Germany- Hitler's rise to power Flashcards
1
Q
who was the ruler of Germany before WW1?
A
Kaiser Wilhelm
2
Q
As the ruler was a kaiser, what did this mean?
A
it was a dictatorship and he ruled over all states
3
Q
what was militarism and what did it mean for Germany?
A
it was the belief that a country should have strong armed forces and it led Germany to having and being proud of its strong military
4
Q
What was the parliament in Germany before WW1 called?
A
-the Reichstag
5
Q
What did the Prussion influence do to Germany?
A
-led to a strong military- militarism
-led to the Kaiser becoming the supreme ruler
6
Q
what was the parliamentary government in Germany and who was it heavily influenced by?
A
-it was the government in Germany and was heavily influenced by the new success of the German industry leading to rich landowners, business and factory owners.
-they heavily influenced the Kaiser and they were keen to preserve their place in germany society
7
Q
what were the working conditions like for factory workers in Germany pre WW1?
A
-Unhappy- low wages, long hours and food was expensive
8
Q
What groups did the poor and unhappy factory workers start to join pre WW1 and why?
A
trade unions- in hopes that it would force the Kaiser and his advisors in the Reichstag to improve working conditions
9
Q
what party did these poor factory workers start to vote for pre WW1?
A
-Social Democrat party
10
Q
why did Kaiser Wilhelm begin to start industrialisation in Germany?
A
as he dreamed of having a country like Britain to dominate the world
11
Q
In 1913, what products did Germany start producing in mass amounts and overtook Britain?
A
-Iron, steel and coal
12
Q
What type of party was the SPD and what were their beliefs?
A
a socialism party and their beliefs were that wealth should be shared equally among the people
13
Q
What did the SPD party want for workers?
A
better pay and working conditions
14
Q
Due to the Prussian influence, what did the Kaiser want for the German navy?
A
he wanted a strong and powerful navy, just like Britains
15
Q
The kaiser also wanted to transform Germany into a global power and control different parts of the world. what was this called?
A
Wellpolitik
16
Q
Why did the Kaiser want a large navy?
A
to protect the new, large German empire
17
Q
between what years were the German naval laws introduced?
A
1898-1912
18
Q
Due to the naval laws, what did the German navy see?
A
rapid expansion of the navy and huge sums of money spent to do this
19
Q
As the Kaiser wanted to expand the German navy, how did he get this money and what did it mean for Germany in the future?
A
he got this money from increasing German taxes and borrowed large sums- leading to Germany being in debt for many years
20
Q
Due to the impact of WW1 on Germany, by 1918 why was Germany virtually bankrupt?
A
-Germany had borrowed money from abroad (USA) they would have to pay this back
-Germany had lent some of its own money to the allies- would they ever get this back?
-The war left 600,000 war widows and 2 million children without fathers, war pensions would cost the government a fortune
-German factories were exhausted as they had been producing guns,bullets, shells not goods to trade and sell abroad.
21
Q
Due to the impact of WW1 on Germany, by 1918 why had the war divided German society even further?
A
-some factory owners made a fortune during the war, whilst German workers had restrictions placed on their wages
-Women worked in factories during war. Germans thought this damaged the traditional family values.
22
Q
Due to the impact of WW1 on Germany, by 1918 why had Germany become more politically unstable?
A
-before the war, Germany had been a stable, rich nation. Now there was mutiny and revolution.
-Many ex-soldiers and civilians felt Germany could have won the war. They felt betrayed by the politicians (november criminals) who had ended and refused to support them.
23
Q
Why did the monarchy end in Germany after WW1?
A
-Started on 28th October 1918- the Germany navy was ordered out to sea to fight the british but didn’t want to
-they refused due to the rumour of their mutiny, so they started protests
-Workers and sailors took over towns in Germany such as Hamburg and Munich
-The country was in chaos and there was little the Kaiser could do. He had lost control of all his generals and supporters.
-So on the 9th November 1918, he abdicated and secretly left the country
24
Q
Why were there major food shortages in Germany, 1915 and what did it cause?
