Elizabethan era Flashcards
1
Q
what years did Elizabeth 1 reign from?
A
1568-1603
2
Q
who Elizabeth’s dad?
A
Henry VIII
3
Q
who was Elizabeth’s mum?
A
Anne Boleyn
4
Q
who was Elizabeth’s sister?
A
Bloody Mary
5
Q
what happened to Anne Boleyn?
A
she got beheaded when Elizabeth was two and a half years old
6
Q
what did the acts of succession declare Elizabeth and Mary?
A
illegitimate with no right to inherit the throne
7
Q
who was Elizabeth’s brother?
A
Edward
8
Q
where did Elizabeth commonly live when growing up?
A
Hatfield house
9
Q
who was Elizabeth influenced by as her father never saw her?
A
-her tutors and early on her sister
10
Q
what did the third act of succession declare Elizabeth?
A
as an heir to the throne but only if her half brother and half sister died and had no children
11
Q
was Elizabeth due to be queen?
A
no, she was 4th in line
12
Q
why was Mary known as Bloody Mary?
A
as she burned many protestants as she was fiercely catholic
13
Q
who placed Elizabeth in the tower for 2 months and why?
A
her sister Mary, as she thought that Elizabeth was plotting to overthrow her
14
Q
what is the conclusion of Elizabeth’s early life?
A
she was unhappy, dysfunctional and brimming with danger
had no real family relationship’s and nearly was executed for treason
15
Q
what was the royal court?
A
centre of power and the source of all the latest trends and fashion
16
Q
who was the royal court made up of?
A
officials, servants and advisors (privy council)
17
Q
who ran the royal court?
A
Lord Chamberlin
18
Q
where was the royal court located?
A
wherever the Queen was and where the courtiers fought for power
19
Q
what was parliament made up of?
A
House of Lords and House of Commons
20
Q
describe the House of Lords
A
made of 90 nobles and bishops, more powerful than the House of Commons
21
Q
describe the House of Commons
A
made up of 450 elected MPs
contained gentry, lawyers and merchants
22
Q
How many times did Elizabeth ever call parliament?
A
-called it 13 times over 45 years
23
Q
what was the privy council?
A
-the most powerful part of Parliament- advised Elizabeth on foreign and domestic matters and dealt with the day to day runnings of the country
24
Q
who were the 4 members of the privy council under Elizabeth?
A
-Sir William Cecil
-Sir Francis Walsingham
-Robert Dudley
-Christopher Hatton
25
Job of William Cecil in the privy council?
most trusted advisor
secretary of state
26
Job of Francis Walsingham in the Privy council?
spy master- in charge of the secret service
27
Job of Robert Dudley in the Privy council?
In charge of Elizabeth's safety and her favourite
28
Job of Christopher Hatton in the Privy council?
organised her progresses
and in charge of the law courts and judges
29
what method did Elizabeth use when forming her privy council and why?
she made sure that they all had separate opinions
so that they wouldn't overpower her and all agree on a decision as then it would be hard for her to go against it
30
who were the 2 most powerful figures in Elizabeth's Privy council?
William Cecil and Francis Walsingham
31
what was patronage?
-it involved showing favouritism by giving particular men important jobs
32
what types of patronage could Elizabeth award people?
titles, land, monopolies and other powerful opportunities
33
why did Elizabeth give out patronage?
to establish loyalty and obedience from her court
34
why did Elizabeth like patronage?
as it often created rivalries which meant that it ensured that she would remain the centre of the whole system as people would all disagree and not try to overthrow her
35
what religion was Elizabeth?
protestant
36
why did Elizabeth never want to marry?
as she didnt want to have to share her power with a man and saw all her father's failed marriages which pushed her away from wanting a marriage like those
37
what were the 6 main issues that Elizabeth had with parliament?
marriage and succession, freedom of speech, Mary Queen of Scots, Religion, Crime and poverty and Monopolies
38
why marriage for Elizabeth was a good idea
-create alliances with foreign countries or guarantee the loyalty of a powerful British Family
-produce an heir to secure and continue the Tudor line and stop Mary, Queen of Scots from becoming monarch next
39
why marriage for Elizabeth was bad
-loss of authority and loss of England
-Birth was risky
-Her view on marriage was bad due to her fathers many failed marriages
40
who were some of Elizabeth's potential suitors?
