Germany 1918 - 1939 Flashcards
1
Q
What were the main problems that the Weimar Republic faced between 1919 and 1923?
A
- Economical
- Social unrest
- TOV
- Effects of the German Revolution (1918)
- A country ruined by war
- Revolutionary mood in the country
- Left wing and right wing uprisings
- political murders
2
Q
How did the economy after WW1 affect the Weimar Government?
A
- Germany was bankrupted after WW1 costed them £37 billion to fight.
- Inflation was rising and people were starving
- Germany had to pay £6.6 billion in reparations
3
Q
What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany?
A
- Had to reduce military
- Had to pay £6.6 billion in reparations
- Reduced in size and territory
- Forced to accept blame for starting WW1(Clause 231- The War Guilt Clause)
4
Q
What were advantages of the Weimar Constitution?
A
- Proportional representation meant that everyone had a say and nobody had too much power
- Elections for Reichstag and Parliament
5
Q
What were disadvantages of the Weimar Constitution?
A
- Proportional representation meant that it was hard to make decisions - led to coalition governments
- Article 48 meant that in an emergency the president could be a dictator
- There were 29 political parties
- Everyone hated it
6
Q
How did the military terms in the treaty of versailles affect Germany?
A
- Army limited to 100,000 men
- Conscription banned
- no tanks or artillery
- Navy cut down to 6 battleships and submarines banned
- Air force banned
- Rhineland demilitarized
7
Q
How did the territorial terms in the treaty of versailles affect Germany?
A
- 48% of coal production lost
- Lost 13% of land and 6 million Germans
- Overseas empire taken away and given to Britain and France
8
Q
How many political murders were there between 1919 - 1922?
A
376 (mostly by the right wing)
9
Q
Who led the Spartacist Uprising?
A
Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg
10
Q
What happened in the Spartacist Uprising?
A
- January 1919: 50,000 communists attempted to overthrow Ebert and the Weimar Government.
- Captured the government newspaper; failed to get support from anyone.
- Government used Freikorps to put down the rebellion.
11
Q
Who were the two Weimar politicians assassinated?
A
- Matthias Erzberger in 1921, one of the ‘November Criminals’
- Walther Rathenau in 1922, German foreign minister
12
Q
What happened in the Kapp Putsch?
A
- In 1920 the leader of the Freikorps and Politician Wolfgang Kapp took government buildings using the army and Freikorps.
- The Kapp Putsch failed because the Weimar government got the workers to go on strike until they gave up.
13
Q
Why did the French invade the Ruhr?
A
Because Germany couldn’t pay their reparations so they took the Ruhr to compensate
14
Q
How many raw materials were produced in the Ruhr?
A
80% of Germany’s materials
15
Q
When did the French invade the Ruhr and with how many soldiers?
A
- 11th January 1923
- 60,000 French and Belgian troops
16
Q
What did the workers do in response to the invasion?
A
Go on a strike supported by the Weimar Government - industry in the Ruhr came to a standstill
17
Q
What did the French do in response to the worker’s strike?
A
- Brought in their own workers
- Arrested, imprisoned and deported resistance leaders
18
Q
What did the workers do in response to the French’s treatment of the workers?
A
There was violence and huge protests
19
Q
What did the government supporting the workers on strike result in?
A
The government printing more money to pay the workers despite a decrease in industrial production, the value of the mark dropping and hyperinflation
20
Q
What is an example of the hyperinflation crisis in Germany?
A
- In November 1918, bread cost 1 mark
- In November 1923, bread cost 200 billion marks
21
Q
Which social groups were less affected by the hyperinflation?
A
- Workers - they had few savings anyway
- The rich - they could barter their possessions or buy essentials with foreign currency
- Farmers - they could grow their own food or barter it
22
Q
Which social groups were more affected by the hyperinflation?
A
- Pensioners - their pensions and savings became worthless. They couldn’t work so they faced starvation
- Middle class - Savings became worthless, couldn’t buy goods from abroad, many became bankrupt
23
Q
What was the DAP?
A
The nationalist socialist ‘workers party’ led by Anton Drexler that became the Nazi party in 1920
24
Q
Why was Hitler invited to join the DAP?
A
Drexler heard him debating at a meeting in 1919
25
When did Hitler become Drexler's right hand man and what did they announce?
