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Germany 1918 - 1939 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the main problems that the Weimar Republic faced between 1919 and 1923?

A
  • Economical
  • Social unrest
  • TOV
  • Effects of the German Revolution (1918)
  • A country ruined by war
  • Revolutionary mood in the country
  • Left wing and right wing uprisings
  • political murders
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2
Q

How did the economy after WW1 affect the Weimar Government?

A
  • Germany was bankrupted after WW1 costed them £37 billion to fight.
  • Inflation was rising and people were starving
  • Germany had to pay £6.6 billion in reparations
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3
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany?

A
  • Had to reduce military
  • Had to pay £6.6 billion in reparations
  • Reduced in size and territory
  • Forced to accept blame for starting WW1(Clause 231- The War Guilt Clause)
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4
Q

What were advantages of the Weimar Constitution?

A
  • Proportional representation meant that everyone had a say and nobody had too much power
  • Elections for Reichstag and Parliament
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5
Q

What were disadvantages of the Weimar Constitution?

A
  • Proportional representation meant that it was hard to make decisions - led to coalition governments
  • Article 48 meant that in an emergency the president could be a dictator
  • There were 29 political parties
  • Everyone hated it
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6
Q

How did the military terms in the treaty of versailles affect Germany?

A
  • Army limited to 100,000 men
  • Conscription banned
  • no tanks or artillery
  • Navy cut down to 6 battleships and submarines banned
  • Air force banned
  • Rhineland demilitarized
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7
Q

How did the territorial terms in the treaty of versailles affect Germany?

A
  • 48% of coal production lost
  • Lost 13% of land and 6 million Germans
  • Overseas empire taken away and given to Britain and France
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8
Q

How many political murders were there between 1919 - 1922?

A

376 (mostly by the right wing)

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9
Q

Who led the Spartacist Uprising?

A

Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg

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10
Q

What happened in the Spartacist Uprising?

A
  • January 1919: 50,000 communists attempted to overthrow Ebert and the Weimar Government.
  • Captured the government newspaper; failed to get support from anyone.
  • Government used Freikorps to put down the rebellion.
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11
Q

Who were the two Weimar politicians assassinated?

A
  • Matthias Erzberger in 1921, one of the ‘November Criminals’
  • Walther Rathenau in 1922, German foreign minister
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12
Q

What happened in the Kapp Putsch?

A
  • In 1920 the leader of the Freikorps and Politician Wolfgang Kapp took government buildings using the army and Freikorps.
  • The Kapp Putsch failed because the Weimar government got the workers to go on strike until they gave up.
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13
Q

Why did the French invade the Ruhr?

A

Because Germany couldn’t pay their reparations so they took the Ruhr to compensate

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14
Q

How many raw materials were produced in the Ruhr?

A

80% of Germany’s materials

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15
Q

When did the French invade the Ruhr and with how many soldiers?

A
  • 11th January 1923

- 60,000 French and Belgian troops

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16
Q

What did the workers do in response to the invasion?

A

Go on a strike supported by the Weimar Government - industry in the Ruhr came to a standstill

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17
Q

What did the French do in response to the worker’s strike?

A
  • Brought in their own workers

- Arrested, imprisoned and deported resistance leaders

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18
Q

What did the workers do in response to the French’s treatment of the workers?

A

There was violence and huge protests

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19
Q

What did the government supporting the workers on strike result in?

A

The government printing more money to pay the workers despite a decrease in industrial production, the value of the mark dropping and hyperinflation

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20
Q

What is an example of the hyperinflation crisis in Germany?

A
  • In November 1918, bread cost 1 mark

- In November 1923, bread cost 200 billion marks

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21
Q

Which social groups were less affected by the hyperinflation?

A
  1. Workers - they had few savings anyway
  2. The rich - they could barter their possessions or buy essentials with foreign currency
  3. Farmers - they could grow their own food or barter it
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22
Q

Which social groups were more affected by the hyperinflation?

A
  1. Pensioners - their pensions and savings became worthless. They couldn’t work so they faced starvation
  2. Middle class - Savings became worthless, couldn’t buy goods from abroad, many became bankrupt
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23
Q

What was the DAP?

A

The nationalist socialist ‘workers party’ led by Anton Drexler that became the Nazi party in 1920

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24
Q

Why was Hitler invited to join the DAP?

A

Drexler heard him debating at a meeting in 1919

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25
Q

When did Hitler become Drexler’s right hand man and what did they announce?

A

1920, they announced the 25 point plan

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26
Q

What was the 25 point plan?

A

The Nazi manifesto

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27
Q

How much did the DAP grow by between 1919 and 1920 and why?

A
  • from 50 members to 3,000

- because of Hitler’s speaking abilities and hatred of the Weimar government

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28
Q

What did Hitler suggest the DAP changes its name to originally?

