Conflict and Tension Flashcards
Peacemaking- Chapter 1,2,3 The League of Nations and international peace, chapter 4,5,6 The origins and outbreak of WW2, chapter 7,8,9
1
Q
Aims of Clemenceau for France to create peace?
A
-Revenge and to punish Germany for what they did to France and the people
-Make Germany pay
-Weaken Germany’s military
-Return of Alsace-Loraine
-Rhineland to be made independent to create a buffer
-Was worried about the communism threat to the east
2
Q
What aims did Clemenceau actually get for France?
A
Germany was punished harshly enough that German people thought it was unfair, but Clemenceau wasn’t happy
-Reparations of £6.6 billion- didn’t cover the cost of WW1
- Saar coalfields were returned to France for 15 years but he wanted them permanently
-League of Nations was created
-German army was reduced to 100,000 men, Air force and Submarines banned
-Alsace-Loraine was returned to France
-Rhineland was still part of Germany, but was demilitarised
-Germany was left strong enough to stop the communists from Russia
3
Q
To what extent did Clemenceau succeed?
A
Not enough to please the French people as he was voted out of office in the next election
4
Q
What aims did Lloyd-George want for Britain after WW1 to keep peace?
A
-Wanted Germany to be punished but not enough to start another war
-Wanted Germany to still be strong enough to trade with
-Wanted Britain to receive indemnities
-Wanted to expand the British empire
-He was worried about the threat of communism from the east, so wanted to keep Germany strong enough to fight it
-Justice
-control of the seas
5
Q
What aims did Lloyd-George actually get for Britain?
A
-Germany was punished enough in the eyes of Britain and even too much as it encouraged support for the Nazi’s and started WW2
-Germany was crippled by reparations and couldn’t afford to pay them by 1923 let alone trade
-Indemnities were given to pay for the pensions of British veterans
-Britain benefitted from Germany’s colonies in Africa
-German navy was handed over to Britain
-Germany was left strong enough to fight communism
-injustice
6
Q
to what extent was Lloyd-George successful?
A
he was hailed as a hero in Britain but some saw the treaty as being too harsh
7
Q
What aims did Woodrow Wilson want for America to create peace?
A
His 14 points:
-Disarmament so countries couldn’t fight
-Self-determination for countries
-creation of the League of Nations for collective security
-A peace without victors- no one was punished too harshly
-Overall peace
8
Q
what aims did Woodrow Wilson actually get for America and the creation of peace?
A
-Germany was made to disarm, but the victorious allies weren’t
-Many countries were given self-determination
-however, many colonies were given to Britain and France making their empire larger rather than smaller
-League of Nations was created, but America didn’t actually join
-Germany was left feeling punished
-His fourteen points weren’t implicated and America ended up being dragged into WW2
9
Q
to extent was Woodrow Wilson successful in creating peace?
A
Americans thought the treaty was too harsh. America couldn’t actually join the League of nations
10
Q
List all the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
A
-armed forces reduced to 100,000 men and no submarines or planes
-Rhineland demilitarised- no German troops allowed in it or near the French border
-Colonies given- (lost 13% of land)
Alsace-Loraine back to France, created a Polish corridor (split Germany in 2), North Schleswig was given to Denmark, West Prussia given to Poland to give sea access, Posen given to Poland, Danzig made a free city and given to the LoN, Saarland given to France for 15 years, Overseas colonies given to the LoN
-War guilt- Germany had to take responsibility for starting WW1
- Forbid Anschluss with Austria
-Germany not allowed to join the LoN
-Diktat- had no say in the treaty
-Reparation- Germany had to pay £6.6 billion
11
Q
What was the impact of the treaty on Germany?
A
- at first they refused to sign it
-German naval commanders scuttled their own battleships into the British Scapa Flow instead of handing them to the British
-Some people thought war might break out again
-German economy wasn’t strong enough to keep up reparations pay
-1922- fell behind in reparation payments
-1922-French soldiers marched into the Ruhr to take what was owed to them in reparations
-German government ordered workers in the Ruhr to go on strike to prevent France from being able to take anything- however, they killed 100 workers and banned 100,000 protesters
-Strike led to no good being exported leading to no money being made- hyperinflation in 1923
12
Q
when was the treaty of versailles made and signed?
