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Modern History > Britain Depth - Radical Reformers > Flashcards

Britain Depth - Radical Reformers Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the aims and tactics of extra-parliamentary protest?

A
  • Achieve reform to benefit those not in the ruling class
  • Universal suffrage and annual elections
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2
Q

What was an early example of extra-parliamentary protest?

A

The London Corresponding Society

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3
Q

What did the LCS campaign for?

A
  • Democratic reforms
  • Annual elections
  • Universal male suffrage
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4
Q

What was the peak membership of the LCS?

A

3,000

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5
Q

What were the three main meetings called?

A
  • Spa Fields (1816)
  • Pentridge Rising (1817)
  • Peterloo ( St Peter’s Field, 1819)
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6
Q

What was the aim of the Spa Fields meeting?

A

Present a petition to the Prince Regent for parliamentary reform

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7
Q

At the second Spa Fields meeting which group led a march on the Tower of London?

A

Spenceans and John Castle (a spy)

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8
Q

What was the intention of the Pentridge Uprising?

A

To march from Pentridge, Derbyshire to Nottingham and then London to demand reforms such as removing national debt.

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9
Q

What was the name of the spy that stopped the Pentridge Uprising?

A

William Oliver

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10
Q

How did the government act to the Pentridge Rising?

A

Tried 45 for treason, 30 were transported and 3 of the leaders were hanged.

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11
Q

How many were in attendance for Peterloo?

A

50,000-60,000

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12
Q

What escalated the Peterloo Massacre?

A

Local magistrates panicked and sent in the Yeomanry to arrest Henry Hunt.

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13
Q

What did the Yeomanry do when entering the crowd?

A

They panicked and attack the peaceful protestors killing 8 and injuring 700.

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14
Q

How was government response to extra-parliamentary threats?

A

Reactions were strong and direct as it was seen as unconstitutional and a threat to the established order.

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15
Q

When and why was Habeas Corpus suspended?

A

1794-95 to allow the government to round up potential threats.

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16
Q

What act was introduced in 1795?

A

Treason and Seditious Meetings Act

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17
Q

What was the Treason Act inspired by?

A

A 1795 protest where rubbish was thrown at King George III on his way to open Parliament

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18
Q

What did the Treason Act do?

A

Extended treason to include ideas that were written or spoken even without action

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19
Q

What works were outlawed with the Treason Act?

A
  • Thomas Paine
  • Protest Pamphlets
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20
Q

What did the Seditious Meetings Act do?

A
  • Banned public meetings over 50 people
  • Renting a hall for lecturing
  • Debating politics without a magistrates licence
  • Gave JP’s authority to disperse crowds
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21
Q

What happened when the leaders of the LCS were put on trial?

A

They were all acquitted (30 of them)

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22
Q

What was the 1799 Combination Act?

A

It banned the existence of any trade union or political society promoting political reform

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23
Q

Which group was ruined by the Combination Act 1799?

A

London Corresponding Society

24
Q

What was the Stamp Tax 1797?

A

Tax on printed media to make it harder to afford for the less well-off

25
Q

What was the Newspaper Regulation Act 1798?

A

Forced newspapers to register with the aim of limiting the ability to publish critical articles

26
Q

What was the Gagging Acts 1817?

A

Made the Treason and Seditious Meeting Act into permanent Law

27
Q

What resulted in the Treason and Seditious Meetings Act being brought in permanently?

A

Spa Fields and Pentridge

28
Q

What was added into the Gagging Acts?

A
  • Extra limits on meetings held within a mile of parliament
  • Public meetings banned during a parliamentary session
  • Suspended Habeas Corpus
29
Q

What were the Six Acts, 1819?

A
  • Training Prevention Act
  • Seizure of Arms Act
  • Seditious Meetings Act
  • Blasphemous and Seditious Libels Act
  • Misdemeanours Act
  • Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act
30
Q

What was the Training Prevention Act?

A

Stopped civilians learning how to use weapons

31
Q

What was the Seizure of Arms Act?

A

Allowed magistrates to seize weapons

32
Q

What was the Blasphemous and Seditious Libels Act?

A

set penalties for libel at 17 years’ transportation

33
Q

What was the Misdemeanours Act?

A

Sped up the process of charging people and getting a trial

34
Q

What was the Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act?

A

Raised stamp duty to 4d. on any at least monthly publication and cost less than 6d.

35
Q

What were agents provocateurs?

A

Individuals who went undercover with reformist groups to gather evidence of illegal activities

36
Q

Where were agents provocateurs used?

A

Spa Fields and Pentridge

37
Q

How did the reform movement fail to achieve their goals by 1819?

A
  • Lack of progress with objectives
  • Inability to overcome opposition
  • Lack of co-ordination within the movement
38
Q

How did the reform movement achieve their goals by 1819?

A
  • Created awareness of the issue
  • Setting the scene for future progress
39
Q

Overall success of the reform movement by 1819?

A

They created a foundation for reform but failed to achieve their goals in an immediate sense

40
Q

What international events influenced extra-parliamentary protests?

A
  • American-War of Independence (1775-83)
  • French Revolution (1789-99)
  • End of Napoleonic War (1815)
41
Q

What policies lead to extra-parliamentary protest?

A
  • Corn Laws (1815)
  • Poor Employment Act (1817)
  • Wartime income tax abolished
42
Q

Why did some government policy lead to protest?

A

They appeared to only benefit the middle and upper classes and made people in poverty struggle financially

43
Q

What book did Thomas Paine write?

A

Rights of Man

44
Q

What event influenced the ‘Rights of Man’?

A

French Revolution

45
Q

What did ‘Rights of Man’ say?

A
  • Criticised government failing to protect freedom of speech and liberty to have political ideas
  • In places like Britain only a fraction that paid taxes could vote
  • Intended to defend the revolution
46
Q

What did John Cartwright found?

A

The Hampden Club (1812)

47
Q

What was the purpose of the Hampden Club?

A

United middle-class moderates with working-class radicals

48
Q

What happened to the Hampden Clubs in 1816?

A
  • Clubs opened outside of London
  • Weekly meetings reading newspaper articles
  • Political topics debated
49
Q

What event did the Manchester Hampden Club organise?

A

Peterloo

50
Q

Why were the Hampden Clubs limited?

A

Division over universal suffrage or and extension of suffrage

51
Q

What did William Cobbett write?

A

Political Register

52
Q

Why did Cobbett write the Political Register?

A
  • Wanted Britain to be a more harmonious, peaceful place
  • Saw the political system and limited voting as a repressive system
  • Angered by corrupt elections
53
Q

How did Cobbett get around the newspaper taxes?

A

Published it as a pamphlet

54
Q

What was the circulation of the Political Register?

A

40,000 to working-class readers

55
Q

What was Henry Hunt famous for?

A
  • Being a public speaker
  • Campaigning for universal suffrage and annual elections
56
Q

What was Hunt’s most notable speaking event?

A

Peterloo

57
Q

Who did Hunt inspire?

A

The working-class to view universal suffrage as a prize worth seeking

Modern History (15 decks)

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