A

The Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) but was later shortened to Nazis

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29
Q

When did Hitler become the leader of the Nazi party?

A

July 1921

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30
Q

What two newspapers did the Nazi party buy?

A
  • The people’s observer (Wolkischer Beobachter)

- Der sturmer

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31
Q

What was most of the SA (Sturmabteilung) made up of originally?

A

Ex soldiers or Freikorps

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32
Q

What was the Fuhrerprinzip?

A

Where Hitler was the Fuhrer of the party and had complete authority over everything

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33
Q

When did Hitler persuade the members of the Nazi party to give up their right to elect a leader?

A

1922

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34
Q

How much did the Nazi party grow by between 1920 and 1923?

A

1,100 members in June 1920 to 55,000 members in 1923

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35
Q

What was the inspiration for the Munich Putsch?

A

The fascists led by Mussolini taking over the Italian democratic government in 1922

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36
Q

What was a short term cause for the Munich Putsch?

A

The hyperinflation after the Ruhr crisis, Hitler thought it was easy to exploit the people then and it was a perfect time to seize power

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37
Q

What were the negative effects of the Munich Putsch for the Nazi party?

A
  • Hitler was sentenced to 5 years in prison

- the Nazi party was banned

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38
Q

Define diktat

A

dictated peace

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39
Q

Who was Rudolf Hess?

A

Hitler’s deputy

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40
Q

Who was Hermann Goering?

A

WW1 hero

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41
Q

Who was Julius Streicher?

A

Publisher (joined Nazi Party in 1922

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42
Q

Who was Ernst Rohm?

A

Popular ex army officer

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43
Q

How long did Hitler spend in jail?

A

9 months instead of his 5-year sentence

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44
Q

How did the failure of the Munich Putsch help the Nazi Party gain publicity?

A

Hitler used his trial to get publicity for the Nazis and spent his testimony attacking the ‘November Criminals’

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45
Q

When was the ban on the Nazi party lifted?

A

1925

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46
Q

How many Nazis were involved in the first day of the Munich Putsch?

A

Hitler and 600 members of the SA.

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47
Q

Where did the Munich Putsch occur on the first day?

A

A Munich beer hall where the leaders of the Bavarian government were having a meeting

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48
Q

On the first day of the Munich Putsch, what did Hitler do once he and the SA stormed the beer hall?

A

Held the Bavarian government at gunpoint to force them to support him, telling them he had the support of Ludendorff.

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49
Q

What did Ernst Rohm do on the first day of the Munich Putsch?

A

Along with the rest of the SA, he captured the local police and army HQ

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50
Q

What did Ludendorff do that caused the failure of the Munich Putsch?

A

He set the Bavarian government leaders free after Hitler left and they refused to cooperate with him

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51
Q

When was the first day of the Munich Putsch?

A

8th November 1923

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52
Q

When was the second day of the Munich Putsch?

A

9th November 1923

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53
Q

How many people were involved in the second day of the Munich Putsch?

A
  • Hitler
  • 2,000 volunteers
  • 1,000 SA members
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54
Q

Where did the second day of the Munich Putsch occur?

A

They marched onto the Munich town centre, where Hitler tried to declare himself as the president of Germany

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55
Q

Did Hitler have much support from people outside of the Nazi Party/Nationalist Parties?

A

No- the local people of Bavaria as well as the army did not support him

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56
Q

What happened when they reached the centre of Munich?

A

They were met with state police:

  • Hitler was shot in the shoulder
  • Rohm and Streicher were arrested
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57
Q

What happened on the last day of the Munich Putsch? (11th November 1923)

A

Hitler was found hiding in the wardrobe of a friend’s apartment and was arrested.

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58
Q

What was the initial aftermath of the Munich Putsch?

A
  • 14 Nazis were dead

- Hitler’s allies had been arrested

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59
Q

What did Hitler do whilst in prison?

A

Write Mein Kampf, inspiration for the future Nazi Party

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60
Q

What did Hitler realise after the failure of the Munich Putsch?

A

Violence wasn’t working- he needed a new strategy.

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61
Q

What is the German name for the SA?

A

Sturmabteilung

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62
Q

When were the Sturmabteilung created?

A

August 1921

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63
Q

How many Sturmabteilung soldiers were there by by August 1922?

A

800

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64
Q

What was one of the terms of the 25 Point Plan to do with land and people?

A

Anschluss- ‘The union of all Germans in a greater Germany’ (Austria and Germany)

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65
Q

What was one of the terms of the 25 Point Plan to do with the Government?

A

‘Creation of a central state power for the Reich’ (a strong government for Germany)

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66
Q

What was the worst term of the 25 point plan?

A

‘Only those of German blood… are members of the nation. No Jew may be a member of the nation’

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67
Q

What 5 main Nazi beliefs was Mein Kampf the basis for?