A
made-Paris June 1919
signed- June 28th 1919
13
Q
when was armstice signed and what was it?
A
November 1918 and it was an agreement to end WW1
14
Q
what were the 2 main issues in the newly created states?
A
Many countries wanted their reparations owed by Germany- leading to lots of pressure on the negotiators to reach an agreement quickly (mistakes made)
-many states contained people from different ethnic groups and some were unhappy with living in a new country
15
Q
Main 3 new states formed?
A
Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia
16
Q
Consequences of the wider settlement?
A
-Losing industrial areas to Czechoslovakia caused the Austrian economy to collapse in 1921
-The revolt over the Treaty of Sevres and the fact that Britain made a new treaty with Turkey, showed that no one wanted to use force to impose a treaty
-Hitler and Mussolini knew they could break international agreements and no one could do anything
-Eastern Europe was made up of lots of new countries
17
Q
When was the LoN formed?
A
January 1920
18
Q
why was the LoN formed and how?
A
The recognition of the League was written into the treaty of versailles and all other peace treaties at the end of the war.
It started in one of Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points.
-Its headquarters were set in Geneva, Switzerland
19
Q
What was the covenant of the LoN?
A
The covenant of the league was the set of rules for how it was to work- it had 26 laws- main two were:
-Article 10- collective security
-As the league of nations was a peaceful organisation it didn’t have its own army
20
Q
what were the aims of the LoN?
A
-To uphold and enforce the Treaty of Versailles
-To stop war by encouraging negotiation rather than aggression
-Disarmament- to encourage countries to have small militaries to prevent wars
-To improve the life and jobs of people around the world- by improving health and welfare, and also by encouraging trade and business
21
Q
What were the main components of the LoN?
A
The assembly, International Court of Justice, Council, special commissions, secretariat
22
Q
What was the assembly in the LoN?
A
-It was like a parliament
-Met once a year to agree budget, discuss any problems and elect temporary council members.
-every member of the assembly had one vote
-To pass a decision, a unanimous vote was needed
23
Q
what was the problem with the assembly?
A
Hard to deal with issues as they only met once a year
With over 50 members coming to a unanimous vote was difficult so making decisions took a long time
24
Q
What was the international court of justice in the LoN?
A
-it had 15 judges
-settled disputes between countries
-could only give a judgement if countries asked for one
-could denounce countries actions in the press
25
weakness of international court of justice?
could only get involved if countries asked
could not make countries obey its decisions
26
what was the council in the LoN?
-4 permanent members(Britain, France, Italy, Japan) and 10 non-permanent members
-met 5 times a year to discuss urgent matters
-a majority vote was needed to make decisions
-permanent countries had the power of veto
27
weakness of the council in the LoN?
each permanent member could scrap a decision even if it had a majority vote
28
what is the special commissions in the LoN?
Groups to tackle decisions
29
what was the secretariat in the LoN?
administrators for the LoN
30
how many members did the LoN have when it was first founded in 1920?
42
31
what 2 main countries joined the LoN in the 1920s?
Germany- 1926 after the locarno treaty
Soviet union- 1934
32
what countries weren't able to join the league of nations in 1920?
USA, Germany, Soviet Union
33
By 1934, did the membership increase or decrease?
increase to 58
34
by 1939, what countries had left the LoN?
1933-Germany + Japan
1937- Italy
1939- soviet union was expelled
35
what 4 powers did the league have?
mitigation, moral condemnation, economic sanctions, military force
36
what was mitigation in the LoN?
get disagreeing countries to talk through their problems
37
what was the weakness of mitigation in the LoN?
countries could simply ignore the leagues advice
38
what was moral condemnation in the LoN?
a public telling off for offending countries. All countries in the League would put pressure on the aggressor in order to make them feel guilty and shame them into stopping their actions
39
what was the weakness with moral condemnation?
countries could simply ignore it
40
what were economic sanction in the LoN?
members of the league could stop trading with countries not keeping the peace- all countries would stop trading with the aggressor
41
what was wrong with economic sanction in the LoN?