A
as the British has stopped supply ships from getting to Germany- leading to less supplies coming in
lead to starvation and food shortages- as the war continued the Germans grew weary of it- causing war weariness
25
In 1915, what group of people gathered outside of parliament building demanding the men back from war?
women
26
By 1918, as Germany were close to collapse and due to food shortages, what started killing the Germans?
the flu epidemic- due to a lack of good food and medical supplies it killed thousands of people
27
On the battlefields, by 1918 what were Germany close too?
defeat
28
Due to Germany being close to defeat in 1918, what did a German general tell the kaiser to do and why?
become democratic as the allies may treat Germany more fairly if they were democratic
29
What did the Kaiser do to become more democratic in 1918?
allowed main political parties to form a new government and transferred some of his power to the Reichstag
30
In 1921, how much money in reparations was Germany ordered to pay and in how many years?
£6.6 billion and had 66 years
31
In 1922, Germany failed to pay what?
their reparations
32
As a result of Germany failing to pay their reparations, what did France do in 1923?
Decided to take what they were owed by force and invaded and occupied the Ruhr. They marched in 66,000 soldiers and took control of every factory , mine and railway.
They also took food and goods from shops and arrested any Germans who stood up to them.
33
What were the consequences for Germany due to the invasion of the Ruhr?
hyperinflation
34
Why did hyperinflation occur in Germany 1923, after the occupation of the Ruhr?
- as when France took control of the area- The german government ordered them to go on strike and not help soldiers remove goods from the country- known as passive resistance
-German government continued to pay the workers on strike- leading to a loss of money as the Ruhr wasn't producing coal, iron and steel to sell to other countries due to the strike- less to export
-so to pay workers on strike the government printed more money
-led to workers spending this money quickly as on strike- in response shop keepers put their prices up
-So the government responded by printing more money- so prices went up again even higher
-so prices went up faster than wages- hyperinflation
-led to a loss of support for the government
35
who was the leader of Germany after WWI?
Friedrich Ebert
36
What type of political country would Germany be in Ebert's reign?
a democratic republic- with no kaisers
37
who were the Spartacists?
they were a communists group who wanted Germany to be run by small councils of soldiers
38
what did the Spartacists try to do on the 6th January 1919?
tried to take over the German capital, Berlin
39
How did the Spartacists try to take over Berlin in 1919?
thousands of them stormed the streets, firing guns and trying to take over important buildings.
40
How and who did Ebert respond to the Spartacists with?
sent t group of 2000 men called the Free Corps (ex-soldiers) to attack the spartacists and after 3 days of fighting, the Free Corps won
41
who were the leaders of the Spartacists?
Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
42
In 1919, after Ebert was elected president of Germany, what government was born?
the Weimar government
43
what was the structure of the Weimar republic?
used proportional representation
44
what did proportional representation mean?
this was where the parties had to win seats in the Reichstag
parties had to get the majority to win
45
issues with the Weimar government in 1919?
it was a slow government as no one won majority, so there were many small parties in the Reichstag- leading to slow decisions
46
4 parts of the Weimar government?
The president, The chancellor, The Reichstag, the German People
47
information about the president of the Weimar government?
-elected every seven years
-controlled the army, navy and air force
-stayed out of day to day runnings of the country
-Article 48- special emergency- could pass laws without going through the Reichstag
48
information about the chancellor in the Weimar government?
-chosen by the president
-responsible for the day to day running of the country
-must have support of at least half the MPs in the Reichstag to introduce new laws
49
information about the Reichstag in the Weimar government?
-discussed and made laws
-members were elected every 4 years
-each party was chosen by proportional representation- based on votes which turned to seats
50
who did and who didn't support the Weimar Government?
did-middle class, catholics, some working class
didn't- unemployed, ex-soldiers, working class
51
what was the impact of hyperinflation in 1923?
-money was worthless, people started using money to light fires
-people blamed the government
-1923 was the worst year for Germany since WWI
52
how much did a loaf of bread cost in 1923 compared to 1918?
1,512,000 marks -> 0.6 marks
53
impact of hyperinflation on different groups in Germany?
people with savings- savings were now pointless as their savings wouldn't even buy them a loaf of bread
elderly people- people on fixed pensions found their money didn't go far enough and needed more
small business owners- businesses collapsed as normal trade became impossible
people with debts- they were the real winners- paid off all their debts in just 1 note
54
The right-wing party led by Wolfgang Kapp started what putsch and when?