1920, they announced the 25 point plan
26
What was the 25 point plan?
The Nazi manifesto
27
How much did the DAP grow by between 1919 and 1920 and why?
- from 50 members to 3,000
| - because of Hitler's speaking abilities and hatred of the Weimar government
28
What did Hitler suggest the DAP changes its name to originally?
The Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) but was later shortened to Nazis
29
When did Hitler become the leader of the Nazi party?
July 1921
30
What two newspapers did the Nazi party buy?
- The people's observer (Wolkischer Beobachter)
| - Der sturmer
31
What was most of the SA (Sturmabteilung) made up of originally?
Ex soldiers or Freikorps
32
What was the Fuhrerprinzip?
Where Hitler was the Fuhrer of the party and had complete authority over everything
33
When did Hitler persuade the members of the Nazi party to give up their right to elect a leader?
1922
34
How much did the Nazi party grow by between 1920 and 1923?
1,100 members in June 1920 to 55,000 members in 1923
35
What was the inspiration for the Munich Putsch?
The fascists led by Mussolini taking over the Italian democratic government in 1922
36
What was a short term cause for the Munich Putsch?
The hyperinflation after the Ruhr crisis, Hitler thought it was easy to exploit the people then and it was a perfect time to seize power
37
What were the negative effects of the Munich Putsch for the Nazi party?
- Hitler was sentenced to 5 years in prison
| - the Nazi party was banned
38
Define diktat
dictated peace
39
Who was Rudolf Hess?
Hitler's deputy
40
Who was Hermann Goering?
WW1 hero
41
Who was Julius Streicher?
Publisher (joined Nazi Party in 1922
42
Who was Ernst Rohm?
Popular ex army officer
43
How long did Hitler spend in jail?
9 months instead of his 5-year sentence
44
How did the failure of the Munich Putsch help the Nazi Party gain publicity?
Hitler used his trial to get publicity for the Nazis and spent his testimony attacking the 'November Criminals'
45
When was the ban on the Nazi party lifted?
1925
46
How many Nazis were involved in the first day of the Munich Putsch?
Hitler and 600 members of the SA.
47
Where did the Munich Putsch occur on the first day?
A Munich beer hall where the leaders of the Bavarian government were having a meeting
48
On the first day of the Munich Putsch, what did Hitler do once he and the SA stormed the beer hall?
Held the Bavarian government at gunpoint to force them to support him, telling them he had the support of Ludendorff.
49
What did Ernst Rohm do on the first day of the Munich Putsch?
Along with the rest of the SA, he captured the local police and army HQ
50
What did Ludendorff do that caused the failure of the Munich Putsch?
He set the Bavarian government leaders free after Hitler left and they refused to cooperate with him
51
When was the first day of the Munich Putsch?
8th November 1923
52
When was the second day of the Munich Putsch?
9th November 1923
53
How many people were involved in the second day of the Munich Putsch?
- Hitler
- 2,000 volunteers
- 1,000 SA members
54
Where did the second day of the Munich Putsch occur?
They marched onto the Munich town centre, where Hitler tried to declare himself as the president of Germany
55
Did Hitler have much support from people outside of the Nazi Party/Nationalist Parties?
No- the local people of Bavaria as well as the army did not support him
56
What happened when they reached the centre of Munich?
They were met with state police:
- Hitler was shot in the shoulder
- Rohm and Streicher were arrested
57
What happened on the last day of the Munich Putsch? (11th November 1923)
Hitler was found hiding in the wardrobe of a friend's apartment and was arrested.
58
What was the initial aftermath of the Munich Putsch?
- 14 Nazis were dead
| - Hitler's allies had been arrested
59
What did Hitler do whilst in prison?
Write Mein Kampf, inspiration for the future Nazi Party
60
What did Hitler realise after the failure of the Munich Putsch?
Violence wasn't working- he needed a new strategy.
61
What is the German name for the SA?
Sturmabteilung
62
When were the Sturmabteilung created?
August 1921
63
How many Sturmabteilung soldiers were there by by August 1922?
800
64
What was one of the terms of the 25 Point Plan to do with land and people?
Anschluss- 'The union of all Germans in a greater Germany' (Austria and Germany)
65
What was one of the terms of the 25 Point Plan to do with the Government?
'Creation of a central state power for the Reich' (a strong government for Germany)
66
What was the worst term of the 25 point plan?