-some countries didn't want to stop trade as they would lose money
-offending countries could still trade with missing members of the league (USA, Soviet union)
42
what was military force in the LoN?
countries in the league would contribute to an armed force that would act against the aggressor
43
what was the weakness of the military force in the LoN?
due to the absence of other nations, this relied on Britain and France to supply troops. They didn't want to. Memory of WW1 was still fresh in people's minds
44
what was the job of the leagues international labour organisation?
to improve working conditions such as reducing the rate of deaths on railways from 50% to 4% in the 1920s
45
job of the LoNs slavery commission?
to end slavery such as freeing 200,000 people enslaved in sierra Leonne
46
job of the LoNs commission of refugees?
Help people who had been made homeless by war or had no safe place to live such as freeing 427,000 soldiers who were still imprisoned after WW1
47
Job of the LoNs health organisation?
cure disease- such as sending doctors to Turkish refugee camps
48
job of the LoNs Narcotics board?
stop illegal trade of drugs
49
job of the LoNs organisation for communications and transport?
improve how countries communicated
50
job of the LoNs economic and financial committee?
improve living conditions
51
what year did polish soldiers invade Lithuania (Vilna).
1920
52
why did Poland invade Vilna?
as Lithuania was a new country and had many Polish speaking people that wanted to move to Poland
53
When Lithuania asked the league for help what did they do and what was Poland's reaction?
The league told Poland to remove its army, but Poland refused
54
Was Vilna successful for the LoN?
no, this was the first time the league was asked to settle a dispute and they did nothing and Poland took Vilna
55
what years did Upper Silesia tale place?
1921-1925
56
where was Upper Silesia based?
border between Germany and Poland
57
Why did both Germany and Poland want to claim upper Silesia?
as it was rich in iron and steel production
58
In 1921, what action did the league take to determine who should have upper Silesia?
A plebiscite (who country vote)
59
What did the league do after the plebiscite in upper silesia?
they split the country in half
60
why was Germany unhappy with how upper Silesia had been split?
as germany mainly got rural areas whilst poland got more industrial areas
61
How did Germany and poland react to the upper Silesia outcome to start with?
they accepted it up until 1922
62
why did Germany and Poland complain to the league in 1922?
as Germany weren't satisfied with their portion of Upper Silesia as they lost 3/4 of their mines
Poland weren't happy as they received half of Upper silesia's population but only 1/3 of the land
63
in 1925 what did the league end up giving Germany based on Upper silesia that worsened Poland's and Germany's relationship?
gave Germany the right to import coal at a heavily discounted rate from the mines in Upper Silesia
64
what year did the Aland Island dispute take place?
1921
65
what countries fought over the Aland islands?
Finland and Sweden
66
why did the league intervene in the Aland island dispute?
as they threatened war on each other
67
What country did the league award the Aland islands too and what conditions did they have to accept?
Finland and they weren't allowed to build any forts that could be used to attack Sweden
68
was the Aland islands successful for the LoN?
yes Sweden and Finland both accepted the terms and avoided war
69
what year did the Corfu incident take place?
1923
70
why did Italy invade the Island of corfu?
as a general named Tellini and his team were murdered and Mussolini blamed the Greek government
71
What date did Mussolini invade corfu?
31 August 1923
72
When Greece appealed to the LoN about Corfu, what did they do?
the league condemned Mussolini's aggression but said that Greece should pay compensation and the league would look after the money until the killers of Tellini were found
73
When mussolini wasn't satisfied with the corfu agreement, what did he get the league to do?
he got Britain, France and Japan to undermine the league and made Greece directly give the money to Italy
74
was Corfu successful for the LoN?
No it showed that when a larger military power threatened a smaller one, they proved they could be ignored and overturned by international groups
75
What year did the Bulgaria incident happen?
1925
76
why did the Greece invade Bulgaria in 1925?
As a Greek soldier was killed on the Bulgaria border
77
what did the league tell Greece to do when Bulgaria appealed to them in 1925?
remove their troops from Bulgaria and pay compensation
78
Did Greece listen to the LoN in 1925 over the Bulgaria incident?
eventually yes, but at first they thought the league was being hypocritical as Mussolini had got away with it in 1923. But as a smaller nation they didn't want to risk bad relations with big countries so they obeyed?
79
was the Bulgaria incident in 1925 successful for the LoN?
Yes
80
what year did the Wall Street crash happen?
1929
81
What was the Wall Street Crash and how did it effect America and the rest of the world?
the American banks crashed leaving the economy to crash as well. It put America into a depression throughout the 1930s.
