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germany Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Weimar Republic? (1919-33)

A
  • Replaced The Kaiser at end of WW1
  • Signed the Armistice to end the war
  • Formed in town of Weimar as Berlin was unsafe
  • Was a democracy
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2
Q

What were the strengths of the Weimar Republic? (1919-33)

A
  • Bill of Rights
  • Elected Chancellor, President and Reichstag
  • Largest party became the government and made laws
  • Men and women can vote
  • Used checks and balances
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3
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic? (1919-33)

A
  • Proportional representation (parties gain seats in reflection of votes cast for them)
  • Article 48 (laws passed in crisis)
  • Linked to the ‘Stab in the back’ theory for signing the Armistice
  • Dubbed the November Criminals
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4
Q

What were the main terms of the treaty of Versailles? (1919-33)

A
  • Land taken
  • Armed forces reduced
  • Money to pay reparations
  • Blame for starting the war
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5
Q

What was the Spartacist Uprising?

A
  • Communist group tried to take over in Berlin
  • Led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg with 100,000 men
  • Uprising ended by Freikorp (dislike gov but hate commies more)
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6
Q

What was the Kapp Putsch?

A
  • Uprising led by Dr Wolfgang Kapp in Berlin
  • Kapp led the Freikorp against the Weimar Republic
  • Army refused to fire on Freikorp
  • Ended by a general strike as Kapp had no public support
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7
Q

What were the Nazis doing between 1919-22?

A
  • Also known as NSDAP
  • Hated Treaty of Versailles, Weimar Republic & Jews
  • Hitler became leader in 1921
  • SA/Brownshirts (personal bodyguards)
  • Small party to begin with
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8
Q

Why was there a crisis in 1923?

A
  • Germany does not pay reparations
  • French occupation of the Ruhr to take raw goods due to not having been paid
  • Weimar orders passive resistance in Ruhr so no goods can be made but they make no money
  • They print more money but that leads to Hyperinflation
  • Hitler desperately tries to seize power in Munich Putsch
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9
Q

What happened in the Munich Putsch?

A
  • People desperate due to lost savings in hyperinflation
  • Hitler took over a beer hall that had politicians inside
  • Hitler used his SA and ex WW1 general Ludendorf to try and seize control
  • The people did not support Hitler
  • The army crushed the Putsch
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10
Q

What happened with the Nazis from 1923-28?

A
  • Hitler initially imprisoned for Munich putsch
  • Writes Mein Kampf
  • Nazi newspaper formed
  • Goebbels joins Hitler
  • Changes party into one that will now try to win votes
  • Creates Hitler Youth
  • SS formed
  • Hitler cements his leadership in the Bamberg Conference
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11
Q

What were Stresemann’s solutions to the crisis of 1923?

A
  • Dawes Plan (loans from USA)
  • Young Plan (Spread out reparation payments)
  • Ends hyperinflation
  • Joins the League of Nations
  • Restarts production in the Ruhr
  • Signs the Locarno Pact (Germany would never go to war with other countries)
  • Signs the Kellog-Briand Pact (a promise not to use war to resolve issues)
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12
Q

What was the impact of Stresemann’s solutions?

A
  • Businesses prospered
  • Extreme politics were marginalised
  • Germany accepted in Europe again
  • Some disapproved of making deals with Germany’s WW1 enemies
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13
Q

How did the culture change in the Weimar Republic?

A
  • More nightlife
  • Women had freedom to wear makeup and more revealing clothes
  • New art, architecture and music
  • More houses built
  • Unemployment reduced
  • More pensions
  • More youths go to university
  • Freedom of expression
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14
Q

What were the drawbacks in the Golden Years? (1924-28)

A
  • Trade Unions opposed women being paid as much as men
  • Women still not equal to men
  • Many working class still struggled
  • Radical groups resented changing culture (moral decline)
  • Birth rates decreased and divorces rose
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15
Q

Who were the main leaders of the Nazi Party? (1929-34)

A
  • Adolf Hitler (leader)
  • Herman Goering (4 year plan to get Germany ready for war)
  • Heinrich Himmler (SS leader)
  • Ernst Rohm (SA leader)
  • Joseph Goebbels (propaganda)
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16
Q

What were the main reasons why the Nazis became popular after 1929?