-Robert Dudley
-Francis- Duke of Anjou and Alencon
-King Philip II of spain- Mary's former husband
41
why did Elizabeth never marry?
-as she said that she "married the Kingdom of England" and that remaining single allowed her to focus totally on ruling her country and keeping it secure and independent
42
what were most rebellions linked or caused by?
religion
43
when was the Essex rebellion?
1601
44
what were the main challenges that Elizabeth faced as a ruler?
-she was female in a time when women did not hold powerful positions in society
-she had a number of initial problems to firstly deal with such as religion, foreign policy, taxation, Ireland, Mary queen of Scots and succession
-She never married
-many tensions arose and she had many disagreements with Parliament
45
background of Robert Essex
-Had been a loyal subject to Elizabeth throughout most of her reign and was one of her favourites (got a monopoly for sweet wine)
-Developed a rivalry with Robert Cecil (Williams son)
-pleased the Queen in 1596 when he successfully attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz
46
causes of the Essex rebellion?
-got in an argument with the Queen and got placed under house arrest
-sent him to Ireland to deal with a rebellion there- he failed and agreed to a truce against the queens wishes
-fell from being one of the queens favourites and lost his monopoly for sweet wine
-lost lots of his wealth and influence
47
describe the events in the Essex rebellion
-February 1601- Essex took 4 privy councillors hostage and marched them to his London house along with 200 supporters
-Robert Cecil labelled him a traitor- many supporters panicked and released the hostages without permission
-he got arrested along with his remaining followers
48
what were the consequences of the Essex rebellion?
-Essex was put on trial for treason and sentenced to death
-during his interrogation, his agreed to name other rebels including his sister
-He was privately executed on 25th February 1601
-it all failed
49
during Elizabeth's reign, what 6 things blossomed and expanded?
theatre, art, fashion, architecture, literature and music
50
what class grew and rose during Elizabeth's reign?
gentry
51
did the population grow or shrink during Elizabeth's reign?
grow
52
why did the gentry class grow?
-suspicion of the "old" nobility
-dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII
-increasing wealth
53
why did the suspicion of the old nobility help the gentry to grow?
-the Tudors deliberately marginalised the nobles who were seen as a threat by granting fewer titles and excluding them from government
-this left a vaccum which the gentry class filled and became very powerful politically- dominated the House of Commons
54
how did the dissolution of the monasteries help the gentry class grow?
-the monasteries used to own about 1/4 of the land in England, there dissolution led to more land being available to buy
55
how did increasing wealth help the gentry class grow?
-growth in trade and exploration, together with population growth, rising prices and enclosures all helped the gentry class families grow their fortunes (e.g cloth trade from Antwerp)
-they therefore were able to use their money to establish estates, build grand houses and educate themselves such as Elizabeth Shrewsbury
56
wealth of the gentry also helped drive the development of new clothing fashions, what did people use fashion to show?
status
57
what year were the new sumptuary laws passed?
1574
58
what did the new sumptuary laws state?
these laws strictly controlled the clothes that people were allowed to wear based on their social standing
59
list some male fashion items
-doublet
-silk stockings
-trunk-hose
-jerkin
-ruff
-cloak
60
list some female fashion items
-farthingale
-ruff
-undergown
-gown
-over-gown
-dyed hair with false hair on top
-heavy white make-up
-blackened teeth
-shoes
61
when Elizabeth first came to power, how many theatres were there?
0
62
why when Elizabeth came to power were there 0 theatres?
government saw actors as a threat to law and order and acting wasn't considered a respectable fashion
63
what did the 2 theatre laws in 1572 state and why?
1st- actors were to be punished as vagabonds- as puritans strongly disapproved of the theatre due to religious grounds
2nd- all bands of actors had to licensed- due to government suspicion
64
after the theatre companies became organised, in what years did each theatre open?
1576- London theatre
1587- Rose theatre
1596- Swan theatre
1599- Globe theatre
65
by the end of Elizabeth's reign how many theatres and companies were there?