America traded and lent money to many countries after the war and wanted it back leaving many countries economies also to crash.
The whole world went into a depression and it left people not believing in their governments and they turned to extremist parties such as the Nazis.
82
How did the LoN deal with the Wall Street Crash?
they couldn't do anything and were powerless and caused countries and people to using violence to help themselves
83
when was the Locarno treaty signed and where?
-1925- Locarno Switzerland
84
what countries were involved in the Locarno Treaty?
Main two= France and Germany
Britain and Italy signed as guarantors
85
what was the aim for the Locarno treaty?
Germany to publicly accept their new borders from the T.O.V
- Improved relationships between Germany and other nations
-reassure both France and Germany that they wouldn't invade each other
86
What was the negatives of the Locarno Treaty for the LoN?
- they didn't agree it as Germany wasn't yet a member
-The LoN should have led this, especially as France and the UK were involved
87
When and where was the kellogg-Briand pact signed?
-1928, Paris
88
who was involved in the Kellogg-Briand pact?
65 countries including Germany, France and USA
89
Aim of the Kellogg-Briand pact?
they wouldn't use war as a way to solve disputes- world peace
90
Negatives of the Kellogg-Briand pact for the LoN?
- Agreed without the LoN as Germany and USA weren't members
-Starting to make the LoN appear as unimportant as they weren't involved in many international relationships
91
what did the Wall street crash in 1929 cause for the rest of the world?
mass unemployment, starvation and homelessness
92
What type of parties did people turn to during the great depression in the 1930s?
extremist
93
What leader came to power due to the great depression in Germany in 1933?
Hitler
94
What leader came to power due to the great depression in Italy ?
Mussolini
95
What party strengthened their power in Russia due to the great depression?
The communists (stalin)
96
What was the issue with extremist parties and their views on the LoN?
-the dictators didn't care for collective security e.g Hitler walked out of the World peace meeting in 1933
- The dictators would use war to increase their popularity- the LoN didn't have an army making it hard for them to stop these leaders
97
Why was Hitler popular in Germany in 1933?
-He was good at offering simple solutions that sounded less complicated than other parties to fixing the economic crisis
98
main reason extremist parties were popular in the 1930s?
- Everything is run by the state in a dictatorship, meaning they are more likely to look after the unemployed
-they promised to take land by force so their populations would have space, food and resources
-They used the promise of wars overseas to distract people from their problems at home- restore national peace and empire
-They found others to blame for the problems e.g Hitler blamed the Jews
99
Why didn't the LoN like the extremist parties?
- they couldn't fight them as they didn't have an army
-extremists didn't care for collective security
-leaders weren't scared of moral condemnations and economic sanctions
-No countries would put up an army as it was during the great depression
-No one wanted to impose economic sanctions as it was during the Great depression and no one wanted to stop trade as it would create more unemployment
100
Causes of the Manchurian crisis in 1931?
-Japan was a rising power looking to expand
-had very few natural resources
-population boom
-due to the great depression, their main export (silk) a luxury item, sales and trade of it dropped
-countries such as USA were putting tariffs on goods coming from overseas to get people to buy their own countries products during the great depression
-Mass unemployment (dropped by 30%)
-Becoming more militaristic
-Wanted the raw materials in other countries
-History of confusion over who owned Manchuria
101
Events of the Manchurian crisis?
-September 1931, Japan staged an explosion on their railway in Manchuria and blamed the Chinese
-Japanese army invaded Manchuria
-Invasion succeeded and a "puppet leader" was put in charge of the area now called Manchuko
-In 1932- China appealed to the league for help
-ignored the leagues advice and later in 1937 invaded the rest of China
102
why was the league reluctant to act on the Manchurian Crisis in 1931?
-members were struggling due to the great depression
-Japan was a leading member of the LoN
-Manchuria was a long way from Europe
-Economic sanctions would be limited as Japan's trade was the USAs biggest partner
-Military action was unpopular due to financial and human cost
-confusion over who was at "fault
-
103
What actions did the LoN take in the Manchurian crisis?
- they sent out a commission- Led by Lord Lytton- to investigate
-took over a year to complete and by then the invasion was completed
-The league found out Japan were at fault, condemned them and asked the Japanese to remove their troops
104
Significance of the Manchurian crisis for the LoN?