A
  1. Nationalism - wanted to ‘make Germany great again’
  2. Aryan Race destined to rule the world - Jews wanted to ‘weaken’ Aryans and take over
  3. Socialism - using Germany’s wealth to benefit workers
  4. Totalitarianism - replacing democracy with autocracy
  5. Traditional values - Christian family values with clear gender roles
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68
Q

How did Hitler want to make Germany ‘great again’?

A
  • Reverse TOV
  • Building up military
  • Invade communist USSR
  • Conquer lands for the German people- Lebensraum
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69
Q

Where and when did Hitler re-launch the Nazi party?

A

the Munich beer hall, the 27th February 1925 (where the Munich Putsch failed)

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70
Q

What were the Nazis new financial tactics in their reorganisation?

A

by raising money from businessmen who supported the Nazis

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71
Q

How many members did the Nazi party have by 1929?

A

100,000

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72
Q

What did the Nazis set up to gain more members?

A
  • German Women’s Order

- Hitler Youth

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73
Q

What did Hitler achieve at the Bamburg conference and when was it?

A

1926

  1. squashed any splits between the nationalist and socialist parts of the party
  2. Ernst Rohm removed as leader of SA - seen as a threat
  3. set up the SS - selected members who were Hitler’s personal bodygaurd
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74
Q

Which social groups did the Nazis target with propaganda?

A
  • businessmen
  • farmers
  • women
  • anyone who hated the Weimar Republic, the TOV and Jews
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75
Q

Who was put in charge of Nazi propaganda?

A

Josef Goebbels

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76
Q

Which communist slogan did the Nazis steal for their propaganda?

A

work and bread

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77
Q

Why were the Nazis struggling to gain more votes between 1924 and 1928?

A
  1. the ‘Golden Years’ - people were happier so they didn’t feel the desperation to support extremists
  2. ex army general and war hero Hindenburg became President of Germany - well respected and increased Weimar support
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78
Q

What and when was the Dawes Plan?

A

1924

  • The USA loaned Germany money (with interest) that Germany invested in their economy, boosting it and allowing Germany to pay back both the loans and their reparations
  • Ruhr to be evacuated of foreign troops
  • Reichsbank reorganised
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79
Q

What and when was the Young Plan?

A

1929

Reduced reparations from $6.6 billion to $2 billion and gave Germany an extra 59 years to pay them

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80
Q

What and when was the Kellogg-Briand pact

A

1928

  • Germany and 61 other countries signed, promising not to go to war as a way of getting what they wanted
  • didn’t allow Germany to begin rebuilding its army
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81
Q

What and when was the Locarno Treaty?

A

1925

  • Germany accepted new border with France
  • Troops removed from Rhineland as a sign of peace and friendship
  • discussions about Germany joining league of nations
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82
Q

When was Germany accepted into the league of nations?

A

1926

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83
Q

What was the purpose of the league of nations?

A

it was set up to promote cooperation between countries

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84
Q

Who was Chancellor of Germany during the Golden Years?

A

Stresemann

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85
Q

What was the Rentenmark and how did it improve the economy?

A

a new currency that was tied to the value of gold, it helped reduce the hyperinflation crisis and boosted Germany’s economy

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86
Q

What did art produced in the Golden Twenties reflect?

A

hopefulness

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87
Q

What were the 3 new forms of art in the Golden Twenties?

A
  • New Objectivism
  • Expressionism
  • Modernism
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88
Q

What was new objectivism?

A

the idea that the arts should show life as it really is, including poverty

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89
Q

What was modernism?

A

the idea that the arts shouldn’t look back at the past but should embrace the future and see beauty in cities, industry and technology

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90
Q

What was expressionism?

A

the idea that the arts should reflect the thoughts and feelings of the artists

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91
Q

What were the two factors that helped new art forms spread in the golden twenties?

A
  • the Bauhaus movement

- Government support

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92
Q

What was the Bauhaus movement?

A

A design college in Berlin that developed a style of design influencing all areas of art. It stressed the beauty in technology, simple lines and careful craftsmanship

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93
Q

How did the Government support art in the Golden Twenties?

A

the Weimar Government gave grants to support:

  • art galleries
  • museums
  • theatres
  • orchestras
  • libraries
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94
Q

How did wages and employment rates change during the golden twenties?

A
  • Wages increased every year from 1924 - 10% in total
  • By 1928 German workers were some of the best paid in europe
  • Unemployment remained high in some professions
  • Middle class didn’t get a rise in wages
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95
Q

How did housing change in the golden twenties?

A
  • 1924-1931 more than 2 million new houses were built and 200,000 were improved
  • By 1928, homelessness had been reduced by 60%
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96
Q

What was unemployment insurance and when was it introduced?

A

1927

Required workers and employees to make contributions to the national scheme for unemployment welfare

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97
Q

How did female politics improve in the golden twenties?

