Germany - Ethnic Minorities Flashcards
Which Articles protected ethnic minorities in Weimar?
Article 109 - equality before the law
Article 113 - cant be discriminated against (they still were)
How were there attempts to get minorities in education in Weimar?
In 1926 in Bavaria attempted to get gypsies into school
How were Jewish children seen in education?
They were well assimilated in society and education
Why were gypsies targeted?
- Didn’t contribute economically
- Didn’t work or pay tax
What were local laws against gypsies?
In 1926 in Bavaria tried to compel adults to work and their children attend school
How were black people treated in Weimar?
Black people from former German colonies had no right to vote or right to state welfare in economic downturns
Which group were blamed for economic downturns in Weimar?
Jews
What were Jews often excluded from?
Judiciary
What percent of senior bankers were Jews?
1%
How were Jews discriminated against during the Great Depression?
Jews were more likely to lose their jobs and less likely to be recruited
What percent of German Jews in Weimar had professional jobs?
75%
What opportunities were there for blacks in Weimar?
Black musicians, singers and dancers in jazz clubs were needed and the chance to earn way more than in the US
What did the far right think about Jews?
That they weakened the strength of the Aryan race
What was the ‘Black Horror’ campaign?
French colonial troops being a threat to German women
Why were Germans hostile to Polish people?
Poles had fought against Germany in the war
How were blacks treated in Weimar?
Often Germans were more curious than hostile
What did nationalists campaign about in Weimar?
- Introduction of racial policies to solve Jewish question
- Against jazz performed by blacks
What’s the summary of minorities in Weimar?
- Constitution promised equality
- Society still fundamentally racist
- Believer Germans were racially superior
What did the Nazis pursue?
Radical nationalist agenda
What were the Nuremberg Laws?
They deprived Jews of citizenship and banned them from marrying ‘Aryan’ Germans
What was Kristallnacht (Nov 1938)
Destruction of Jewish property, 30,000 Jewish men arrested
What did the SS encourage?
Mass emigration
How were gypsies also persecuted by the Nazis?
- Gypsies considered alien blood
- Ghetto camps setup in 1936
- 500,000 murdered as part of Final Solution
5,000-3000 survived
What did the Nazis do to black people?
Forced sterilisation so they couldn’t reproduce
What did Aryanisation do?
Excluded Jews from economy, Jews lost property and their businesses in 1937
When were Jews excluded from the civil service?
1933
How successful was the boycott of Jewish shops?
Only lasted one day and most ignored it
What was the reaction to Kristallnacht?
Most were horrified
How did everyday Germans contribute to anti-Semitism?
Remained passive and just let it happen
How did public pressure change Nazi action?
Gypsies were moved out of camp with typhus outbreak
What did Basic Law say about minorities?
Article 3 stated they couldn’t be discriminated against
What did Basic Law say about citizenship?
Dependent on German blood rather than residence
How had migrant workers differed in Nazis to FRG?
Were slaves in Nazi Germany but in FRG treaties were signed for guest workers
By 1986 what % of FRG population was Turkish?
2%
Why were foreign workers in such high demand?
Berlin wall being built in 1961
Why were there more tolerant attitudes towards guest workers?
Due to hardship under Nazi regime
What was setup in 1952 for Jews?
Compensation for Holocaust survivors
What were guest workers accused of?
Taking jobs from ethnic Germans
What was offered to guest workers after 1973 oil crisis?
Financial incentives to go home
What were often jobs for minorities?
Low-paid manual labour
Why did children of guest workers struggle?
70% failed to get Abitur and more than 50% of teenagers were unemployed. In 1977 children of guest workers were banned from employment
How did a stable economy help minorities?
Low criticism
How did racist attitudes impact minorities in the FRG?
Blamed for taking jobs and damaging German culture
in 1979 and 1980 how many bombings of minority accommodation were there?
6
Why were Muslims criticised?
Due to the conflict with Germany’s Christian, Liberal belief
What was done to a Synagogue in 19(8?
Covered with swastikas, took 2 weeks for Adenauer to denounce the act
Conclusion of minorities in the FRG?
- Temporary stay was emphasised
- Scapegoating with economic downturn after 1973 oil crisis
- Language and religious barriers still around
- Made significant contribution to FRG economy