-This event marked the end of the beginning for the LoN
-one of the main members ignored the leagues actions
-Without an army the league were powerless
-Economic sanctions were weak as the USA were Japan's biggest trade partner
-Britain and France showed they were willing to undermine the league for their own wants
- The league failed to prevent aggression. Encouraged aggression from other nations later (Italy and Germany)
105
What year did the Abyssinian crisis happen?
1934
106
causes of the Abyssinian crisis in 1934?
-Italy suffered from both the great depression and WW1
-Was only a young country
-Mussolini (ruled since 1922) wanted to increase its empire and prestige
-Italy wanted African colonies just like Britain and France
-Italy wanted revenge from their failed attempt in 1934
-Abyssinia was one of the only African countries not to be colonised
-Abyssinia was surrounded by other Italian colonies
107
Events of the Abyssinian crisis in 1935?
-December 1934, Italian and Abyssinian troops clashed at the Wal Wal waterhole over borders
-The french foreign minister allowed Mussolini to do what he wanted without French interference
-October 1935, Italian troops invaded Abyssinia
108
What actions did the LoN take to condemn Mussolini on his invasion of Abyssinia?
-Condemned him + economic sanctions
-Sanctions didn't include the stop of steel, coal or oil so Mussolini was able to get the supplies he needed for the war
-banned the sale of arms which actually left Abyssinia defenceless
109
Why was the league hesitant to act on Mussolini over the Abyssinia?
-France and Britain didn't want to offend Mussolini and drive him closer to Hitler and Germany
-Didn't close the suez canal- as if they did Italy wouldn't have been able to move troops as easily- making him annoyed
- In 1936, Hitler invaded the Rhineland so France was now more worried about Hitler than Mussolini- feared Italy would ally with Germany over the league
110
consequences for the LoN over the Abyssinian crisis?
-Italy left the LoN in 1937
-Italy captured Abyssinia in 1936
111
significance of the Abyssinian crisis for the LoN?
-Became clear that strong nations were prepared to undermine the league, and that the league couldn't stop them
-The leagues delays and slowness made them look scared
-Sanctions were shown to be useless
-Everybody realised that Britain and France wouldn't use force
-All 4 major powers betrayed the league
-smaller nations realised that the league couldn't protect them
-Showed Britain and France would only use the method of appeasement
-Hitler was encouraged to move along with his plans
112
Failure of the LoN that averted to war in 1939?
-French and British self interest
-Absent powers- such as the USA
-Ineffective sanctions- they didn't work or weren't used
-Lack of armed forces- the league has no troops of its own
-Unfair treaty- Some members thought many of the LoNs treaties were unfair
-Reaching decisions too slowly- slow to act and ineffective
-Economic depression- Led countries to turn to extremists and the league and other countries didn't want to risk their own financial cost to oppose others
113
what were Hitler's 5 aims?
-Unite Germany speaking people (Volksduetche)
-Make Germany strong again
-Take more land for German people from the East (lebensraum)
-Destroy communism
-Cancel the Treaty of Versailles.
114
What were Britain and France's reaction's to Hitler's 5 aims?
-They knew they weren't strong enough to fight and win another war
-Public opinion was against war after WW1
-Hitler wasn't their only concern. They were also worried about other nations and their empire expansions e.g Japan fighting China
-also worried that Canada and Australia wouldn't send troops again to help fight WW2
-Concerned about communism
-Many people thought the ToV was too harsh- so some things Hitler was asking for were reasonable
-After the Depression they could afford the cost of war or the disruption of trade
115
America's reaction to Hitler's 5 aims?
-They had been following isolationism since the 1920s after the Wall Street crash in 1929.
-In 1934 a poll of the American people said that 70% didn't want to get involved in another war if it broke out in Europe
116
Soviet Union's reaction to Hitler's 5 aims?
-were fearful of Hitler's aim to destroy communism
-was working to protect the USSR from Hitler
117
What was stated in the Non-aggression pact with Poland in 1934?
-Both Poland and Germany signed it
-Hitler did it to make him look peaceful
-Stated that both countries would end any disputes peacefully
118
Who was Dollfuss?
he was the Austrian Chancellor from 1932-1934 up until his assassination
119
Why did the Dollfuss Affair start?