A
  • In 1919, women over 20 could vote
  • Weimar Constitution introduced equality in education and equal opportunity in profession
  • By 1926 there were 26 women deputies in the Reichstag
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98
Q

How did female employment improve in the golden years?

A
  • Increase in women working
  • Pay in civil service equal to men
  • By 1933 there were 100,000 female teachers and 3,000 doctors
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99
Q

What was the film produced in the golden years that was one of the most advanced in the decade?

A

Metropolis

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100
Q

When was the wall street crash?

A

October 1929

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101
Q

What was the effect of the wall street crash on Germany?

A

The dawes plan ended and Germany sent into economic depression

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102
Q

What was the effect of the wall street crash on the German businesses?

A
  • Forced to repay their loans with no investments
  • Industrial production dropped by 40%
  • Wages dropped by 15%
  • Businessmen lost money and had to fire workers and close factories
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103
Q

What was the effect of the Wall Street Crash on the Weimar Government?

A
  • Government refused to print more money after Ruhr crisis
  • Bruning raised taxes and cut unemployment benefits
  • Struggled to agree how to fix the economy so nothing happened
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104
Q

What was the effect of the Wall Street Crash on the German people?

A
  • Mass unemployment- 3 mil in 1930 and 6 mil in 1932
  • Farmers, middle class and businessmen lost savings and their businesses went bankrupt
  • Poverty
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105
Q

How did the Wall Street Crash help the Nazis?

A
  • Caused more hatred towards Weimar Government - extremist support rose
  • Promised to fix the economy - gaining votes
  • Promised “work and bread” to all workers
  • Opened soup kitchens for the poor - more votes
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106
Q

How many seats did the KPD have in the Reichstag in 1932?

A

100

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107
Q

How many seats did the Nazis have in the Reichstag in July 1932?

A

230

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108
Q

How many seats did the Nazis have in the Reichstag in November 1932?

A

196

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109
Q

Why did the Nazi party lose votes between July and November 1932

A

They were going bankrupt from fighting too many elections and campaigning

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110
Q

What was Bruning’s nickname during the depression?

A

the hunger chancellor

111
Q

Why did the Nazis hate the communists?

A

they thought communism was linked to a Jewish conspiracy to destroy Germany

112
Q

How did the Nazis go about decreasing communist support?

A

used the SA to fight communists in the streets and disrupt their meetings

113
Q

How did the Nazis comfort the middle class and business men’s fear of communism

A

they promised to protect them from communism

114
Q

Who financially supported the Nazis and why?

A

the businessmen because they agreed with their beliefs and were scared of a communist revolution

115
Q

What promises did the Nazis make the workers?

A

they promised them “work and bread” and a return to traditional German values

116
Q

What promises did the Nazis make the farmers?

A

protection from communism and to take land from the Jews

117
Q

What was the importance of the SA during the reorganisation of the Nazis?

A
  • Made the Nazis seem organised, disciplined and reliable.

- Used to disrupt communist meetings and openly fight them on the streets

118
Q

How many were killed during a clash between the SA and the communists during the reorganisation of the Nazis?

A

18

119
Q

What did Nazi propaganda call Hitler?

A

“our last hope”

120
Q

How did the weaknesses of the coalition Weimar Governments between 1919 and 1933 help the Nazis?

A
  • 20 different coalition governments who constantly fell out
  • Hindenburg had to keep using article 48 to pass every law - made Weimar Republic look weak and useless
  • Hitler promised the people a strong government
121
Q

How many seats did the Nazis get in their elections between 1928 and 1932?

A

May 1928 - 12
September 1930 - 107
July 1932 - 230
November 1932 - 196

122
Q

Which 3 previous chancellors helped Hitler’s chances and why?

A

Bruning, Von Papen and Von Schleicher because they all failed as Chancellor so they made Hitler look stronger

123
Q

How did Bruning fail as Chancellor?

A
  • Made mistakes that weakened the already weak support for the Weimar Republic during the depression
  • When he implemented unemployment benefits he raised taxes - reduced money of country and added to food shortages and protest
  • Heavy taxes on rich Prussians which upset the upper class - increasing upper class support for the Nazis
124
Q

How did Von Papen fail as Chancellor?

A

Removed ban on the SA in a deal with the Nazis which backfired because Hitler used the SA to increase violence on the streets - weakened support for Von Papen’s leadership

125
Q

When did Von Papen resign as Chancellor?

A

November 1932

126
Q

How did Von Schleicher fail as Chancellor?

A

He had no authority as he was the only alternative to Hitler

127
Q

When did Von Schleicher resign?

A

December 1932

128
Q

What deal did Von Papen make with Hitler?

A

If Von Papen supported Hitler’s rise to Chancellor then Hitler would make Von Papen his deputy

129
Q

When did Hitler become Chancellor?