'Only those of German blood... are members of the nation. No Jew may be a member of the nation'
67
What 5 main Nazi beliefs was Mein Kampf the basis for?
1. Nationalism - wanted to 'make Germany great again'
2. Aryan Race destined to rule the world - Jews wanted to 'weaken' Aryans and take over
3. Socialism - using Germany's wealth to benefit workers
4. Totalitarianism - replacing democracy with autocracy
5. Traditional values - Christian family values with clear gender roles
68
How did Hitler want to make Germany 'great again'?
- Reverse TOV
- Building up military
- Invade communist USSR
- Conquer lands for the German people- Lebensraum
69
Where and when did Hitler re-launch the Nazi party?
the Munich beer hall, the 27th February 1925 (where the Munich Putsch failed)
70
What were the Nazis new financial tactics in their reorganisation?
by raising money from businessmen who supported the Nazis
71
How many members did the Nazi party have by 1929?
100,000
72
What did the Nazis set up to gain more members?
- German Women's Order
| - Hitler Youth
73
What did Hitler achieve at the Bamburg conference and when was it?
1926
1. squashed any splits between the nationalist and socialist parts of the party
2. Ernst Rohm removed as leader of SA - seen as a threat
3. set up the SS - selected members who were Hitler's personal bodygaurd
74
Which social groups did the Nazis target with propaganda?
- businessmen
- farmers
- women
- anyone who hated the Weimar Republic, the TOV and Jews
75
Who was put in charge of Nazi propaganda?
Josef Goebbels
76
Which communist slogan did the Nazis steal for their propaganda?
work and bread
77
Why were the Nazis struggling to gain more votes between 1924 and 1928?
1. the 'Golden Years' - people were happier so they didn't feel the desperation to support extremists
2. ex army general and war hero Hindenburg became President of Germany - well respected and increased Weimar support
78
What and when was the Dawes Plan?
1924
- The USA loaned Germany money (with interest) that Germany invested in their economy, boosting it and allowing Germany to pay back both the loans and their reparations
- Ruhr to be evacuated of foreign troops
- Reichsbank reorganised
79
What and when was the Young Plan?
1929
| Reduced reparations from $6.6 billion to $2 billion and gave Germany an extra 59 years to pay them
80
What and when was the Kellogg-Briand pact
1928
- Germany and 61 other countries signed, promising not to go to war as a way of getting what they wanted
- didn't allow Germany to begin rebuilding its army
81
What and when was the Locarno Treaty?
1925
- Germany accepted new border with France
- Troops removed from Rhineland as a sign of peace and friendship
- discussions about Germany joining league of nations
82
When was Germany accepted into the league of nations?
1926
83
What was the purpose of the league of nations?
it was set up to promote cooperation between countries
84
Who was Chancellor of Germany during the Golden Years?
Stresemann
85
What was the Rentenmark and how did it improve the economy?
a new currency that was tied to the value of gold, it helped reduce the hyperinflation crisis and boosted Germany's economy
86
What did art produced in the Golden Twenties reflect?
hopefulness
87
What were the 3 new forms of art in the Golden Twenties?
- New Objectivism
- Expressionism
- Modernism
88
What was new objectivism?
the idea that the arts should show life as it really is, including poverty
89
What was modernism?
the idea that the arts shouldn't look back at the past but should embrace the future and see beauty in cities, industry and technology
90
What was expressionism?
the idea that the arts should reflect the thoughts and feelings of the artists
91
What were the two factors that helped new art forms spread in the golden twenties?
- the Bauhaus movement
| - Government support
92
What was the Bauhaus movement?
A design college in Berlin that developed a style of design influencing all areas of art. It stressed the beauty in technology, simple lines and careful craftsmanship
93
How did the Government support art in the Golden Twenties?
the Weimar Government gave grants to support:
- art galleries
- museums
- theatres
- orchestras
- libraries
94
How did wages and employment rates change during the golden twenties?
- Wages increased every year from 1924 - 10% in total
- By 1928 German workers were some of the best paid in europe
- Unemployment remained high in some professions
- Middle class didn't get a rise in wages
95
How did housing change in the golden twenties?
- 1924-1931 more than 2 million new houses were built and 200,000 were improved
- By 1928, homelessness had been reduced by 60%
96
What was unemployment insurance and when was it introduced?