-as Hitler wanted to unite all German speaking people in his foreign policies.
-So wanted to take Austria again to be part of 'Great Germany'
-Dollfuss wanted to protect Austria's National independence since the T.O.V
-So Dollfuss started a dictatorship in Austria stating the "safety for the nation" from any other political party
-Hitler encouraged Austrian Nazi's to create chaos
120
After Dollfuss's assassination in 1934, what did Hitler do and how did the event end?
- Hitler considered an invasion to support the Austrian Nazi's
-But Mussolini threatened war to be protecting Austria and moved the Italian army to the border
-Hitler realised his army wasn't strong enough to go to war
-so he backed down
121
What was the significance of the Dollfuss Affair?
-Hitler knew he needed to build his armed forces
-Italy had shown Britain and France they were a useful power against Germany. The allies would keep Italy on their side if they could.
-Hitler would be determined to try again
122
What was a plebiscite?
A national vote over their country's decision
123
What was the Saar and why was it important?
- It was an industrial area that was removed from Germany in the T.O.V and put under the LoN control.
-France were given access to its coal mines
124
why was a plebiscite given to the people in the Saar?
After 15 years, it was a vote to decide if they should rejoin Germany
125
How was the Saar plebiscite being held fairly?
-Britain, Italy, Sweden and the Netherlands sent over 3000 soldiers to ensure it was fair
126
What was the result of the Saar Plebiscite?
90% voted that they should rejoin Germany and they were reunited with Germany in March of 1935
127
What was Hitler's reason for rearmament?
- at the LoN conference in 1933, Hitler said that it was unfair that Germany had to disarm in the 1920s when no other nation did
-so he said that Germany wouldn't rearm if all other LoN members would disarm in the next 5 years
-But if they didn't he said that Germany should be treated the same as others, so would rearm to the same level as France or he would leave the conference
128
What was France's reaction to Hitler's reason and plan for rearming?
they refused to allow Hitler to rearm and wanted their army to stay superior to Germany's to prevent invasion
-They would only allow it if the UK and USA would ensure France's protection, but they didn't
129
What was Hitler's reaction to France's response to Germany's rearmament at the LoN conference in 1933?
he walked out and left the LoN. This gave Hitler the legal justification for rearmament
-In 1935, Hitler announced he was rebuilding the German army and that he was introducing conscription and building a new air force (Luftwaffe)
-In 1939, he had an army of 1 million men
130
A month after Hitler announced rearmament in 1935, what did Britain, France and Italy do?
made the Stresa Pact agreement
this formalised their opposition against Germany
131
What was the Stresa Pact and what did it do?
this formalised Britain, France and Italy's opposition against Germany
AIM: to reaffirm the Locarno treaties and to declare Austria's independence. Also they agreed to resist any future attempt by Germany to change the T.O.V
132
When was the Anglo-Naval agreement made?
June, 1935
133
what was the Anglo-Naval agreement?
it allowed Germany to rearm its navy
but only to 35% of the British tonnage
134
What other events were happening during the time that Hitler remilitarised the Rhineland?
Abyssinian crisis
135
Where is the Rhineland located?
Border of France, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands
136
why was the Rhineland demilitarised?
due to the Treaty of Versailles
137
Which of Hitler's foreign policies instigated his remilitarisation of the Rhineland?
lebensraum- as if he went East he knew Britain and France would invade, so by going West could could avoid that
138
What Pact signed by France and the Soviet Union did Hitler blame his invasion of the Rhineland on in 1936?
the Franco-Soviet pact- defend each other against attack from germany
Hitler said that it made him seem threatened and claimed that Germany was 'encircled' and therefore vulnerable
139
Why were German generals nervous about the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?
as it was all a bluff- if the German's were met by any resistance they were told to retreat as their army wasn't strong enough (22,000) men.
-
140
Why wasn't their any French resistance to Hitler's remilitarisation of the Rhineland?
-preoccupied with own domestic problems
-French public split about the Franco-Soviet pact
-French overestimated the German army- they believed they weren't strong enough without Britain's help
-Much of French army was dealing with the Abyssinian crisis
-After all, the Rhineland was German territory
141
Why was there no British resistance to Hitler's remilitarisation of the Rhineland?
