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GCSE History > Germany > Flashcards

Germany Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Weimar Republic?

A

A new government led by Friedrich Ebert, that signed an armistice with the Allies, and set up the Weimar Constitution

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2
Q

What was the Weimar constitution?

A

President elected by the people
Laws were made in Reichstag
Everyone over the age of 20 could vote
Bill of Rights
Proportional representation

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3
Q

What could the president do?

A

Control armed forces
Elect Chancellor

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4
Q

Proportional representation

A

Where the number of seats a party wins in parliament is worked out as a proportion of the number of votes they win

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5
Q

Who were the November Criminals?

A

What the Weimar Republic was called when they signed the Treaty of Versailles

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6
Q

What happened on the 5th January 1919?

A

The Spartacist Uprising

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7
Q

What was the Spartacist Uprising?

A

Spartacists tried to seize power in Berlin
Inspired by Bolshevik revolution in Russia
Weimar Republic gave weapons to 4000 Freikorps and crushed the Uprising

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8
Q

What happened in 1920?

A

The Kapp Putsch

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9
Q

What was the Kapp Putsch?

A

5000 Freikorps led by Wolfgang Kapp tried to seize power in Berlin
Workers called general strike and ended the Putsch

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10
Q

Was the Weimar government doomed from the start?

A

The enemies of the government hated each other more than they hated the Weimar government, so it wasn’t doomed from the start

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11
Q

What was 1923?

A

The Year of Crisis

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12
Q

What happened in the Year of Crisis?

A

French invasion of the Ruhr
Hyperinflation
Munich Putsch
Stresemann appointed Chancellor

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13
Q

What was the French invasion of the Ruhr?

A

In 1922 Germany couldn’t pay reparations. France did not believe this, so French troops invaded the Ruhr, but the workers in the Ruhr went on strike

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14
Q

What was the Ruhr?

A

Germany’s most valuable industrial area

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15
Q

Hyperinflation

A

When production can’t keep up with the amount of money there is, so the money keeps losing its value

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16
Q

What was hyperinflation?

A

The government printed more money to pay reparations - the Mark became worthless and Germans lost their savings and pensions

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17
Q

What was the Munich Putsch?

A

Nazi attempt to overthrow government, however police suppressed the Putsch

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18
Q

Who was Gustav Stresemann?

A

Chancellor of Germany from August 1923 - October 1929
Led Germany back to recovery

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19
Q

What did Stresemann do?

A

Introduced Rentenmark to make currency stable
Told workers in Ruhr to return to work
Dawes Plan
Locarno Treaty
Young Plan

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20
Q

What was the Dawes Plan?

A

Reorganised reparation payments

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21
Q

What was the Locarno Treaty?

A

Western borders of Germany were agreed

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22
Q

What was the Young Plan?

A

Reparations reduced by three-quarters
Germany given 59 years to pay them

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23
Q

Why did the Nazis fail to get into power before 1928?

A

Lacked support of working class
1924-1929 was a time of peace
Nazi ideas were too extreme

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24
Q

What led to Hitler’s rise to power?

A

External factors
Internal factors

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25
Q

External factors that led to Hitler’s rise to power

A

Wall Street Crash:
Impact of Depression made Weimar Government look weak
Increased support for extreme parties

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26
Q

What was the Impact of the Depression?

A

Businesses went bankrupt
Farmers struggled and went out of business
Unemployment reached 6 million

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27
Q

How did the Wall Street Crash make the Weimar government look weak?

A

Politicians couldn’t agree what to do
At first, they did nothing
Then they reduced money spent, which made the government unpopular

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28
Q

How did the Wall Street Crash increase the support for extreme parties?

A

Many blamed the government, and started to criticise the democratic system. People started to vote for more extreme parties

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29
Q

Internal factors that led to Hitler’s rise to power

A

Hitler’s leadership skills
Nazi promises
Fear of communism
Weak opposition

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30
Q

How did Hitler’s leadership skills lead to Hitler’s rise to power?

A

He was a powerful and inspiring speaker
He was able to fill audiences with a sense of hope

31
Q

How did Nazi promises lead to Hitler’s rise to power?

A

The Nazi concentrated on issues that Germans were worried about

  • Promised to reverse Treaty of Versailles
  • Create jobs
  • Solve economic crisis
32
Q

How did Nazi propaganda lead to Hitler’s rise to power?

A

Organised by Josef Goebbels:

  • Used loudspeakers and films to spread their message
  • Used mass rallies and marches to give impression of discipline and order
  • Used propaganda poster with simple slogans to spread key ideas
33
Q

How did the fear of communism lead to Hitler’s rise to power?

A

Support for communism increased from 1930 to 1932
In Germany, people began to fear that communists would take over the country

34
Q

How did weak opposition lead to Hitler’s rise to power?

A

Communists and Social Democrats were not prepared to work together
People lost trust in parties that ruled during the Depression

35
Q

How was Hitler made Chancellor?

A

Nazis needed majority to control Reichstag
Hitler demanded to be Chancellor
However, Hindenburg refused

36
Q

What happened when Hindenburg refused to make Hitler Chancellor?

A

Hindenburg appointed Von Papen
However he did not have the support of the Reichstag
Then, Hindenburg chose Von Schleicher as Chancellor

37
Q

What happened when Von Schleicher was elected as Chancellor?