Kapp Putsch- March 1920
55
how did the Kapp Putsch happen?
-Wolfgang Kapp gathered 5000 Free Corps and took over Berlin in march 1920.
-He aimed to eventually take over all of Germany and restore a Kasier and make Germany strong again- break the T.O.V
56
Why didn't the Kapp Putsch work?
-as the workers all went on strike, resulting in no gas, water, electricity and trains- so the Kapp gave in and fled Germany- Ebert was back in charge
57
what were the views of right wing groups in Germany 1920?
-want strong leaders who should rule over the people
-should be major differences between classes and races
-own country should be strong and powerful with a large empire
-change is not welcome
-anti-left wing
58
when did the Munich Putsch happen?
-8th November 1923
59
what type of party was the Nazi party?
Right wing
60
who was the leader of the Munich Putsch?
Hitler
61
How did the Munich Putsch happen?
-Hitler interrupted a meeting in a beer hall in Munich
-Fired a bullet
-announced he was taking over Bavaria (large region of Germany) and they would all march to Berlin and take over the whole country
-Hitler's stormtroopers took control of government buildings and arrested officials
-
62
Results of the Munich Putsch in 1923?
-didn't go to plan- police found out and fought the Nazi's
-Hitler went to trial for treason
-Trial attracted a large audience for Hitler and he took advantage of it and criticised the government on public TV
-Hitler was sentenced for prison for 5 years
-He actually got out after nine months in 1924
63
In prison, what did Hitler write?
His book called Mein Kampf- it described his life story and political views- it became a best seller
64
what was the impact of the Munich Putsch?
-Taught Hitler a valuable lesson
-He realised he had to change his strategy
-The Nazi's would have to win elections to successfully gain power
- they would have to win power democratically
65
Who was Gustav Stresemann and how did he help Germany?
he was chancellor in 1923 and help Germany recover after hyperinflation and the bad years
66
How did Stresemann fix the problem of hyperinflation?
-he stopped printing the old money and replaced it with a temporary currency of the Rentenmark
-In 1924 this was replaced by the Reichmark and was a stable currency for the next 25 years
67
was Stresemann fix of Hyperinflation in 1923 a success?
-yes, Germans quickly accepted the new currency and hyperinflation ended. However, people who had lost their savings never got them back and blamed the government
68
what was Stresemann's solution to the French troops in the Ruhr?
-He met with the American Vice-president and arranged the Dawes plan
- this allowed Germany to re-start their reparations payment
69
what was the Dawes plan in 1923?
-it was where America would lend Germany 800 million gold marks to pay reparations
70
what was the young plan in 1929?
Stresemann negotiated reducing reparation payments down from £6.6 billion to £1.8 billion and Germany were given longer to pay it
71
Was Stresemann's solution to the Ruhr invasion successful?
-yes French troops left the Ruhr
-However, some Germans thought this was Stresemann giving into the bullying tactics of the T.O.V and said that he should have demanded that reparations should be ended
72
what was Stresemann's solution to Germany not being considered a great power?
-He worked hard to improve Germany's international relationships
-in 1926 they joined the L.O.N
-1925- signed the Locarno treaty
-1928- signed the Kellogg-briand pact
73
was Stresemann's solution to Germany not being a great power a success?
-yes, it regained its international status and became an important part of the L.O.N
-However, some right-wing parties weren't happy as they demanded he go against the T.O.V and get Germany's land back
74
what was Stresemann's solution to German industries being in trouble and run down?
-due to the Dawes plan- he used some of that money to build new factories, schools, houses and roads.
-This meant more jobs so reduced unemployment and Germans earning money again
75
Was Stresemann's solution to the German industries being run down a success?
yes- Germans were earning money again and were more prosperous
However, some Germans (even Stresemann) worried they were relying too much on American Loans
76
Had Germany fully recovered under Stresemann and his solutions?
-there were no attempts to overthrow the German Government between 1924-1929
-However, there were still many political parties in Germany and no single party could ever get enough votes to rule on their own. This meant they joined together- slow decisions due to disagreements
-there were still extremist parties- Such as the Nazi's and Communists- but their votes had decreased from 1924-1929- 5%-2%
-there were still large groups in Germany that were under pressure- farmers income was very low and the middle class had their savings wiped out in 1923 due to hyperinflation
-lots of this prosperity was due to American loans
77
what was German culture like in the 1920s?
known as the golden age
germany was seen as free and had great culture and nightlife
78
what happened to German cinema in the 1920s?