A

30th January 1933

130
Q

Why did Hindenburg finally make Hitler Chancellor?

A

because he had no other options left and Von Papen said he could ‘tame’ Hitler

131
Q

What was Von Papen’s plan to ‘tame’ Hitler?

A

Have Hitler and only 2 other Nazis in the cabinet - the rest conservatives

132
Q

When was the Reichstag set on fire?

A

27th February 1933

133
Q

Who was blamed for the Reichstag fire?

A

Marinus Van Der Lubbe and the communists

134
Q

What was the consequences of the Reichstag fire for the communists?

A

over 4000 communists arrested

communist party banned

135
Q

What did the Reichstag fire allow Hitler to do?

A

persuade Hindenburg to sign the ‘Reichstag Decree’

136
Q

What did the Reichstag Decree allow the Nazis to do?

A
  • arrest anyone they suspected of opposing the government
  • ban meetings
  • close newspapers
  • hold people without trial
137
Q

What persuaded Hitler to pass the enabling act?

A

the March 1933 election

138
Q

What percent of seats did the Nazis get in the March 1933 election?

A

44%

139
Q

When did the Reichstag pass the enabling act?

A

27th March 1933

140
Q

What was the enabling act?

A

The act that gave Hitler the power to pass any law he wanted without the approval of the Reichstag

141
Q

When were trade unions banned?

A

May 1933

142
Q

What were trade unions?

A

Organisations of workers

143
Q

How did the banning of trade unions help the Nazis?

A

it removed workers rights and brought them under Hitler’s control

144
Q

When were political parties banned?

A

July 1933

145
Q

What happened to the leaders of the political parties when they were banned?

A

They were imprisoned

146
Q

When were the people’s courts set up?

A

April 1933

147
Q

What was the purpose of the people’s courts?

A

To give Hitler control over the justice system and publicly send anyone opposing the Nazis to jail even if there was no evidence

148
Q

What oath were judges made to swear when the people’s courts were set up?

A

an oath of loyalty to Hitler

149
Q

What happened to local governments in January 1934?

A

Hitler abolished local Lander parliaments and replaced them with a governor (Gauleiter) who directly served Hitler

150
Q

When was the Night of the Long Knives?

A

30th June 1934

151
Q

Why did the Night of the Long Knives happen?

A

Hitler began to fear threats from the SA - he thought Rohm wanted to overthrow him

152
Q

Who encouraged Hitler to arrest ‘SA traitors’?

A

the army and the SS

153
Q

How many people were arrested on the Night of the Long Knives?

A

400 SA leaders - some imprisoned and some executed

Old political opponents eg Von Papen

154
Q

What happened to Ernst Rohm on the Night of the Long Knives?

A

He was executed

155
Q

When did Hindenburg die?

A

August 1934

156
Q

What did the death of Hindenburg allow Hitler to do?

A
  • combine the roles of President and Chancellor to create the new title “Fuhrer of the Third Reich”
  • force the army to swear an unconditional oath of loyalty and obedience
157
Q

What was Himmler in charge of?

A

the SS

158
Q

What was Heydrich in charge of?

A

the SD and the Gestapo

159
Q

What was the most feared Nazi organisation?

A

the Gestapo

160
Q

What was the order of the hierarchy in Nazi Germany?

A 
Hitler
Nazi leaders
Reich governors
Gauleiters
German People
161
Q

Who were the Gauleiters?

A

rulers of local areas that were loyal to Hitler

162
Q

When were the Gestapo set up?

A

1933

163
Q

What were the Gestapo?

A

the Nazi secret police that looked for enemies of the Nazi Regime

164
Q

What methods did the Gestapo use?

A
  • torture
  • phone tapping
  • spys
  • searching mail
  • raids on houses
165
Q

How many people were arrested for ‘political crimes’ and sent to jail without trial?

A

160,000

166
Q

What were the SS?

A

originally the personal bodyguards of Hitler but later became an intelligence, security and police force of 240,000 Aryans under Himmler

167
Q

What were the SS in charge of?

A

all police and security and also the concentration camps

168
Q

How many concentration camps were there in Germany by 1939?

A

150,000

169
Q

What were the SS in charge of?

A

all police and security and also the concentration camps

170
Q

When was the first concentration camp set up in Germany?

A

1939

171
Q

How many concentration camps were there in Germany by 1939?

A

150,000

172
Q

What were concentration camps originally used for?

A

political enemies and opponents

173
Q

What did concentration camps evolve into?

A

execution camps for Undesirables like homosexuals and jews

174
Q

How did the Nazis attempt to ‘re-educate’ people in concentration camps?

A

beatings and murders

175
Q

How was justice served in the people’s courts?

A

judges who swore an oath of loyalty decided the fate of the accused, often in secret trials. there was no jury.

176
Q

How many crimes became punishable by death between 1933 and 1939?