1927
| Required workers and employees to make contributions to the national scheme for unemployment welfare
97
How did female politics improve in the golden twenties?
- In 1919, women over 20 could vote
- Weimar Constitution introduced equality in education and equal opportunity in profession
- By 1926 there were 26 women deputies in the Reichstag
98
How did female employment improve in the golden years?
- Increase in women working
- Pay in civil service equal to men
- By 1933 there were 100,000 female teachers and 3,000 doctors
99
What was the film produced in the golden years that was one of the most advanced in the decade?
Metropolis
100
When was the wall street crash?
October 1929
101
What was the effect of the wall street crash on Germany?
The dawes plan ended and Germany sent into economic depression
102
What was the effect of the wall street crash on the German businesses?
- Forced to repay their loans with no investments
- Industrial production dropped by 40%
- Wages dropped by 15%
- Businessmen lost money and had to fire workers and close factories
103
What was the effect of the Wall Street Crash on the Weimar Government?
- Government refused to print more money after Ruhr crisis
- Bruning raised taxes and cut unemployment benefits
- Struggled to agree how to fix the economy so nothing happened
104
What was the effect of the Wall Street Crash on the German people?
- Mass unemployment- 3 mil in 1930 and 6 mil in 1932
- Farmers, middle class and businessmen lost savings and their businesses went bankrupt
- Poverty
105
How did the Wall Street Crash help the Nazis?
- Caused more hatred towards Weimar Government - extremist support rose
- Promised to fix the economy - gaining votes
- Promised "work and bread" to all workers
- Opened soup kitchens for the poor - more votes
106
How many seats did the KPD have in the Reichstag in 1932?
100
107
How many seats did the Nazis have in the Reichstag in July 1932?
230
108
How many seats did the Nazis have in the Reichstag in November 1932?
196
109
Why did the Nazi party lose votes between July and November 1932
They were going bankrupt from fighting too many elections and campaigning
110
What was Bruning's nickname during the depression?
the hunger chancellor
111
Why did the Nazis hate the communists?
they thought communism was linked to a Jewish conspiracy to destroy Germany
112
How did the Nazis go about decreasing communist support?
used the SA to fight communists in the streets and disrupt their meetings
113
How did the Nazis comfort the middle class and business men's fear of communism
they promised to protect them from communism
114
Who financially supported the Nazis and why?
the businessmen because they agreed with their beliefs and were scared of a communist revolution
115
What promises did the Nazis make the workers?
they promised them "work and bread" and a return to traditional German values
116
What promises did the Nazis make the farmers?
protection from communism and to take land from the Jews
117
What was the importance of the SA during the reorganisation of the Nazis?
- Made the Nazis seem organised, disciplined and reliable.
| - Used to disrupt communist meetings and openly fight them on the streets
118
How many were killed during a clash between the SA and the communists during the reorganisation of the Nazis?
18
119
What did Nazi propaganda call Hitler?
"our last hope"
120
How did the weaknesses of the coalition Weimar Governments between 1919 and 1933 help the Nazis?
- 20 different coalition governments who constantly fell out
- Hindenburg had to keep using article 48 to pass every law - made Weimar Republic look weak and useless
- Hitler promised the people a strong government
121
How many seats did the Nazis get in their elections between 1928 and 1932?
May 1928 - 12
September 1930 - 107
July 1932 - 230
November 1932 - 196
122
Which 3 previous chancellors helped Hitler's chances and why?
Bruning, Von Papen and Von Schleicher because they all failed as Chancellor so they made Hitler look stronger
123
How did Bruning fail as Chancellor?
- Made mistakes that weakened the already weak support for the Weimar Republic during the depression
- When he implemented unemployment benefits he raised taxes - reduced money of country and added to food shortages and protest
- Heavy taxes on rich Prussians which upset the upper class - increasing upper class support for the Nazis
124
How did Von Papen fail as Chancellor?
Removed ban on the SA in a deal with the Nazis which backfired because Hitler used the SA to increase violence on the streets - weakened support for Von Papen's leadership
125
When did Von Papen resign as Chancellor?
November 1932
126
How did Von Schleicher fail as Chancellor?
He had no authority as he was the only alternative to Hitler
127
When did Von Schleicher resign?
December 1932
128
What deal did Von Papen make with Hitler?