7 major theatres and 40 companies
66
as a result of the authorities opposition, where were all theatres based and why?
outside of city walls- Bankside District on Southwark
due to these places having a bad reputation and much criminal activity along with many taverns
67
why was the theatre so popular in Elizabethan society?
as all classes could attend as fees were low (1 penny) and it upheld the social standing
68
what were the design of theatres influenced by?
inn yards and market places
69
name all the parts of a theatre?
-covered galleries- upper, middle, lower
-flag to signal a play was starting
-tiring house
-pit
-stage
-upper stage
-hut
70
how was the social standing upheld in theatres?
1 penny -lower classes were in the pit called groundlings- exposed to all weather and smelly conditions
2/3 pennies- people in the 3-tiered galleries- covered and could sit up to 2000 spectators
richest- sit in the Lords rooms or even watch it from the stage itself
Higher up someone sat, the higher class and status they had
71
who was the most famous play writer in the Elizabethan time?
William Shakespeare
72
what were the main themes off all plays?
violence, romance and patriotism
most plays flattered Elizabeth
were all censored to avoid any controversy
plays also obeyed the theme of the Great Chain of Being- favoured Elizabeth and her government
73
why did Elizabeth and her government like the theatre?
as they could use it as propaganda for Elizabeth
74
why did the government want to use the theatre for propaganda?
-London became overcrowded and busy (population of 200,000)- provided entertainment and a distraction for the poor making a rebellion less likely
-also if the play content was strict- it could influence the public to favour Elizabeth and her government
75
Exploration expanded during the Elizabethan era, what event happened in the 1560's which includes John Hawkins?
he made 3 voyages to the Caribbean, trading slaves that he captured in West Africa- made lots of money and returned to England with silver, gold and animals skins
76
in 1572, what event did Drake achieve?
he captured £40,000 of Spanish silver and captured their ports
77
in 1577, what event did Drake achieve?
he circumnavigated the world- 2nd person ever in the world
brought back £400,000 worth of Spanish silver and Queen got half
78
What achievement did Walter Raleigh do?
Established a colony in North America called "Virginia"
-introduced tobacco and potatoes
-rich in oil, wine, sugar and flax
79
what were the short term impacts of increased exploration for the British?
-increased hostility between Britain and Spain
-Brought great wealth for merchants and nobles who sponsored more voyages
-built a great image for Elizabeth
80
what were the long term impacts of increased exploration for Britain?
-was the foundation for England's later position as a global super power
-England became enormously rich through establishing trade links
-made a powerful navy
-built an establishment of colonies- became the British Empire which covered 1/4 of the worlds surface
81
what links did exploration build with the East?
strong trade links- of silks, spices and cotton
82
what were the issues with British Exploration from other countries?
Spain and Portugal became jealous and weakened links
83
what were the main causes for the expansion of British exploration?
-needed to have a larger navy- as England was an island
-Jealousy of Spanish and Portugese achievements
-England's markets were in crisis- needed to form new trade links
-new developments in ships
-Renaissance era- encouraged learning and adventure
-growing belief that the world was not flat
84
What were the main causes of poverty in the Elizabethan era?
-Growing population,
-inflation,
-exploration of the new world,
-Henry VIII reduced coinage,
-Increased Tax,
-Decreased International Trade,
-Agricultural crisis and innovations, -Rack Renting,
-Increased closures,
-Land Taken away from the poor,
-Monasteries being dissolved
85
how did the growing population cause poverty?
population rose by 43%- placed huge pressure on resources, particularly food and jobs were hard to find
86
How did inflation cause poverty?
-prices of food rose whilst the wages of workers stayed the same. People started to no afford it, causing major famine
87
How did Exploration of the New World cause poverty?
-There was more silver circulation throughout Europe, decreasing it's value- less valuable items
88
How did Henry VIII reduced coinage cause poverty?
-reduced the value of coins in the 1540s to pay for wars against France and Scotland
89
How did Increased Tax cause poverty?
-Due to many wars being fought- Many left unemployed due to being soldiers and sailors- widespread unemployment
90
How did Decreased International Trade cause poverty?