A

44

177
Q

How many people were executed between 1933 and 1939?

A

534

178
Q

What was the SD?

A

a security force under Heydrich responsible for monitoring Nazi opponents. They kept files on everyone suspected of opposing the Nazi party or Hitler.

179
Q

Who were the 3 youth groups that opposed the Nazis?

A

the Edelweiss Pirates, the White Rose movement and the Swing Youth

180
Q

Who were the leaders of the white rose movement?

A

the Schou siblings, primarily Sophie Schou and Hans Schou

181
Q

How did the white rose movement attempt to resist the Nazis?

A

they stood out on the streets and handed out anti-war propaganda

182
Q

What happened to the white rose movement when the Nazis discovered what they were doing?

A 
Sophie Schou (21) was executed by guillotine 
Hans Schou (20s) was hanged
183
Q

When were the white rose movement caught?

A

1938

184
Q

Who were the Edelweiss Pirates made up of?

A

working class youths

185
Q

What was the symbol of the Edelweiss Pirates?

A

edelweiss flowers that they wore on their shirts

186
Q

What did the Edelweiss Pirates resent?

A

the military style Hitler Youth and the lack of freedom for young people.

187
Q

How did the Edelweiss Pirates resist the Nazis?

A
  • grew their hair long
  • wore American style clothing and makeup
  • went on hikes and camping to avoid Nazi restrictions
  • attack or taunt Hitler Youth members
  • openly played jazz music in public
188
Q

Who were the Swing Youth made up of?

A

teenagers from wealthy families who admired American culture over Nazi culture

189
Q

How did the Swing Youth oppose the Nazis?

A
  • listened to jazz and swing records illegally in public
  • danced the jitterbug, smoked and drank alcohol in groups / parties up to 6000
  • attacked Hitler Youth members
190
Q

How many Edelweiss Pirates were there compared to the Hitler Youth?

A

2,000 Edelweiss Pirates vs the 8 million Hitler Youth

191
Q

What was the Stauffenberg bomb plot?

A

the plot to kill Hitler using a bomb in a suitcase under a desk near Hitler in a meeting

192
Q

Why did the Stauffenberg bomb plot fail?

A

Hitler decided to change seats at the last minute so the bomb injured, but didn’t kill him

193
Q

Who was the chief of staff of the Stauffenberg bomb plot?

A

Ludwig van Beck

194
Q

How did the SDP attempt to oppose the Nazi regime?

A

they set up a newspaper criticising the Nazis called the Red Shock Troop (1933 ->)

195
Q

Why did the Red Shock Troop plan fail?

A

they were based in Prague and the Nazis arrested them when they invaded Czechoslovakia in 1938

196
Q

How many Catholics were arrested for speaking out against the Nazis and where were they sent?

A

400 were sent to the prison block in Dachau

197
Q

When was the confessors church set up?

A

1934

198
Q

What was the confessors church?

A

a protestant church opposed to the reich church

199
Q

How many pastors joined the confessors church?

A

4000 but 800 were sent to concentration camps

200
Q

What did Martin Niemoller help set up?

A

the Pastors Emergency League, membership rose to 7,000

201
Q

What did Martin Niemoller famously say against the Nazis?

A

people must obey God, not follow a man

202
Q

Why was Martin Niemoller arrested?

A

the Gestapo spied on him and he was sent to a concentration camp until 1945

203
Q

What were the three methods that the Nazis used to control the attitudes of and ideas of the German people?

A

propaganda
censorship
the Fuhrer Cult

204
Q

What Nazi ideology did Nazi propaganda focus on?

A
  • the greatness of Germany
  • the Fuhrer cult
  • the Aryan race
  • attacking Germany’s enemies (communists and jews)
  • increasing Nazi support
205
Q

How many people attended the 1934 Nuremberg rally?

A

200,000

206
Q

What were two Nazi ‘masterpiece’ films?

A

The eternal Jew

Triumph of the Will

207
Q

What did Nazi films show?

A

German triumphs, attacked Jews and enemies like communists

208
Q

When were anti Nazi newspapers shut down?

A

1935

209
Q

Which Nazi organisation controlled art, theatre, music, architecture and literature?

A

the Reich Chamber of Culture led by Goebbels

210
Q

What did architecture have to emphasise under the Nazi rule?

A

Nazi power - buildings were huge and giant flags / statues of Hitler were created

211
Q

What event was used to showcase Aryan superiority?

A

the 1936 Olympics

212
Q

How many medals did the Aryan Olympians win in 1936?

A

33 gold medals

213
Q

What were 4 examples of Nazi censorship?

A
  • 20,000 Jewish and Communist books burnt in 1933 in the centre of Berlin
  • writers, film makers and artists could only produce pro-Nazi art
  • Jazz music banned because it came from black culture
  • telling an anti-Nazi joke was a crime leading to a fine or imprisonment
214
Q

How did the Fuhrer Cult view HItler?

