Geschichte Flashcards
Schweizerische Geschihte
Wann lebten die ersten Menschen in der Schweiz?
Die ersten Menschen lebten schon vor 450’000 Jahren in der Schweiz
Altsteinzeit
Schweizerische Geschihte
Wie lebten die Menschen in Urgeschichte?
Sie lebten als Jäger und Sammler in Höhlen.
Ab 4’300 v. Chr. bauten sie dann Häuser auf Pfählen an den Seen.
Schweizerische Geschihte
Was konnten die Menschen um 5’000 v. Chr. bereits machen?
Sie waren Bauern, züchteten Tiere und konnten Töpfe aus Ton (clay) herstellen.
This period marks the Neolithic Revolution in Switzerland, when people transitioned from hunter-gatherer lifestyle to farming. The ability to make pottery was crucial for storing food and cooking
Schweizerische Geschihte
Warum bauten die Menschen ihre Häuser auf Pfählen am See?
Sie bauten ihre Häuser auf Pfählen, um sich vor Hochwasser zu schützen.
These lake dwellings were an innovative solution to flooding. Many well-preserved artifacts from these settlements have been found in Swiss lakes, particularly around Lake Zug
Schweizerische Geschihte
Wer lebte in der Schweiz während der Eisenzeit?
Who lived in Switzerland during the Iron Age?
Während der Eisenzeit lebten keltische Stämme in der Schweiz.
The Celts were the first well-documented inhabitants of Switzerland. They were organized in various tribes and brought significant technological advancement to the region
Schweizerische Geschihte
Was konnten die Kelten besonders gut?
Die Kelten waren die ersten in Europa, die Eisen verarbeiten und Schwerter und Lanzen herstellen konnten.
Schwert - Sword, Lanze - Spear
This technological advancement made them powerful warriors. The ability to work with iron gave them a significant advantage over other peoples
Schweizerische Geschihte
Welcher wichtige keltische Stamm kam um 200 v. Chr. in die Schweiz?
Which important Celtic tribe came to Switzerland around 200 BC?
Die Helvetier kamen in die Schweiz und siedelten im Mittelland.
The Helvetii are particularly important as they gave Switzerland its Latin name, Helvetia, which is still used today on coins and stamps
Schweizerische Geschihte
Wer war der berühmteste Anführer der Helvetier?
Who was the most famous leader of the Helvetii?
Divico war der berühmteste Anführer der Helvetier.
Divico led the Helvetii to victory against the Romans in 107 BC at Agen, but was later defeated by Julius Caesar in 58 BC at Bibracte. He is considered the first named person in Swiss history
Schweizerische Geschihte
Wer eroberte das Gebiet der Helvetier?
Julius Caesar eroberte (conquered) das Gebiet der Helvetier im ersten Jahrhundert vor Christus.
This marked the beginning of Roman rule in Switzerland, which would last for nearly 500 years and bring significant cultural changes
Schweizerische Geschihte
Was brachten die Römer in die Schweiz?
Die Römer brachten Städte, Strassen und das Christentum in die Schweiz.
The Romans fundamentally transformed the region with their advanced civilization, building infrastructure that would last for centuries. Some Roman roads are still in use today
Schweizerische Geschihte
Wie lange dauerte die römische Zeit in der Schweiz?
Die römische Zeit dauerte bis zum Jahr 476 nach Christus.
This date marks the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It was a gradual decline rather than a sudden end
Schweizerische Geschihte
Wer übernahm die Kontrolle nach den Römern?
Nach den Römern übernahmen die Burgunder den Westen und die Ostgoten den Osten der Schweiz.
This division would later influence the linguistic regions of Switzerland, though the modern language boundaries were established much later
Schweizerische Geschihte
Wer besiegte die Burgunder und kontrollierte dann die Schweiz?
Die Franken besiegten die Burgunder im Jahr 534 und kontrollierten dann die Schweiz.
This marked the beginning of Frankish rule, which would bring Christianity and feudal structure to the region
The Franks defeated the Burgundians in 534 and took control of their territories, including what is now the Swiss Plateau.
Background:
• The Kingdom of Burgundy was a Germanic kingdom that emerged after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, covering parts of modern-day France and western Switzerland.
• The Franks, under the rule of the Merovingian dynasty, were expanding their territory and sought to conquer Burgundy.
Events in 534:
• The Franks, led by King Chlodomer and his brothers, defeated the Burgundians decisively.
• The last Burgundian king, Gundomar II, was overthrown, and the Burgundian Kingdom was absorbed into the Frankish Empire.
After the Conquest:
• The Franks gained control over western Switzerland, including cities like Geneva, Lausanne, and Neuchâtel.
• While Burgundy lost its independence, its cultural and legal identity remained influential within the Frankish realm.
Schweizerische Geschihte
Wer war der wichtigste Herrscher der Franken?
Who was the most important ruler of the Franks?
Karl der Grosse wurde im Jahr 800 zum Kaiser gekrönt.