If Von Papen supported Hitler's rise to Chancellor then Hitler would make Von Papen his deputy
129
When did Hitler become Chancellor?
30th January 1933
130
Why did Hindenburg finally make Hitler Chancellor?
because he had no other options left and Von Papen said he could 'tame' Hitler
131
What was Von Papen's plan to 'tame' Hitler?
Have Hitler and only 2 other Nazis in the cabinet - the rest conservatives
132
When was the Reichstag set on fire?
27th February 1933
133
Who was blamed for the Reichstag fire?
Marinus Van Der Lubbe and the communists
134
What was the consequences of the Reichstag fire for the communists?
over 4000 communists arrested
| communist party banned
135
What did the Reichstag fire allow Hitler to do?
persuade Hindenburg to sign the 'Reichstag Decree'
136
What did the Reichstag Decree allow the Nazis to do?
- arrest anyone they suspected of opposing the government
- ban meetings
- close newspapers
- hold people without trial
137
What persuaded Hitler to pass the enabling act?
the March 1933 election
138
What percent of seats did the Nazis get in the March 1933 election?
44%
139
When did the Reichstag pass the enabling act?
27th March 1933
140
What was the enabling act?
The act that gave Hitler the power to pass any law he wanted without the approval of the Reichstag
141
When were trade unions banned?
May 1933
142
What were trade unions?
Organisations of workers
143
How did the banning of trade unions help the Nazis?
it removed workers rights and brought them under Hitler's control
144
When were political parties banned?
July 1933
145
What happened to the leaders of the political parties when they were banned?
They were imprisoned
146
When were the people's courts set up?
April 1933
147
What was the purpose of the people's courts?
To give Hitler control over the justice system and publicly send anyone opposing the Nazis to jail even if there was no evidence
148
What oath were judges made to swear when the people's courts were set up?
an oath of loyalty to Hitler
149
What happened to local governments in January 1934?
Hitler abolished local Lander parliaments and replaced them with a governor (Gauleiter) who directly served Hitler
150
When was the Night of the Long Knives?
30th June 1934
151
Why did the Night of the Long Knives happen?
Hitler began to fear threats from the SA - he thought Rohm wanted to overthrow him
152
Who encouraged Hitler to arrest 'SA traitors'?
the army and the SS
153
How many people were arrested on the Night of the Long Knives?
400 SA leaders - some imprisoned and some executed
| Old political opponents eg Von Papen
154
What happened to Ernst Rohm on the Night of the Long Knives?
He was executed
155
When did Hindenburg die?
August 1934
156
What did the death of Hindenburg allow Hitler to do?
- combine the roles of President and Chancellor to create the new title "Fuhrer of the Third Reich"
- force the army to swear an unconditional oath of loyalty and obedience
157
What was Himmler in charge of?
the SS
158
What was Heydrich in charge of?
the SD and the Gestapo
159
What was the most feared Nazi organisation?
the Gestapo
160
What was the order of the hierarchy in Nazi Germany?
```
Hitler
Nazi leaders
Reich governors
Gauleiters
German People
```
161
Who were the Gauleiters?
rulers of local areas that were loyal to Hitler
162
When were the Gestapo set up?
1933
163
What were the Gestapo?
the Nazi secret police that looked for enemies of the Nazi Regime
164
What methods did the Gestapo use?
- torture
- phone tapping
- spys
- searching mail
- raids on houses
165
How many people were arrested for 'political crimes' and sent to jail without trial?
160,000
166
What were the SS?
originally the personal bodyguards of Hitler but later became an intelligence, security and police force of 240,000 Aryans under Himmler
167
What were the SS in charge of?
all police and security and also the concentration camps
168
How many concentration camps were there in Germany by 1939?
150,000
169
What were the SS in charge of?
all police and security and also the concentration camps
170
When was the first concentration camp set up in Germany?
1939
171
How many concentration camps were there in Germany by 1939?
150,000
172
What were concentration camps originally used for?
political enemies and opponents
173
What did concentration camps evolve into?
execution camps for Undesirables like homosexuals and jews
174
How did the Nazis attempt to 're-educate' people in concentration camps?
beatings and murders
175
How was justice served in the people's courts?
judges who swore an oath of loyalty decided the fate of the accused, often in secret trials. there was no jury.
176
How many crimes became punishable by death between 1933 and 1939?