-Wars had a harmful effect on England's International Trade. Antwerps cloth trade (British biggest trade partner) collapsed due to the Spanish invasion in the 1550s
91
How did Agricultural crisis and innovations cause poverty?
Poor harvests led to food shortages and increased famine as demand was even higher. Caused the plague-due to poor diets
92
How did Rack renting and increased rate of enclosures cause poverty?
-Greedy landlords led to many evictions- traditional open fields were combined and enclosed with hedges to allow farmers arable land to be turned into profitable sheep farms
-more people lost their jobs
93
How did Land being taken away from people cause poverty?
-peoples way of feeding their families by growing their own crops was taken away- now couldn't also afford to buy produce
94
How did Monasteries being dissolved cause poverty?
-Key source of charity for the poor which provided food, shelter and medical care was now taken away.
-So more people flocked to towns for help when brought the poverty issue to public attention
95
What were the way that the public reacted to the poor?
they categorised them into groups based on if they have help or not
96
who were the impotent poor?
-these were people unable to provide for themselves because they were too ill, young or old to do so.
-so they were not to blame, so the government were sympathetic and thought they deserved help
97
who were the idle poor?
-they were seen as a major threat to society and social order. They were dishonest and vagabonds and were often referred to as "sturdy beggars". They were believed to be perfectly fit to work, but were too lazy and instead were criminals and beggars
98
How did the normal public react to the idle poor?
-people were very worried about them
-there seemed to be too many of them and they started attacking people on the streets
-many pretended to be sick or hurt (clapperdudgeons) and they started their own code
99
how were the lifestyles of the idle poor viewed as?
-sinful by puritans
-government started to be threatened of them as they were worried about a rebellion
100
Disease started to spread during the Elizabethan era, how did this link to the poor?
-they were seen as a large part of disease spreading
-spread it through the country
101
How did the government respond to poverty?
-At first they believed that there were more important issues so were reluctant to act on it
-then they introduced measures to deal with it indirectly
102
What indirect measures (before the poor laws) did the government introduce to help poverty?
-full recoinage to help slow down inflation
-Statue of Artificers- wage limitations placed on workers to help slow down inflation
-tried to stop the trend of enclosures through the law Act on Husbandry and Tillage
103
what were the local measures taken to help stop poverty?
-ALMs were made, census were carried out to make registers of the poor, work was provided for the unemployed in workhouses and efforts were made to control begging by rules
104
what was the poor law of 1563 Act state?
-classifications of the poor
-Deserving poor- included the old, young or sick and could not work- they were provided some relief e.g almhouses
-deserving unemployed- included fit and able who could not find work- found apprenticeships for the young
-undeserving poor- criminals and beggars- face harsh punishments such as being beaten through the streets until they reached their own parish
105
What did the poor law Act of 1572 state?
firstly, compulsory poor law tax imposed at a local level- each parish was responsible for handing out the Poor Rate weekly to the deserving poor
-those found begging (over age of 14) would be whipped, then have a hole bored through their ear, and eventually executed- under 14s would only be whipped
106
what did the poor law Act of 1576 state?
-Each town required to provide work for the unemployed.
-workhouses were set up for this purpose.
-each town had to supply materials such as wool for the unemployed to work on
-poor given practical assistance whilst helping out the community
107
what did the poor law Act of 1598 state?
-A new position of "Overseer of the poor" was created- their role was to calculate the amount of Poor Rate each parish required, collect the Poor Rate from property owners, dispense money and supervise the parish poor house
-Begging was now forbidden- houses of correction were set up for rogues.
-ear boring was ended but beggars were to be whipped through the streets until they arrived back at their own parish. some were executed
108
what did the poor law Act of 1601 state?
-national system that lasted for the next 230 years
-each parish should levy a compulsory Poor Rate, provide work materials, provide work or apprenticeships for children who were orphaned or whose parents were unable to support them, offer relief to the Deserving poor, collect a poor relief rate from property owners, and ensure parents and children were responsible for each other, so poor elderly adults were expected to live with their children.
109
reasons why the government took action to help reduce poverty?