-British still believed it was German's land
-Britain and France weren't united on how to deal with Germany
-Focused on the Abyssinian crisis
-Public desire was not to fight another war
-British army not in state to fight yet
142
what were the official reactions to Hitler's remilitarisation of the Rhineland from:
-Britain
-France
-LoN
???
Britain-Issued a formal protest at how Germany dealt with their grievance
France- Condemned the reoccupation, No French leaders were ready to go to war so looked to Britain for military help
LoN- condemned the action on March 14th as it broke all treaties, however no further action
143
What was the significance of the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?
Hitler gained confidence that he could get away with breaking the T.O.V
-It showed Hitler didn't have to worry about the LoN- didn't bring in any economic sanctions
-Britain and France started rearming
144
What was the Rome-Berlin Axis in 1936 and what did it do?
it was signed between Mussolini and Hitler.
Mussolini forced Hitler to back down his attempt to force union with Austria in 1934.
145
Negatives of the Rome-Berlin Axis Pact for Italy?
they were now in Alliance with Germany, it might make Hitler encouraged to try again for Anschluss between Austria and Germany
146
What was the Anti-comintern pact of 1936 and what did it do?
Germany and Japan signed this pact to stop communism
147
When did Anschluss between Austria and Germany happen?
1938- 19th April
148
Why did Hitler want Anschluss?
-Unite all German speaking people
-destroy the T.O.V
-bring Austria and Germany back together as they used to be 1 country
-He felt these countries belonged together and wouldn't stop until it happened
149
The new Austrian chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg, signed what pact with the Nazi's in 1936 and why?
German- Austrian agreement
he was scared on the Nazi's and was trying to prevent their invasion
150
what were the negative of the German-Austrian agreement for the Austrian government?
-Austrian foreign policies had to align with the German's
-German politicians had to be given high positions in the Austrian government
151
Due to what pact left Austria vulnerable to German invasion?
Rome-Berlin Axis- Between Italy and Germany- 1936
152
What German Nazi was given the role of the head of the Austrian police in 1938 in the Austrian government?
Seyss-Inquart
153
Why did Hitler order the Austrian Nazi's to make chaos in Vienna for Anschluss to happen?
to put pressure on Schuschnigg and so that he could claim that Austrian order had broken down so he march his troops into Vienna to restore peace
154
Why when Schuschnigg first ordered a plebiscite to decide if Austria should unite with Germany, did Hitler move his troops to the border and threaten invasion?
as he was afraid of a no vote and then couldn't claim that the Austrian people wanted Anschluss
155
When Seyss-Inquart became chancellor of Austria what did he do first?
stated that Austria was in chaos and needed Germany's help- so Hitler could march his troops into Vienna
156
Why was there no opposition Anschluss from France and Britain?
France- government collapsed
Britain- believed that it was reasonable as they were all German speaking people and because they believed that the T.O.V was too harsh
157
On what date did German troops march into Vienna?
12th March 1938
158
On what date was the plebiscite for Anschluss held and what was the result?
19th April, 1938
99% voted to reunite with Germany and Anschluss happened
159
Significance of Austrian Anschluss for Czechoslovakia?
Feared they were Germay's next target
Germany now surrounded them
Britain and France now agreed to defend them if Germany invaded
160
why was Anschluss significant for Britain, France and Germany?
it showed Hitler that britain and France wouldn't oppose his decisions in order to avoid war
gave him more confidence
France was crippled by its own issues to worry about Hitler
Germany was now more powerful as they now had more access to resources for their industries and now were close to invading Czechoslovakia as they surrounded them on all 3 sides.
161
Why did Hitler want the Sudetenland and eventually all of Czechoslovakia?
-to fullfill his policy to unite all German speaking people which Czechoslovakia had 3 million of
-Many natural resources
-good strong defence and help the German military
162
Why was the Sudetenland agreement made by Britain?
to follow their policy of appeasement
163
What was the Munich agreement?
signed on 30th september 1938- was an agreement between Germany,Britain,Italy and France that gave Hitler the Sudetenland but he wouldn't fight for anymore of Czechoslovakia
164
What was the significance of the Munich agreement and the Sudetenland?