44
177
How many people were executed between 1933 and 1939?
534
178
What was the SD?
a security force under Heydrich responsible for monitoring Nazi opponents. They kept files on everyone suspected of opposing the Nazi party or Hitler.
179
Who were the 3 youth groups that opposed the Nazis?
the Edelweiss Pirates, the White Rose movement and the Swing Youth
180
Who were the leaders of the white rose movement?
the Schou siblings, primarily Sophie Schou and Hans Schou
181
How did the white rose movement attempt to resist the Nazis?
they stood out on the streets and handed out anti-war propaganda
182
What happened to the white rose movement when the Nazis discovered what they were doing?
```
Sophie Schou (21) was executed by guillotine
Hans Schou (20s) was hanged
```
183
When were the white rose movement caught?
1938
184
Who were the Edelweiss Pirates made up of?
working class youths
185
What was the symbol of the Edelweiss Pirates?
edelweiss flowers that they wore on their shirts
186
What did the Edelweiss Pirates resent?
the military style Hitler Youth and the lack of freedom for young people.
187
How did the Edelweiss Pirates resist the Nazis?
- grew their hair long
- wore American style clothing and makeup
- went on hikes and camping to avoid Nazi restrictions
- attack or taunt Hitler Youth members
- openly played jazz music in public
188
Who were the Swing Youth made up of?
teenagers from wealthy families who admired American culture over Nazi culture
189
How did the Swing Youth oppose the Nazis?
- listened to jazz and swing records illegally in public
- danced the jitterbug, smoked and drank alcohol in groups / parties up to 6000
- attacked Hitler Youth members
190
How many Edelweiss Pirates were there compared to the Hitler Youth?
2,000 Edelweiss Pirates vs the 8 million Hitler Youth
191
What was the Stauffenberg bomb plot?
the plot to kill Hitler using a bomb in a suitcase under a desk near Hitler in a meeting
192
Why did the Stauffenberg bomb plot fail?
Hitler decided to change seats at the last minute so the bomb injured, but didn't kill him
193
Who was the chief of staff of the Stauffenberg bomb plot?
Ludwig van Beck
194
How did the SDP attempt to oppose the Nazi regime?
they set up a newspaper criticising the Nazis called the Red Shock Troop (1933 ->)
195
Why did the Red Shock Troop plan fail?
they were based in Prague and the Nazis arrested them when they invaded Czechoslovakia in 1938
196
How many Catholics were arrested for speaking out against the Nazis and where were they sent?
400 were sent to the prison block in Dachau
197
When was the confessors church set up?
1934
198
What was the confessors church?
a protestant church opposed to the reich church
199
How many pastors joined the confessors church?
4000 but 800 were sent to concentration camps
200
What did Martin Niemoller help set up?
the Pastors Emergency League, membership rose to 7,000
201
What did Martin Niemoller famously say against the Nazis?
people must obey God, not follow a man
202
Why was Martin Niemoller arrested?
the Gestapo spied on him and he was sent to a concentration camp until 1945
203
What were the three methods that the Nazis used to control the attitudes of and ideas of the German people?
propaganda
censorship
the Fuhrer Cult
204
What Nazi ideology did Nazi propaganda focus on?
- the greatness of Germany
- the Fuhrer cult
- the Aryan race
- attacking Germany's enemies (communists and jews)
- increasing Nazi support
205
How many people attended the 1934 Nuremberg rally?
200,000
206
What were two Nazi 'masterpiece' films?
The eternal Jew
| Triumph of the Will
207
What did Nazi films show?
German triumphs, attacked Jews and enemies like communists
208
When were anti Nazi newspapers shut down?
1935
209
Which Nazi organisation controlled art, theatre, music, architecture and literature?
the Reich Chamber of Culture led by Goebbels
210
What did architecture have to emphasise under the Nazi rule?
Nazi power - buildings were huge and giant flags / statues of Hitler were created
211
What event was used to showcase Aryan superiority?
the 1936 Olympics
212
How many medals did the Aryan Olympians win in 1936?
33 gold medals
213
What were 4 examples of Nazi censorship?