-became very popular
79
what happened to German nightlife in the 1920s?
-Germany was the centre for new plays, operas and theatre shows.
-Singers could perform Vulgur songs about the government that the Kaiser had banned
-Berlin was famous for its nightlife
80
what happened to German literature in the 1920s?
-writing became a big business- had 120 newspapers and magazines
81
what happened to German art in the 1920s?
Art flourished, used to show the reality of everyday life and the differences between classes in society
82
what happened to German design in the 1920s?
a new group of designers and architecture began working in this time
-bauhaus design
83
reactions to the German Golden age and cultural changes in the 1920s?
-some embraced it, others hated it
-some wanted these things to celebrate the older, traditional values of Germany
-they thought nightclubs and shows were in a moral decline
-Berlin was viewed by some as corrupt and sex-obsessed
-For example, the Nazi's openly criticised it and in 1933 when Hitler came to power many Weimar artists had to flee Germany
84
what was the impact of the Great Depression on Germany?
-foreign factories shut down due to American's not being able to afford buying products
-unemployment rapidly increased
-American banks demanded back the money from loans to Germany (Dawes plan)
-businesses went bankrupt due to German government needing money back
-people were soon unemployed, hungry, angry and full of resent
85
what was a political impact of the Great impression on the German government?
-unemployed people blamed the government
-many people started to look for a solution
-growth of extremist parties increased
86
what were the main 5 factors of the Nazi party that gained them votes in 1932?
-the Depression
-Germans were unhappy with the Weimar government
-The appeal of Adolf Hitler
-Fear of the rise of communism
-Nazi party structure, methods and tactics
87
How did the Great depression allow the Nazi's to come to power?
-due to mass unemployment and anger- people started to look for a solution
-The nazi's repeated their core beliefs such as the T.O.V was a crime to Germany and that Jews should be blamed for all of Germany's problems
-Now people were desperate- leaving him an opening to gain power
88
How did Germans being unhappy with the Weimar government allow the nazi's to come to power?
-the government couldn't seem to agree on how to help Germany out of the Depression
-they started passing emergency laws (article 48) and tried to take away rich peoples land
-lost much support from groups and instead people turned to extremist parties
89
How did the appeal of Hitler allow the Nazi's to come to power?
-Hitler was seen as a charismatic personality and made people believe he could be trusted
-he was a good public speaker who knew how to gain votes by manipulation
90
How did the fear of communism allow the Nazi's to come to power?
-due to the uprising of communists in Russia and leading to them taking over all businesses and farms, it made middle class and upper class Germans frightened of this
-They didn't want to lose their wealth and place in society- so instead they voted for Hitler
-communists also didn't believe in religious institutes- worried churchgoers
-Hitler sent his private army (SA) to fight communists to show his hatred and protection to people against the communists threat
91
How does the structure, methods and tactics of the Nazi party allow the Nazi's to come to power?
- used persuasion and intimidation
-Nazi party officers were set up all over Germany to gain more support- using the SA to protect and and intimidate people to vote for Hitler
-Nazi party used propaganda through new media such as radio broadcasts and cinema shows to persuade people into voting for them- in 1928 Joseph Goebbles became head of the propaganda
-Hitler took part is parades and rallies to make passionate speeches
-Hitler youth organisation was set up to encourage young followers
- after the depression hit, the Nazi party seemed the most organised- making them for likeable
92
why did farmers vote for the Nazi's in the 1930s?
-the Nazi's promised farmers higher prices for their crops
-they promised them a higher status in society and a better quality of life
-Nazi's also hated communists and communists would take over all farms
93
why did women vote for the Nazi's in the 1930s?
-Nazi's said that family life, good morals and self-discipline were important
-some women agreed and Hitler promised to make the German society better
94
why did the middle class vote for the Nazi's in the 1930s?
-lots of their wages had been cut by the depression- Hitler promised to change that
-the middle class feared that law and order would break down and destroy their way of life
-The Nazi's promised to take on communism using their stormtroopers (SA) and showed order and discipline in a time of chaos
95
why did Hitler gain votes from the youth in the 1930s?