-it was more political than selfless
-no rebellion occurred
-social order was preserved
-may have led to more people supporting Elizabeth
110
How serious was the issue of poverty in the 1500s?
-some people argue that poverty was heavily exaggerated and give the poor laws more credit than it really deserves
-Whilst some argue that the poor laws didn't go far enough
-as poverty continued to increase after the laws were introduced and some argue that it was unnecessarily harsh, focusing too much on punishment rather than supporting those in need
111
describe the background of Mary, Queen of Scots.
-Queen's cousin
-became queen of Scotland at a young age but grew up in France due to violence in Scotland
-Brought up as Catholic
-Had a brief marriage to a French king, then widowed and returned in 1561
-Had to abdicate the Scottish throne for her infant son
112
why was Mary (Scots) coming to England a bad thing for Queen Elizabeth?
as she was pro-French, Catholic and a potential heir to the throne
113
Once Elizabeth was worried about Mary (Scots), what did she do?
-she moved her to a castle and the put under house arrest at Hardwick hall in the Midlands
114
Name all the plots that Mary, Queen of Scots was involved in
Northern, Ridolfi, Throckmorton, Babington
115
describe the Ridolfi plot, 1571
-people involved- Mary, Pope Pius V, Philip King of Spain and Duke of Norfolk
-Plan was to assassinate Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne.
-6000 Spanish troops to land in Essex
-Mary to marry the Duke of Norfolk
116
what were the consequences of the Ridolfi plot of 1571?
-Plot was discovered by Walsingham's spies
-Norfolk found guilty for treason and executed
-Mary was imprisoned
117
Describe the Throckmorton plot, 1583
-French catholic force, backed by Spanish and the Pope's money to invade England.
-Mary was to be freed from house arrest and then have an uprising from all the catholic population
-
118
Consequences of the Throckmorton rebellion, 1583?
-never happened as Walsingham discovered it and Throckmorton was put under surveillance for 6 months, captured and tortured
-Mary escaped without any harm
119
describe the Babington plot, 1586
-Mary was moved to moated Manor called Chartley Hall in 1585
-Idea was to push Mary into another plot
-Plan was to kill Elizabeth and place Mary on the throne.
-Walsingham knew about the plan and her letters
-17 July 1586- Mary approved of the plan
120
consequences of the Babington plot, 1586?
-Babington arrested and executed with 6 others
121
What happened on October 1586 which involved Mary, Queen of Scots?
-Mary was placed on trial for treason
-found guilty and sentenced to death
122
when did Elizabeth sign Mary, Queen of Scots execution warrant?
February 1587
123
when was Mary, Queen of Scots executed?
-8th February 1587
124
what was Elizabeth's reaction to Mary, Queen of Scots execution?
-was appalled by the idea of Mary's murder and denied ever giving permission
-banished Cecil for 6 months
-wracked with guilt for committing regicide
-also worried about a Catholic rebellion
125
What were Elizabeth's aims with religion?
-heal divisions between catholics and protestants to prevent another rebellion or unrest
-bring the North-West catholics and the South-East protestants together
-Maximise her power and wealth by taking as much control over the church as possible
126
What was the Act of Supremacy, 1559?
-re-established the break from Rome and independent church of England
-compromised with Catholic's by not making herself Supreme Head and instead Supreme Governor- in hope's to pacify catholic's
-Stated the church would keep existing Pre-reformation episcopal structure (2 archbishops and others below)
127
what was the Act of Uniformity, 1559?
-aimed to end quarrels between Catholic's and protestants by making it clear what the Anglican Church believed in
-Protestant Church
-New book of Common Prayer was issued with protestant ideas
-Traditional Catholic mass was abandoned
-Bible written in English +services held in English
-Alter was replaced with a communion table and ornaments such as crosses to be placed on it- to pacify Catholic's
128
What was the Treason Act, 1571?