- 20,000 Jewish and Communist books burnt in 1933 in the centre of Berlin
- writers, film makers and artists could only produce pro-Nazi art
- Jazz music banned because it came from black culture
- telling an anti-Nazi joke was a crime leading to a fine or imprisonment
214
How did the Fuhrer Cult view HItler?
as both superman and a man of the people
| he was also presented as a brave WW1 veteran, a generous worker and fond of children
215
What became the national greeting when the Nazis were in power?
heil hitler
216
What was built for the 1936 olympics?
a gladiators fortress with a deliberate link between Nazi Germany and the historic Roman Empire
217
How was the Olympics Propaganda a success?
- use of radio reporting on the Olympics was amazing for the time
- successfully hid all anti-semitic literature which was widespread at the time
218
How did the Olympics Propaganda fail?
- Germany's superstar Aryan athlete, Lutz Lang, was beaten in the long jump by an African-American athlete, Jesse Owens
- Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals that year and that embarrassed Hitler
219
When did the Nazi Party ban women from senior leadership?
1921
220
What propaganda about women did the Nazis release between 1921 and 1939?
the message that a woman's place was in the home and they should be dedicated to the 3 Ks
221
What were the 3 Ks?
Kinder, Kuche and Kirche (children, kitchen and church)
222
What did a Bavarian hotel ban in 1935?
women with red nails and long trousers
223
When were women banned from smoking in public in some places?
1935
224
When was the Mother's Cross awarded each year?
12 August
225
What was the Mother's Cross?
a prize awarded based on the number of children a mother had.
4 children - bronze
6 children - silver
8 children - gold
226
Why did the Nazis want mothers to have lots of children?
So the Aryan race could grow as quickly as possible
227
When was abortion made illegal and why?
1933
| because women were expected to become pregnant as often as possible
228
In what circumstances were interest free 600RM loans available?
to women who left their jobs to get pregnant from June 1933 onwards
229
When did it become illegal for Jewish women to marry Aryan men?
1935
230
Which professions were married women banned from and when?
1933 - 1936
| top professional jobs as doctors, lawyers or senior civil servants
231
When and why were the Nazis forced to change their policies towards women?
1939 - 1945
| the male workforce moved into the military during WW2
232
What was a marriage loan?
married couples were given 1000 marks and for every child they had they could keep 250 marks so if they had 4 children they could pay nothing back
233
What was the Lebensborn programme?
a programme where Aryan women were encouraged to 'donate' a child to the Huher by getting pregnant with Aryan SS soldiers at special centers
234
What was the Sterilisation Law and when was it passed?
1933
| sterilised, non aryan women couldn't have children
235
What was the % increase in births between 1933 and 1936?
30%
236
What were the separate school for boys and girls in 1933 onwards?
military skills for boys
| domestic skills for girls
237
What happened to the number of PE lessons in Nazi Germnay?
they doubled
238
What happened to textbooks in schools in Nazi Germany?
they were rewritten to fit the Nazi view of history and Mein Kampf became a core textbook
239
Give 3 examples of how Nazi ideology was introduced into schools
- history books emphasised Germany's military success and blamed Jews for the losing of WW1
- maths taught military tactics or how to solve the economic costs of the disabled in Germany
- race studies introduced to push Nazi racial policies on Aryans
240
What happened to Jewish children in schools in the 1930s?
- Nazis encouraged a hatred of Jews - they were openly bullied by students and teachers
Germans taught the racial weaknesses of Jews
Jews banned from schools in 1938
241
Who became the leader of Nazi youth organisations?
Baldur Von Shirach
242
What were the youth groups for boys in Nazi Germany?
6 - 10, Pimpfe
10 - 14, German Young People
14 - 18, Hitler Youth
243
What were the Nazi youth groups for girls?
10 - 14, Young Girls League
| 14 - 18, League of German Girls
244
What were the aims of Nazi youth groups?
For boys - physical training for the military and brainwashing in Nazi ideology
For girls - preparing for life as wives / mothers
245
What activities were there in Nazi youth groups for boys?
1. military style training - marching, camping, hiking, map reading, rifle shooting. they had uniforms and ranks
2. members had to swear an oath of loyalty
3. race theory and Nazi ideology classes called 'German Heroes' and 'the evil of the Jews'
246
What activities were there in Nazi youth groups for girls?
1. sports to enhance fitness, strength and beauty - girls had to be able to run 60 metres in 14 seconds
2. trained to cook, sew, iron and prepare for life as a housewife
3. taught importance of racial hygiene - only marry Aryans
4. emphasis on importance of having children
247
Why did membership in the Hitler Youth increase?