A

as both superman and a man of the people

he was also presented as a brave WW1 veteran, a generous worker and fond of children

215
Q

What became the national greeting when the Nazis were in power?

A

heil hitler

216
Q

What was built for the 1936 olympics?

A

a gladiators fortress with a deliberate link between Nazi Germany and the historic Roman Empire

217
Q

How was the Olympics Propaganda a success?

A
  • use of radio reporting on the Olympics was amazing for the time
  • successfully hid all anti-semitic literature which was widespread at the time
218
Q

How did the Olympics Propaganda fail?

A
  • Germany’s superstar Aryan athlete, Lutz Lang, was beaten in the long jump by an African-American athlete, Jesse Owens
  • Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals that year and that embarrassed Hitler
219
Q

When did the Nazi Party ban women from senior leadership?

A

1921

220
Q

What propaganda about women did the Nazis release between 1921 and 1939?

A

the message that a woman’s place was in the home and they should be dedicated to the 3 Ks

221
Q

What were the 3 Ks?

A

Kinder, Kuche and Kirche (children, kitchen and church)

222
Q

What did a Bavarian hotel ban in 1935?

A

women with red nails and long trousers

223
Q

When were women banned from smoking in public in some places?

A

1935

224
Q

When was the Mother’s Cross awarded each year?

A

12 August

225
Q

What was the Mother’s Cross?

A

a prize awarded based on the number of children a mother had.
4 children - bronze
6 children - silver
8 children - gold

226
Q

Why did the Nazis want mothers to have lots of children?

A

So the Aryan race could grow as quickly as possible

227
Q

When was abortion made illegal and why?

A

1933

because women were expected to become pregnant as often as possible

228
Q

In what circumstances were interest free 600RM loans available?

A

to women who left their jobs to get pregnant from June 1933 onwards

229
Q

When did it become illegal for Jewish women to marry Aryan men?

A

1935

230
Q

Which professions were married women banned from and when?

A

1933 - 1936

top professional jobs as doctors, lawyers or senior civil servants

231
Q

When and why were the Nazis forced to change their policies towards women?

A

1939 - 1945

the male workforce moved into the military during WW2

232
Q

What was a marriage loan?

A

married couples were given 1000 marks and for every child they had they could keep 250 marks so if they had 4 children they could pay nothing back

233
Q

What was the Lebensborn programme?

A

a programme where Aryan women were encouraged to ‘donate’ a child to the Huher by getting pregnant with Aryan SS soldiers at special centers

234
Q

What was the Sterilisation Law and when was it passed?

A

1933

sterilised, non aryan women couldn’t have children

235
Q

What was the % increase in births between 1933 and 1936?

A

30%

236
Q

What were the separate school for boys and girls in 1933 onwards?

A

military skills for boys

domestic skills for girls

237
Q

What happened to the number of PE lessons in Nazi Germnay?

A

they doubled

238
Q

What happened to textbooks in schools in Nazi Germany?

A

they were rewritten to fit the Nazi view of history and Mein Kampf became a core textbook

239
Q

Give 3 examples of how Nazi ideology was introduced into schools

A
  • history books emphasised Germany’s military success and blamed Jews for the losing of WW1
  • maths taught military tactics or how to solve the economic costs of the disabled in Germany
  • race studies introduced to push Nazi racial policies on Aryans
240
Q

What happened to Jewish children in schools in the 1930s?

A
  • Nazis encouraged a hatred of Jews - they were openly bullied by students and teachers
    Germans taught the racial weaknesses of Jews
    Jews banned from schools in 1938
241
Q

Who became the leader of Nazi youth organisations?

A

Baldur Von Shirach

242
Q

What were the youth groups for boys in Nazi Germany?

A

6 - 10, Pimpfe
10 - 14, German Young People
14 - 18, Hitler Youth

243
Q

What were the Nazi youth groups for girls?

A

10 - 14, Young Girls League

14 - 18, League of German Girls

244
Q

What were the aims of Nazi youth groups?

A

For boys - physical training for the military and brainwashing in Nazi ideology
For girls - preparing for life as wives / mothers

245
Q

What activities were there in Nazi youth groups for boys?

A
  1. military style training - marching, camping, hiking, map reading, rifle shooting. they had uniforms and ranks
  2. members had to swear an oath of loyalty
  3. race theory and Nazi ideology classes called ‘German Heroes’ and ‘the evil of the Jews’
246
Q

What activities were there in Nazi youth groups for girls?

A
  1. sports to enhance fitness, strength and beauty - girls had to be able to run 60 metres in 14 seconds
  2. trained to cook, sew, iron and prepare for life as a housewife
  3. taught importance of racial hygiene - only marry Aryans
  4. emphasis on importance of having children
247
Q

Why did membership in the Hitler Youth increase?