-Hitler was an old soldier and knew the force of a powerful navy
-he promised to tear up the T.O.V and make Germany strong again
-Many young people wanted to be part of Germany's bright future and get jobs in the armed forces
-Hitler's speeches won the youth over
96
why did Hitler gain votes from the upper class in the 1930s?
-Hitler promised to be a strong leadership and make Germany a more powerful nation
-Hitler promised to allow factory owners to run them how they want and his plans to use them to make plans and weapons would make them more money
-The nazi's would also fight communism and not let them take their businesses
97
What happened to both the Nazi party and the Weimar government in the 1930 Reichstag election?
government- no majority won and Bruning became chancellor- however he wasn't a popular choice as he reduced unemployment pay and increased taxes
Nazi's- gained more seats and support (107)- now held massive rallies to gain even more support
98
How did the SA help Hitler gain votes in the Reichstag between 1930-1932?
-They caused chaos on the streets by fighting communists
-showed that the Weimar government had no control and that it was failing
99
What happened to both the Nazi party and rest of the government in the 1932 Reichstag election??
-Hitler got 230 seats whilst the SPD only got 133
-Hitler demanded being chancellor but wasn't given (Von Papen instead)
-He another election in November 1923
100
on what date did Hindenburg appoint Hitler as chancellor?
-30th January 1933
101
Why did Hindenburg allow Hitler to be chancellor?
-as he thought he could control him by having Von Papen as vice chancellor
-but it didn't work
-and both Papen and Schleicher had both been chancellor and voted out in less than a year
102
When Hitler became Chancellor, what date did he call for a new election and why?
-March 1933 as he now had more power so thought he could intimidate people into voting for him
103
When was the Reichstag fire?
27th Feburary 1933
104
who was the Reicchstag fire blamed on and how did it help Hitler gain more power?
-blamed on the communists (Van der Lubbe)
-Hitler asked Hindenburg for the emergency "protection law" due to this fire to allow Hitler to deal with Germany's problems as it came across as a communist plot
-Hindenburg agreed
105
in March 1933, a new law called "Protection of the people and State" was passed by Hitler, what was this?
-it banned leading communist parties from taking part in the election campaign
-4,000 communists were shut down and arrested
106
When was the Enabling act passed and what did it allow him to do?
-23rd March 1933
-it allowed Hitler to make laws without asking the rest of the Reichstag
107
on the 7th April 1933, after the enabling act, who did Hitler put in charge of the government and what 2 groups/things were formed?
-he put Nazi's in charge of all government buildings
-formed the Gestapo (secret police)
-first concentration camp formed in Southern Germany
108
on the 2nd May 1933, what group did Hitler ban and how did this help him?
trade unions
-this allowed him to stop worker's complaining about conditions and pay
109
on what date did Hitler pass the law "Against the Formation of new parties" and what did it do?
-14th July 1933
-it banned all other political parties apart from the Nazi's in Germany
110
After President Hindenburg died, on what date did Hitler make himself the Fuhrer?
2nd August 1933- made the army swear an oath of loyalty to him
111
Who were the main people murdered in the Night of the Long Knives?
Rohm and the SA
112
Why did Hitler worry about Rohm and the SA?
-Rohm wanted to merge the army and the SA together (500,000 men) which would have made Rohm extremely powerful
-rumours that Rohm was going to try and seize power from Hitler
113
when was the Night of the Long Knives?
30 June 1934
114
what was the impact of the Night of the Long Knives?
-Many people close to Hitler who were known as a threat were now dead
-The SS emerged as the new group in charge of Hitler's safety and them along with the Gestapo were the basis of the 'police state'
-Hitler was very open about what he had done- basically he got away with murder
115
How did unemployment change in 1934 and how, due to Hitler's rise to power?
fell rapidly- The National Labour Service (RAD)- all men age 18-25 had to spend 6 months in the RAD working on farms.
-they were given free meals and pocket money
-Public work Schemes- Nearly 100,000 people hard due to the new scheme of building more roads (highways) to link Germany's main cities
116
When Hitler came to power, what happened to the army and weapons?
rearmament happened
-Hitler wanted Germany to be strong again so he ordered the building of tanks, planes, battleships and guns
-This created thousands of jobs and many factor owners signed huge contracts with the government
-Hitler also introduced conscription- all men 18-25 had to spend 2 years in armed forces
-within 5 years the army grew from 100,000 to 1,400,000- further reducing unemployment
117
what was "invisible unemployment" under the Nazi's?