In 1936 membership was compulsory
248
How were the Nazi youth groups successful?
- millions joined and went on to join army / have aryan children
- many became fanatical Nazis
- many enjoyed comradeship of Hitler
249
How were the Nazi youth groups unsuccessful?
- secret groups eg edelweiss pirates began
| - thousands avoided attending meetings
250
What were Hitler's 2 main aims for Germany's economy?
1. solve unemployment issues
| 2. begin to prepare Germany for war
251
In which year were there 6 million unemployed?
1932
252
What were the 4 ways that the Nazis reduced unemployment?
- National Labour Service
- Conscription and Rearmament
- invisible unemployment
- public works
253
What was the National Labour Service?
- An organisation that all young men between 18 and 25 had to join for 6 months
- Given jobs in public works eg building schools and hospitals
254
What were the disadvantages of the National Labour Service?
- Conditions weren't great for workers, they had to wear uniforms, live in camps and parade
- Many complained about low pay and poor food
255
How much did the army grow between 1935 and 1939?
115,00 to 1.4 million
256
How many workers were involved in aircraft construction in 1935?
72,000
257
How much did spending on arms and equipment rise by from 1935 onwards?
3.5 billion to 26 billion marks
258
What was invisible unemployment?
- Nazis cheating in their unemployment statistics by making it harder for women and Jews to get jobs and then excluding them from the statistics
- Prisoners in concentration camps were taken off statistics and part time workers were classed as full time
259
What was the German Labour Front (DAF)?
the Nazi replacement of the trade unions that all workers had to join or they wouldn't get work
260
What changes were introduced by the DAF?
- strikes illegal, offenders sent to concentration camps
- workers couldn't leave a job without permission
- workers couldn't ask for higher wages
- working hours increased, 60+ hours per week
261
What was strength through joy?
An organisation that provided leisure activities for workers
262
What are some examples of leisure activities provided by strength through joy?
- cruises
- ski trips, costed one weeks wages
- sports events (over 7 million participated)
263
What was an example of a savings scheme from strength through joy?
if a worker paid 5 marks per week they would eventually be given a Volkswagen (people's car) however no cars were ever given out because the factories focussed on rearmement
264
How much did wages increase by between 1936 and 1939?
20%
265
What was the people's community called in Nazi Germany?
the Volksgemeinschaft
266
How were the disabled persecuted?
- 1933 Sterilisation Law forcibly sterilised the mentally ill, alcoholic, deaf, blind or deformed. 400,000 sterilised by 1939
- 1939 the Nazis started the T4 programme where young disabled people were killed by lethal injection. over 5000 children were killed
267
How were homosexuals persecuted?
- in 1935 the Nazis passed laws against homosexuality
- 4000 arrested in 1936
- over 5000 sent to concentration camps
268
How were gypsies persecuted?
- Non-aryan and seen as a threat to racial purity
- From 1935 it was illegal for germans and gypsies to marry
- 1936-1939: 35000 gypsies were put in camps and deported
269
What were the key events of Nazi persecution of Jews in 1933?
- April 1933 - boycott of Jewish businesses - for 1 day SA stood outside Jewish businesses preventing anyone from entering and painted 'jude' and the star of david on their windows
- 1933 - Jews banned from public places (eg swimming pools, parks) and all government jobs
270
What were the two laws passed in 1935 involved in the persecution of Jews?
- Reich Law of Citizenship - Jews no longer German citizens, couldn't vote anymore
- Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour - marriage and sexual relations between Jews and Aryans illegal
271
What law was passed in 1936 involved in the persecution of Jews?
Jews banned from working as doctors, dentists and lawyers
272
What were the key events of Nazi persecution of Jews in 1938?
- March 1938 - Jews had to register all possessions
- July 1938 - Jews have to carry ID cards
- November 1938 - Kristallnacht
- December 1938 - Jews banned from owning shops or businesses
273
Why did the Nazis go through with Kristallnacht?
After young jews murdered a Nazi diplomat, Goebbels uses it as an excuse for violence.
274
Damage caused by Nazis during Kristallnacht
- 7,500 businesses destroyed
- 400 synagogues burned down
- Sent 20,000 Jews to concentration camps
- 100 Jews killed
- Jews forced to pay £1 billion for the damage