A

In 1936 membership was compulsory

248
Q

How were the Nazi youth groups successful?

A
  • millions joined and went on to join army / have aryan children
  • many became fanatical Nazis
  • many enjoyed comradeship of Hitler
249
Q

How were the Nazi youth groups unsuccessful?

A
  • secret groups eg edelweiss pirates began

- thousands avoided attending meetings

250
Q

What were Hitler’s 2 main aims for Germany’s economy?

A
  1. solve unemployment issues

2. begin to prepare Germany for war

251
Q

In which year were there 6 million unemployed?

A

1932

252
Q

What were the 4 ways that the Nazis reduced unemployment?

A
  • National Labour Service
  • Conscription and Rearmament
  • invisible unemployment
  • public works
253
Q

What was the National Labour Service?

A
  • An organisation that all young men between 18 and 25 had to join for 6 months
  • Given jobs in public works eg building schools and hospitals
254
Q

What were the disadvantages of the National Labour Service?

A
  • Conditions weren’t great for workers, they had to wear uniforms, live in camps and parade
  • Many complained about low pay and poor food
255
Q

How much did the army grow between 1935 and 1939?

A

115,00 to 1.4 million

256
Q

How many workers were involved in aircraft construction in 1935?

A

72,000

257
Q

How much did spending on arms and equipment rise by from 1935 onwards?

A

3.5 billion to 26 billion marks

258
Q

What was invisible unemployment?

A
  • Nazis cheating in their unemployment statistics by making it harder for women and Jews to get jobs and then excluding them from the statistics
  • Prisoners in concentration camps were taken off statistics and part time workers were classed as full time
259
Q

What was the German Labour Front (DAF)?

A

the Nazi replacement of the trade unions that all workers had to join or they wouldn’t get work

260
Q

What changes were introduced by the DAF?

A
  • strikes illegal, offenders sent to concentration camps
  • workers couldn’t leave a job without permission
  • workers couldn’t ask for higher wages
  • working hours increased, 60+ hours per week
261
Q

What was strength through joy?

A

An organisation that provided leisure activities for workers

262
Q

What are some examples of leisure activities provided by strength through joy?

A
  • cruises
  • ski trips, costed one weeks wages
  • sports events (over 7 million participated)
263
Q

What was an example of a savings scheme from strength through joy?

A

if a worker paid 5 marks per week they would eventually be given a Volkswagen (people’s car) however no cars were ever given out because the factories focussed on rearmement

264
Q

How much did wages increase by between 1936 and 1939?

A

20%

265
Q

What was the people’s community called in Nazi Germany?

A

the Volksgemeinschaft

266
Q

How were the disabled persecuted?

A
  • 1933 Sterilisation Law forcibly sterilised the mentally ill, alcoholic, deaf, blind or deformed. 400,000 sterilised by 1939
  • 1939 the Nazis started the T4 programme where young disabled people were killed by lethal injection. over 5000 children were killed
267
Q

How were homosexuals persecuted?

A
  • in 1935 the Nazis passed laws against homosexuality
  • 4000 arrested in 1936
  • over 5000 sent to concentration camps
268
Q

How were gypsies persecuted?

A
  • Non-aryan and seen as a threat to racial purity
  • From 1935 it was illegal for germans and gypsies to marry
  • 1936-1939: 35000 gypsies were put in camps and deported
269
Q

What were the key events of Nazi persecution of Jews in 1933?

A
  • April 1933 - boycott of Jewish businesses - for 1 day SA stood outside Jewish businesses preventing anyone from entering and painted ‘jude’ and the star of david on their windows
  • 1933 - Jews banned from public places (eg swimming pools, parks) and all government jobs
270
Q

What were the two laws passed in 1935 involved in the persecution of Jews?

A
  • Reich Law of Citizenship - Jews no longer German citizens, couldn’t vote anymore
  • Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour - marriage and sexual relations between Jews and Aryans illegal
271
Q

What law was passed in 1936 involved in the persecution of Jews?

A

Jews banned from working as doctors, dentists and lawyers

272
Q

What were the key events of Nazi persecution of Jews in 1938?

A
  • March 1938 - Jews had to register all possessions
  • July 1938 - Jews have to carry ID cards
  • November 1938 - Kristallnacht
  • December 1938 - Jews banned from owning shops or businesses
273
Q

Why did the Nazis go through with Kristallnacht?

A

After young jews murdered a Nazi diplomat, Goebbels uses it as an excuse for violence.

274
Q

Damage caused by Nazis during Kristallnacht

A
  • 7,500 businesses destroyed
  • 400 synagogues burned down
  • Sent 20,000 Jews to concentration camps
  • 100 Jews killed
  • Jews forced to pay £1 billion for the damage

History (7 decks)

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