-The nazi's varied their methods to reduce unemployment
-women who gave up work were not counted in the unemployment figures
-part-time workers were counted as full time
-Nazi's also created jobs by firing Jews- then didn't count them as unemployed
118
What was the "four year plan" under Goering in 1936 and why were they doing it?
it was the plan to get Germany ready for war
-increased military production, created jobs in factories to make these products
-all to become self-sufficient for war
119
Why did Germany want to become self-sufficient in 1936?
to get ready for war- so when it started they wouldn't have to rely on other countries for resources that may stop trading with them
120
If Germany couldn't produce raw materials or products to be self-sufficient in 1936, what did they do instead?
made artificial substitutes- such as artificial wool made from pulped wood
121
what was the new trade union substitute for workers after 1936?
DAF- designed 3 schemes
-Beauty of Labour- improve working conditions
-Strength through Joy-organised work trips to encourage hard work.
-also designed the 'peoples car'- Volkswagen- was a car most Germans could afford
122
were workers better off or not under Hitler's rule in 1936?
-more jobs were available but workers had lost their rights due to no trade unions
-workers couldn't quit without government permission
-workers had to work long hours
123
In 1941, after Hitler attacked the USSR did the impact of war become better or worse?
worse
124
what impact did WWII have on food supply on the home front and back in Germany?
there were severe food shortages and by November 1939 food and clothing were rationed.
-such as only could use hot water 2 days a week and limited to 1 egg per week
-However, the Nazi's said these sacrifices should be made for them to win the war
125
what impact did WWII have on work and refugees?
work- 1942- Germany went into "total war"- everything was entirely focused on making weapons and growing food for soldiers. Anything that didn't contribute to war was stopped.-For example beer halls were shut
-also factories were forced to stay open longer- Women drafted into working in them
refugees- by 1944- 7 million foreign workers were slaves in factories
-people left Germany due to the severe bombing to look for safety
126
what was the impact of WWII bombing on Germany?
-there was no electricity, water or transport by 1942 and people looked and left for refuge
-thousands died and many people had to be rescued by medical services from their houses which were at full stretch
-bombing also caused flooding and gas explosions and there was a constant danger of unexploded bombs
-support for the Nazi's became to weaken
127
what were the 5 main people/groups in the Nazi police state?
-concentration camps
-Himmler
-The SS
-The Gestapo
-The regular police and law courts
128
what were concentration camps and what did they do?
-they were large prisons where any "enemies of the state" could be held for any length of time
-They were set up to "correct" people who were not doing what the Nazi's wanted
-Such as people who were Jewish, Roma and Sinti, political opponents ans anyone who criticised Hitler were sent there
-Inmates were forced to work hard and some were even tortured or worked to death
129
who was Himmler and what was his role in the Police state?
-All forces were put under control of Himmler- Head of the SS
-he personally reported to Hitler and was a loyal Nazi
130
what was the Gestapo and their job in the Nazi Police state?
-Hitler's body guards
-they could arrest anyone for any reason, search homes and seize properties
-elite army
-ran the concentration camps
131
who were the Gestapo and what was their job in the Nazi Police state?
-they were the secret police
-didn't wear uniforms and seen as a threat
-tortured anyone who spoke bad against the Nazi's
-they encouraged people to turn in their parents if they spoke bad
-use for intimidation
132
what was the job of regular police and law courts in the Nazi police state?
-they ignored crimes committed by Nazi's
-all the top jobs went to loyal Nazi's
133
Use of propaganda in the Nazi police state?
-persuade more people to vote for Hitler
-given basic ideas such as to break the T.O.V and that Jews were to blame for all of Germany's problems
-run by Joseph Goebbels
-censorship was used- this meant that the government tightly controlled what people heard, read and saw
134
what things were censored by Joseph Goebbels in the Nazi police state?
-Newspapers- only Nazi ideas and beliefs printed
-Mass rallies- celebrated Hitler- show the Nazi's were impressive
-Books, theatre and music- only things that praised Hitler
-Radio- only Nazi beliefs were were announced
-Films- all films could only show the Nazi's in a good way
135
What was Nazi culture like in Germany in the 1930s?