-stated that denying Elizabeth's supremacy and bringing the Pope's PAPAL BULL of excommunication into England could be punished by death
-Anyone who left the country for more than six months had their land confiscated- an attempt to prevent English catholics from going abroad to train as missionaries
129
What happened to the important Catholic's who refused to accept the new terms of the Church?
had their positions taken away
130
What did the Pope order English Catholic's to do in order to oppose against the new church and what happened to these people?
not attend the Anglican church services
-fined one shilling a week
-could face the death penalty if performed their own Catholic mass
131
In 1568, what building got discovered in the Netherlands and why?
a school that trained English Catholic's as missionaries and send them back to England to keep Catholicism alive
132
When Elizabeth got excommunicated by the Pope, what did this mean to Catholic's?
it meant they no longer had to obey Elizabeth or be loyal and directly ordered them to disobey her laws
133
Who were the jesuits?
they were strong catholic's who were dedicated to serving the Pope
-became a new group in the 1580s
134
what were the main aims of the Jesuits?
-to gain influence over rich and powerful families and to turn them against the Queen and The Anglican Church
-To overrule Elizabeth and restore Catholicism
135
Once Jesuits became apart of the Treason Act, what were they ordered to do?
leave England within 40 days or go to prison or be sentenced to death
136
In the 1590s, what further force was used to control Catholics?
-Large gatherings of Catholics was made illegal in 1593 and their freedom of movement was restricted
-weren't allowed to travel any further than 5 miles from their homes
137
what was Elizabeth's method of pleasing both Catholic's and protestants called?
The middle way
138
How pleased were puritans with the Middle Way?
very dissatisfied
139
why were puritans unhappy with the Middle way?
-found the Catholic's part of the compromise offensive
-found the Catholic church corrupt
-too many parts of the Catholic Bible were based on superstitions
-found the existence of bishops and the vestments worn by them very offensive
140
what religion were puritans?
protestant
141
in what year did the puritans become a serious problem?
1570s
142
What senior member of Parliament was a puritan?
Robert Dudley
143
How did Puritans distribute their ideas?
using pamphlets
144
In what year were puritan printing presses destroyed and why?
1572- after 2 pamphlets criticising the structure and beliefs of the church were published.
145
In what year did Elizabeth ban parliament from talking about religious ideas without her permission?
1576
146
Who was Whitgift?
he became Archbishop of Canterbury in the 1570s
147
what articles did Whitgift issue after he became Archbishop of Canterbury?
the Three Articles- forced all members of the clergy to swear absolute acceptance of bishops and the prayer book
148
What did Whitgifts Three Articles cause ministers to do?
be suspended
149
what did Whitgifts Three Articles cause Puritans to do?
break away from the Anglican Church and become separatists or brownists
150
In 1593, what law was passed to allow them to stop separatist groups?
the Act Against Seditious sectaries- allowed them to execute anybody being found a separatist
151
In the end, what happened to Puritans?
-they got overpowered and criticised
152
Overall, how effective was Elizabeth's Middle Way idea?
-It pleased most people
-help bring more political stability and religious harmony to England
-help prevent civil wars about religion from happening
153
Throughout Elizabeth's whole reign, how many Catholic's were killed?
200
154
Throughout Elizabeth's reign, how many missionaries and Jesuits tried to revive Catholicism to England?
300
155
What year did the Northern Rebellion happen?
1569
156
What the plan for the Northern Rebellion?
-Duke of Norfolk and Mary, Queen of Scots to marry and set Mary up as the Queen's heir
-Capture land and head south to Hartlepool to meet the Spanish Ambassador
157
How was the Northern Rebellion a threat to Elizabeth?
-Mary would be next in line to the throne and would increase the threat of Catholicism being re-introduced into England
158
Consequences of the Northern Rebellion?
-international help never came
-Dudley told Elizabeth
-Norfolk fled but got captured and imprisoned for 9 months
159
what were all the causes of Conflict with Spain?
-Religious differences
-Rebellion in the Netherlands
-Privateers, Plots and Persecution
-Spanish Ambassador
-Treaties
-Mary, Queen of Scots
160
How were religious differences a cause of conflict with Spain?
-King Philip was married to Bloody Mary
-Proposed to Elizabeth- she declined- angered him
-Philip was Catholic- hated the Protestant settlement
-Saw Elizabeth as a heretic
-wanted to invade England to restore Catholicism
161
How was rebellion in the Netherlands a cause of the Conflict with Spain?