Charlemagne’s coronation marked the beginning of the medieval empire that would later become the Holy Roman Empire
Schweizerische Geschihte
Wann entstand das Heilige Römische Reich?
When was the Holy Roman Empire established?
Otto der Grosse gründete im Jahr 962 das Heilige Römische Reich.
This established the political structure that would dominate Central Europe for centuries, with various noble families governing different regions
Schweizerische Geschihte
Welche wichtigen Adelsfamilien regierten in der Schweiz?
Which important noble families ruled in Switzerland?
Die Zähringer regierten in Freiburg und Bern, die Habsburger im Aargau, und die Grafen von Savoyen am Genfersee.
These families shaped the medieval development of Switzerland, building cities and castles. Their competition for power would later influence the formation of the Swiss Confederation
Schweizerische Geschihte
Wann und wo wurde die Eidgenossenschaft gegründet?
Die Eidgenossenschaft wurde 1291 von Uri, Schwyz und Nidwalden gegründet.
This founding alliance, known as the “Bundesbrief,” was a mutual defense pact against Habsburg control. Interestingly, the famous Rütlischwur story came much later
Schweizerische Geschihte
Was war die erste wichtige Schlacht der Eidgenossenschaft?
Die drei Waldstätte gewannen 1315 die Schlacht am Morgarten gegen die Habsburger.
This victory was crucial as it proved the effectiveness of Swiss infantry against mounted knights, establishing the reputation of Swiss military prowess
Schweizerische Geschihte
Welche Orte traten der Eidgenossenschaft bis 1353 bei?
Luzern (1332), Zürich (1351), Glarus (1352), Zug (1352) und Bern (1353) traten bei.
This expansion created the “Eight Old Cantons” (Acht Alte Orte), which formed the core of the Swiss Confederation for over a century (9 cantons counting Unterwalden split, which kind of already happened)
Schweizerische Geschihte
Was war der erste gemeinsame Vertrag aller acht Orte?
Die acht Orte unterschrieben 1393 den Sempacherbrief mit gemeinsamen Regeln.
- The Schlacht bei Sempach (Battle of Sempach) took place in 1386 and was a key victory for the Old Swiss Confederacy against the Habsburgs. This victory solidified the independence and unity of the Confederacy.
- Following the battle, the Sempacherbrief was signed in 1393 as a direct response to the challenges that arose from the growing military power and cohesion of the Confederacy. It established rules for warfare, discipline, and internal order to prevent conflicts and abuses among the allied members of the Confederacy.
The Sempacherbrief can be seen as an effort to strengthen the unity and stability of the Confederacy after the success at Sempach, ensuring long-term cooperation among its members.
This document was crucial as it established the first common rules for warfare and conflict resolution between the members of the Confederation
Schweizerische Geschihte
Wie vergrösserte sich die Eidgenossenschaft ab 1400?
Die Eidgenossen eroberten neue Gebiete und schlossen neue Bündnisse.
closed new alliances
Unlike the earlier period where places joined as equal partners, many new territories were conquered and became subject territories (Untertanengebiete)
Schweizerische Geschihte
Gegen wen kämpfte die Eidgenossenschaft von 1474 bis 1477?
Die Eidgenossen kämpften gegen Burgund und gewannen die Schlachten von Grandson, Murten und Nancy.
These victories against one of Europe’s most powerful armies established the Swiss Confederation as a major military power
The Old Swiss Confederacy fought against the Duchy of Burgundy from 1474 to 1477 in the Burgundian Wars.
Background:
• The Duchy of Burgundy, under Charles the Bold, was a powerful European state seeking territorial expansion.
• The Swiss Confederacy was allied with France and the Holy Roman Empire, both of which viewed Burgundy as a threat.
The Burgundian Wars (1474–1477):
• 1474: The conflict began due to tensions between Burgundy and the Swiss Confederacy’s allies.
• The Swiss achieved decisive victories in three major battles:
1. Battle of Grandson (1476):
• The Swiss defeated the Burgundians and captured immense treasures.
2. Battle of Morat (Murten) (1476):
• Another crushing victory for the Swiss, further weakening Burgundy’s forces.
3. Battle of Nancy (1477):
• Charles the Bold was killed, leading to the collapse of the Duchy of Burgundy.
Outcome:
• The Swiss victories solidified their reputation as a formidable military power in Europe.
• The Burgundian Wars contributed to the territorial expansion and growing independence of the Swiss Confederacy.
Schweizerische Geschihte
Was machten viele Schweizer Männer nach die Siegen der Eroberungen?
Sie wurden Söldner und kämpften für fremde Armeen.
Swiss mercenaries became famous throughout Europe, serving in many armies. This practice continued until it was banned in the Federal Constitution of 1848, though the Swiss Guard at the Vatican remains as a reminder of this tradition
Schweizerische Geschihte
Wie gross war die Eidgenossenschaft am Ende der Expansion?
Die Eidgenossenschaft war zu einer militärischen Grossmacht in Europa geworden.
The Swiss Confederation had transformed from a small alliance of mountain communities into a significant European power, feared and respected by its neighbors