A

Von Papen wanted revenge
He thought he could use the Nazi Party to get power for himself
So Hindenburg appointed Von Papen as Chancellor and Hitler as vice chancellor

38
Q

What happened after Hitler was appointed Vice Chancellor?

A

Hindenburg and Von Papen thought that they could control Hitler
However Hindenburg died and Von Papen resigned
Then Hitler called another election

39
Q

What happened after Hitler called another election?

A

Reichstag Fire
Enabling Act
Night of the Long Knives
Hitler become ‘Der Führer’

40
Q

What was the Reichstag Fire?

A

A Communist called Van Der Lubbe was found at the scene
The Nazis claimed that this was the start of a Communist plot to take over Germany
The Communist Party was banned
Then the election was called

41
Q

What happened at the election?

A

Enabling Act passed:

  • Small parties were persuaded to vote
  • Communists were banned
  • Only Social Democrats voted against
  • The law was passed with 444 votes to 94
42
Q

What happened after the Enabling Act?

A

Trade unions banned
Political parties banned
Night of Long Knives

43
Q

What was the Night of the Long Knives?

A

Ernst Rohm (leader of SA) and 200 other leaders killed
Hitler claimed Rohm was plotting against him
Hitler needed the support of the army

44
Q

What happened after the Night of the Long Knives?

A

Hindenburg dies
Hitler becomes President
Army swears oath of loyalty (because he destroyed SA)

45
Q

Nazi Germany aims

A

Nazi Terror
Propaganda
Economy
Women
Education
Youth Movements
Persecution of minorities
Persecution of the Jews

46
Q

What was the aim of Nazi Terror?

A

Nazis wanted to remove all opposition and use terror as a way of controlling people

47
Q

How did Nazi Terror achieve its aim?

A

Gestapo
Concentration camps
The courts
SS
Informers

48
Q

Gestapo

A

Searched out opponents to the Nazis
They could arrest anyone
They could send anyone to concentration camps without trial

49
Q

How did the courts achieve Nazi Terror?

A

Liberal or Jewish judges were replaced by Nazi supporters. 500 opponents of Hitler were sentenced to death

50
Q

How did informers achieve Nazi Terror?

A

People were encouraged to report on anti-Nazi activity. Those accused were mainly killed in concentration camps

51
Q

What was the aim of Propaganda?

A

Nazis wanted to control what people heard and read - they used the media to help mould the minds of the media

52
Q

How did Propaganda achieve its aim?

A

Josef Goebbels
Radio
Film
Music
Literature
Rallies
All newspapers

53
Q

How did Josef Goebbels achieve Propaganda?

A

All films, books, records, newspapers, radio broadcasts and posters were controlled (censorship)

54
Q

How did radio achieve Propaganda?

A

Cheap radios were provided in order that all Germans could hear Hitler’s speeches (70% of German households had a radio by 1939)

55
Q

What was the aim of the Economy?

A

Reducing unemployment would increase Hitler’s popularity
Autarky would help them during times of war

56
Q

How did the Economy achieve its aim?

A

By reducing unemployment

57
Q

How did Hitler reduce unemployment?

A

Public work programmes
Rearmament
Armed services

58
Q

What was the aim of Women?

A

Nazis believed that German women should stay in the home and look after the children. They wanted women to be the centre of family life

59
Q

How did Women achieve its aim?

A

Professional women were forced to give up their jobs
Marriage loans were given
The Honour Cross was given for having children
Unfit women were sterilised

60
Q

What was the aim of Education?

A

Nazis controlled schools to ensure that the children were taught the Nazi way of seeing things

61
Q

How did Education achieve its aim?

A

All teachers had to be Nazis
All lessons had to reflect Nazi beliefs
The education of girls concentrated on turning them into perfect Aryan mothers
Jewish teachers were sacked in 1933

62
Q

What was the aim of Youth Movement?

A

To make young people grow up supporting the Nazis

63
Q

How did Youth Movement achieve its aim?

A

Hitler Youth
League of German Maidens

64
Q

What was the Hitler Youth?

A

10-18 year old boys
Activities involved war games
Boys wore military style uniforms
This was because Hitler wanted a strong army

65
Q

What was the League of German Maidens?

A

Girls encouraged to be fit, healthy and taught to become mother

66
Q

What was the aim of the Persecution of minorities?

A

The Nazis wanted to remove all people with physical or social defects to prevent the weakening of the German Aryan ‘Master race’

67
Q

How was the Persecution of minorities achieved?

A

Physical and mentally handicapped were sterilised
Homosexuals and gypsies were sent to concentration camps

68
Q

What was the aim of the Persecution of the Jews?

A

Hitler regarded the Jews as an inferiror race who had infected the Aryan master race and caused Germany many problems

69
Q

How did the Persecution of the Jews achieve its aim?

A

Nuremberg Laws
Kristallnacht
Final Solution

70
Q

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

A

Made it illegal for Jews to marry with Aryan Germans. Jews lost their right as German citizens, and were banned from public places

71
Q

What was Kristallnacht?

A

Thousands of Jewish shops and synagogues were destroyed
40 000 Jews were sent to concentration camps
The trigger of this even was the shooting of a Nazi in Paris by a Jewish man
This was just an excuse to increase persecution of Jewish people

72
Q

What was the Final Solution?

A

Systematic killing of 6 million Jews in extermination camps

73
Q

What were the opposition of the Nazis?

A

Edelweiss Pirates
Stauffenberg Plot
Confessing Church

GCSE History (5 decks)

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