motility and morpholgy

A

2-6ml volume of ejaculate

Viscosity- liquefaction in 1hr

pH 7-8

Count: >/= 20 million/ml

Motlility at least 50%

Morpholgy at least 60%

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10
Q

Where should fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla

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11
Q

What phases make up the human sexual response?

A

Excitement Phase

Plateau Phase (maintaining stimulus)

Orgasm phase (stimulus threshold met)

Resolution Phase

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12
Q

After orgasm which sex has a refractory period?

A

Males

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13
Q

Which stimuli set off the excitement phase of the human sexual response?

A

Psychogenic and or somatogenic

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14
Q

Which two efferent nerves will lead to an erection if the psychogenic and tactile affernts are adequate?

A

Pelvic nerve- PNS parasymoathtics

Pudendal nerve -somatic

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15
Q

What stops pver expansion of an erect penis?

A

Tunica albuginea

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16
Q

What three things do you need for an erection?

A

Sinusoidal relaxation

Arterial dilation

Venous compression

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17
Q

Why does the corpus spongiosum not fill with blood in erections?

A

Need to maintain patent urethra for ejaculation

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18
Q

Which nerve roots lead to erection?

A
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19
Q

Lumbar and sacral

A
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20
Q

Which nerve supplies the corpora vasculature and from what plexus does it arise?

A

Cavernous nerve from the pelvic plexus of the pelvic nerve

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21
Q

What must be inhibited for an erection to happen?

A

Reduction in sympathetic tone is needed along with parasymapathetic stimulation.

22
Q

What is the major erectile neurotransmitter?

A

Nitric Oxide

23
Q

How does NO work in erections?

A

Ach released by postganglionic fibres

M3 receptor on endotehlila cell binds Ach

Gq recptor type (PIP2–> IP3 and DAG)

Increase [Ca2+] in cell

Activates NOS and forms more NO

NO also release directly by nerves

NO relaxes vascular smooth muscle- artery dilates

24
Q

List 4 causes of erectile dysfunction.

A

Psychological (descending inhibition of spinal nerve)

Tears in fibrous corpus cavernosa

Vasular

Drugs- eg some antihypertensives

25
Q

Outline the events of emission and ejaculation

A

Sympathtically controlled

Emission moves sement into prostatic urethra. Smooth muscle in prostate, Vas Deferens and seminal vesicles contracts.

Ejaculation is the expulsion of semen

26
Q

What is a dry orgasm?

A

If men have something inhibiting sympathtics they won’t go through emission and ejaculation

27
Q

Describe the events in ejaculation

A

Glands and ducts contract - smooth muscle

Bladder internal sphincter shuts- stops flow into bladder

Rhythmic striated muscle contraction somatic (Pelvic floor, perineal muscles ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus)

28
Q

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is dominant in creating and maintaining an erection?

A

Parasympathetic

29
Q

The ducts are stimulated by which part of the autonomic nervous system during ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic

30
Q

What is Fern’s test?

A

An asssesment of the cervical mucous under the microscope- if oestrogen rich it looks like Ferns

31
Q

Which hormone limits sperm entry at the cervix?

A

Progesterone (thick mucous)

32
Q

When in the menstural is cervical mucous thin and stretchy on s Spinnbarkeitt test?

A

Early- preovulation

33
Q

What is capacitation?

A

The maturation of sperm in the female reproductive tract (6-8hrs)

  • cell membrane changes
  • tail movement changes (whip like)
  • can now perform acrosome reaction
34
Q

Compare the viability time of an oocyte and a spermatazoa.

A

Spermatazoa 48-72hrs

Oocyte 6-24 hours

35
Q

What does sperm being viable for up to 3 days mean for time where a woman can get pregnant?

A

Sperm entering the reporductive tract 3 days before ovulation through to the day of ovulation could result in a pregnancy

36
Q

How do sperm move?

A

Own propulsion

37
Q

What moves the oocyte down the oviduct?

A

Beating cilia and peristalisis of teh uterine tube.

38
Q

What happens at fertilaisation?

A

The sperm loses its outer shell (acrosome reaction)

Ovum membrane penetrated and the sperm and ovum membranes fuse.

Pronuclei form

ALL USUALLY IN THE AMPULLA

39
Q

Outline the events of the acrosome reaction

A

The acrosome is derives from the golgi of teh spermatid and contains enzymes that we need for fertliastion- like hyaluronidases.

Sperm push through corona radiata

Sperm surface receptor binds ZP3 glycoproteins of xona pelluicda to trigger acrosome reaction

Zona pellucida digested

40
Q

Why is one sperm alone in a female reproductive tract not going to fertilise an ovum?

A

Need several sperm to make a patwhay through corona radiata - only one will get through

41
Q

What is the function of the cortical reaction?

A

When a sperm fertilises and pvum and the membranes fuse teh cortical reaction will block polyspermy

42
Q

What happens when the sperm enters the ovum?

A

Series of calcium waves are activated - stimulates meiosis 2 completion for ovum

Pronuclei move togethe

Mitotic spindle forms ro give cleavage.

43
Q

In a zygote where do the mitochondria come form?

A

Maternal

44
Q

Are the cells of the morula pluripotent or totipotent?

A

TOTIPOTENT - blastocyst phase is when they become pluripotent

45
Q

In fertility treatment at what stage would you transfer and embryo into the uterus?

A

4-8 cell stage

46
Q

At what stage would you do pre-implantation genetic diagnostics?

A

Morula phase - all cells exactly the same

47
Q

What is hatching?

A

Blastocyst hatches from the zona pelucida to allow it to implant on the uterine surface

48
Q

Which part of the blastocyst interacts with the uterine lining in implantation?

A

Trophoblast- outer cell mass

Endometrium controls the degree of invasion

49
Q

What happens in an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Implantation at a site other than the uterus endometrial lining so invasion isnt conrtolled

50
Q

Where could implanation result in a placenta praevia?

A

Lower urterine segment

51
Q
A

Year 2 Reproduction (8 decks)

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