-Philip ruled the Netherlands
-Most people there were protestant- so Civil war broke out in 1566
-Philip sent the Duke of Alba with 10,000 troops to brutally deal with it- increased hatred of Spain in England
-Cloth trade in Antwerp was Englands biggest partner- this was disrupted- economy ruined
-England allowed rebel ships to stay in English ports and allowed English ships to attack Spanish ships
-Elizabeth sent funds to the rebels to help their fight against Spanish rule
162
How did Privateers, plots and persecution a cause of conflict with Spain?
-Attacks on Spanish treasure ships by the English (Francis Drake) increased tension
163
How did the Spanish Ambassador cause Conflict with Spain?
-He had been involved in plots against Elizabeth (Throckmorton) and made the Englosh more suspicious of the Spanish
164
How did Mary, Queen of Scots cause conflict with Spain?
-when she was executed- Catholic Europe was outraged with this murder- Was the trigger for the Spanish Armada
165
Why did tension with Spain turn to war?
-Treaties (Joinville and Nonsuch) were signed
-assassinations were made
-England sent 7000 troops to Spain- making them unofficially at war
166
How many troops, ships and guns did King Philip send to England and under whose control?
30,000 troops
130 ships
2500 guns
under command of the Duke of Medina
167
What was the plan for the Spanish ships when attacking England?
sail up the English channel to meet with the Netherlands army, then cross the channel and capture south ports- then invade and capture London
168
How many men and Ships and under whose command did the English have?
-20,000 men
-200 ships
under command of Lord Howard and Francis Drake
169
On what date did the Spanish leave Lisbon to set off for England?
may 1588
170
On what date did the Spanish ships get spotted by the English, how and where?
19th July 1588
spotted off Lizard point In Cornwall by the Beacons
171
what formation did the Spanish ships use?
Crescent
172
How was the whole Armada in trouble once reaching the English Channel?
as there was bad communication between the Duke of Medina and Parma so they couldn't join and meet up
173
where did the Spanish want to make a temporary base to help stable them and did it happen?
Isle of Wight in calm waters and no it didn't happen as the English prevented it
174
What ships did the English use to break up the Spanish Crescent shape?
Fireships- used in Calais waters
175
What Battle occured at Calais between English and Spanish ships?
Battle of Gravelines
176
Where did the English chase the spanish ships up to after the Battle of Gravelines?
Scotland
177
On the Spanish way home, what happened?
-they turned too early- Winds drove them into rocks off the West coast of Ireland
-only 60 ships made it back to Spain and 20,000 men died
178
Why were Fireships so effective?
28th July 1588- Done by Drake
-eight ships full of Oil set on fire
-caused the Spanish ships to unanchor, drift away and break their crescent shape
179
How did Ship design vary between the English and Spanish?
-English- lighter and faster- more manoveurable- kept distance and shot from far away- so Spanish couldn't use normal naval tactics
Spanish- heavily relied on getting close to their enemy as had short range guns and to employ grappling hooks to board ships- couldn't do it
180
Describe the Battle of Gravelines?
-English broke crescent shape at Calais
-Spanish guns were old, poorly designed and had to be reloaded after shooting once
-English aimed low to hit Spanish ships below the water line
-English didn't lose a single ship whilst the Spanish lost 5 with many damaged
181
How did the winds help the English defeat the Spanish?
-wind direction changed- forced them into rocks off Irish coast
-destroyed most of their ships
-Couldn't meet with the army at the Netherlands
182
How was the war seen by the Spanish?
-huge failure and waste of human life and resources
-humiliated
183
How did the English react to the win over the Spanish Armada?
-Used as huge propaganda for Elizabeth
-National pride boosted
-Their independence had been safeguarded and protestantism preserved
-The "Protestant Winds" seen as a sign from God as his approval of Protestantism
-Allowed England to establish themselves as a major naval power
184
Aftermath of the Spanish armada?
-carried on after 1588
-many unsuccessful launches from British in (1589)
Unsuccessful launch from Spain in both (1596 and 1597)
-put huge strain on the English economy causing inflation and hardship for the poor
-Wars ended in 1604 after both leaders died