-chamber of culture set up
-cinema- Nazi had direct influence on what films were made, only pro-nazi, Jews portrayed as mean
-music- should only be German or Austrian music, Jewish composers banned
-theatre- all plays had to show German history, shut down cabaret clubs
-literature- created list of banned books- encouraged books about German pride and war
136
How was art affected by Nazi rule?
Nazi's burned 5000 paintings they disapproved of
-they only kept paintings that showed healthy, heroic German figures such as the Aryan race
137
how was design affected by the Nazi rule?
-He shut down the Bauhaus movement
-wanted traditional ancient greek looking buildings
138
how was sports and leisure affected by the Nazi rule?
-used the Olympic games in Berlin 1936 for propaganda of the strong Aryan raced Germans
-biggest ever stadium, German team came top of the medal leaderboard
139
what was moaning and grumbling about the Nazi's known as?
lowest type of opposition usually said in their own homes
140
what was passive resistance?
-when Germans publically showed they didn't support Hitler
141
How did the German school system change under the Nazi rule?
- Hitler hoped to use school system to brainwash young Germans into loving him and Nazi party
- Realised that in the future he may have to call on these people to put up with hardships, fish and even die for him so needed their loyalty
- Hitler used every subject in school to put forward Nazi propaganda and beliefs
- PE trebled and eugenics (race studies added)
- Eugenics taught how blacks, Europeans and Jews were inferior to them
-Aryan race = the best
- Textbooks rewritten so Nazi beliefs were facts
- Teachers had to join German Teachers League
142
what were two banned youth groups in the Nazi rule that used open resistance and what did they do?
-Edelweiss Pirates- sabotaged trainlines, beat up Nazi-officials, acted as spies and passed on German secrets to other countries
-these leaders were killed (Sophie Scholl and Hans Scholl)
143
when was the July bomb plot?
-July 1944
144
How did the German university system change under the Nazi rule?
- Similar to schools
- leading academics left e.g Albert Einstein as he was Jewish
- All students had to train as a soldier for a month per year
- Fewer Germans attended uni in this era, regarded as less important
145
what was the July Bomb plot?
-it was an attempt to assassinate Hitler by placing a bomb under a table that would blow during a meeting with Hitler and leading Nazi's
146
what happened during the July bomb plot?
-it failed
-Bust Hitler's eardrums
-Burned his hair off
-killed 4 other men
-blew some of his clothes off
147
How did Hitler Youth clubs control young people outside of school?
- Hitler wanted to control people in school and outside
- Met after school to talk about Nazi beliefs and ideas
- Boys taught military skills
- Girls taught how to be good wives and mothers
- Legally just as important as normal school
148
what German army officer agreed to be a part of the July Bomb plot?
-Claus Von Stauffenberg
149
what was the role of Women in the Nazi police state?
-Job was to have children and stay at home
-not have a career and be loyal to their husbands whilst they worked
-weren't equal to men
150
When was the Hitler Youth set up?
1922
151
how did the Nazi's control women?
-banned from smoking as it was 'unladylike'
-wearing trousers or high heels was also banned
-only job was to have children
-loans were given to newly married couples to have children
-gave them medals for having children
-set up leagues such as the German Womens League
-taught them how to cook, clean and eat healthy
152
What group did German boys join and what did they do?
- Little Fellows from age 6-10
- Young Folk from age 10-14
- Hitler Youth age 14-18
- Go to Hitler Youth meetings several times a week after school, and special weekend camps every month
- Learned how to march, fight with knives, fire guns and keep themselves fit
- Wanted to prepare boys for future role as soldiers
153
were the German policies to women in the 1930s successful for Hitler?
yes- the birth rate increased from 970,000-1,413,000 in 1939
-However, during war the Nazi's needed the women back at work due to men being soldiers- so they became the main wage earner
154
What group did German girls join and what did they do?
- Young Girls age 10-14
- League of German Girls age 14-17
- Went on tough marches and attended weekend camps
- Mainly learn how to keep fit, cook good meals, look after babies and prepare for motherhood
155
What were young boys and girls encouraged to do?
Report parents, teachers if they criticised Hitler or joked about the Nazis