-Stalin wasn't consulted- made him feel he couldn't trust Britain and France
-Czechoslovakia lost its best defences against Germany
-Germany grew stronger and larger
-Hitler was able to use this to boost support in germany
-Another part of the T.O.V had been undone
-Hitler felt he could keep pushing the allies for things
-It gave him the confidence to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia
165
Main reasons for the policy of Appeasement for Britain?
-War costs lives and should be avoided
-Many felt the T.O.V was too harsh on germany and most of Hitler's demands were reasonable
-Strong feeling amongst British public to avoid war -11 million people voted against war in the Peace Ballot
-Hitler said he would be peaceful
-French instability-24 governments in 10 years
-british army wasn't yet strong enough to fight a war in 1938
-Gave Britain time to rearm
166
Reasons against the policy of appeasement?
-Hitler had threatened violence in the past
-Hitler had used violence in germany
-Appeasement was morally wrong
-by following appeasement, Britain betrayed Austrians and Czechs
-made Britain weak in Hitler's eyes- giving him more confidence to step up his demands
-Hitler couldn't be trusted
-Czechoslovakia could have fought against Hitler as it was strong
-Was eventually unsuccessful
167
List all the final causes of WW2?
-occupation of Czechoslovakia
-Role of the USSR and the Nazi-Soviet pact
-Invasion of Poland
168
When was Czechoslovakia forced to give up the rest of its land to Hitler?
March 1939- gave up its last 30% of land and resources
169
What did the occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939 make Britain and France do?
give up its policy of appeasement and rapidly rearm
170
What was the pact of Steel, when was it signed, who between?
signed May 1939, between Mussolini and Hitler which promised to back each other in the future
171
What was the Nazi Soviet pact?
it was between the USSR and Stalin which would split up Poland between them
172
why did Hitler want to invade Poland?
lebensraum, break the T.O.V and get closer to the USSR
173
Why did Stalin choose to sign the Nazi-Soviet pact instead of helping the Allies?
he didn't trust Britain due to the Munich agreement.
He also knew Hitler would eventually invade the USSR due to his hatred against communism, this gave him more time to rearm and prepare to later fight Germany
174
When was the Nazi-Soviet pact signed?
August 23rd, 1939
175
What did the Nazi-Soviet pact say?
they would split Poland up and that in the future if a war happened they wouldn't fight each other
176
What was the significance of the Nazi-Soviet pact for Germany?
-the USSR army was huge- by signing this it removed the threat of fighting this large army for now
-Germany would not have to fight a war on 2 fronts if went to war with Britain and France
177
Why was the Nazi-Soviet pact a cause of WW2?
-Hitler could now attack Poland and not have to worry about the USSR. He didn't think Britain and France would do anything due to appeasement
-However, Hitler didn't know Britain and France had signed an agreement with Poland to protect them for Hitler, so when he invaded they would have to declare war to protect Poland
178
On what date did Hitler invade Poland and why?
-1st September 1939
- as Poland refused to hand over the city of Danzig as they had Britain and France protecting them
179
On what date did Chamberlain declare war of Germany?
3rd September 1939- WW2 had started
180
Why did Hitler have the responsibility of starting WW2?
-Made impossible demands
-Invaded Poland
-broke the T.O.V
-Aggressive foreign policies (lebensraum + unite Germany speaking people)
-Wanted to make Germany strong again
181
Why did Stalin (USSR) have the responsibility of starting WW2?
-Made the deal of the Nazi-Soviet pact with Hitler that cleared the way for German invasion
-By saying he wouldn't fight against Germany, it made Hitler gain confidence as he wouldn't have to fight a war on two fronts and face the USSR large army
182
Why did Poland have responsibility of starting WW2?
signed the alliance with Britain and France so didn't give into German demands making them invade
183
why did Britain have responsibility of starting WW2?
-Missed opportunities to stop Hitler because of appeasement
-Failure to act against the remilitarisation of the Rhineland- at this stage the Nazi's could have been stopped
-Gave the Sudetenland to Germany without consulting the Czechs- Allowed Hitler to have a country without fighting- gaining strength
-Exclude Stalin from the Munich agreement- led to him signing the Nazi-Soviet pact
184
why did France have responsibility of starting WW2?
-Distracted by their own domestic issues
-Own fear led to appeasement and giving in to Hitler