A
  • Wall Street Crash & Depression (USA recall their loans)
  • Hitler’s promises
  • Hitler’s passionate speeches
  • S.A violence and fear
  • Propaganda
  • Fear of Communism
  • Other parties could not co-operate
17
Q

How did the depression after the 1929 Wall Street Crash help the Nazis become popular?

A
  • Rising unemployment, poverty and homelessness created people who did not trust the main political parties anymore
  • People turned to extreme political parties like the Nazis and Communists for help
18
Q

How did Hitler become Chancellor in 1933?

A
  • Nazis become the biggest party (didn’t have majority)
  • President Hindenburg initially refuses to make Hitler Chancellor
  • Von Papen & Von Schleicher made chancellor but can’t control Nazis
  • Hindenburg gives in and makes Hitler Chancellor and Von Papen vice chancellor
  • Hindenburg and Papan think they will be able to control Hitler
19
Q

How did Hitler become a dictator (Part 1)?

A
  • Hitler didn’t want to be in a coalition with Von Papen
  • Reichstag burns down and Communists are blamed
  • Hitler get specials powers from Hindenburg to ban communist party
  • Hitler calls another election
  • With no communists to vote for Hitler gets an overall majority
  • No longer sharing power in coalition
20
Q

How did Hitler become a dictator (Part 2)?

A
  • Hitler passes the Enabling Act (can now pass laws on his own)
  • Knight of the Long Knives (has threats killed)
  • Army happy with this as they disliked SA leader (a threat)
  • Army swears loyalty to Hitler
  • Hindenburg dies
21
Q

How did the Nazis control people through fear and terror?

A
  • SS ran concentration camps and were the visible force on the streets
  • SS kept records on people
  • Gestapo (the German secret police) could arrest without reason
  • Concentration camps
  • Judges and trials controlled by Nazis
22
Q

How did the Nazis control religion?

A
  • Catholic Church and Nazis signed an agreement to leave each other alone
  • Hitler broke Concordat (agreement) and closed Catholic schools
  • Nazis started a Reich Church and Protestants were expected to go there
  • Pastor Emergency League (PEL) set up by
    protestants to rival Reich Church
23
Q

How did the Nazis use propaganda?

A
  • Joseph Goebbels in charge
  • Nazis controlled all media and radios
  • Nazi messages endlessly repeated
  • All other views censored
  • Held mass rallies to promote Nazism (Nuremburg rally most famous)
  • Sport to promote the idea of Aryan Race
24
Q

How did the Nazis control culture?

A
  • Removal of Weimar culture
  • All art had to be approved by the Nazi Reich Chamber of Arts
  • Architecture was based on old Greek and Roman designs to show power
  • Black & Jewish music banned
  • Traditional German music preferred
  • Mass book burnings of books Nazis did not like
  • Goebbels controlled films
25
Q

What opposition was there to the Nazis?

A
  • Some Protestant and Catholic religious leaders spoke out
  • A rival protestant church (Confessing
    church) set up
  • Edelweiss pirates (some working class teenagers resisted)
  • Swing Youth (middle class teenagers listened to banned music)
26
Q

How did Nazis control women?

A
  • Key policy was Kinder, Kuche, Kirche
  • Wanted women to dress traditionally
  • Nazi German Women’s Enterprise controlled all women’s groups
  • Nazis continually promoted the idea of family
  • Women to have lots of children so Germany could expand
  • Lebensborn set up (centres for women to have children)
  • Medals and financial incentives given for having children
27
Q

What youth Nazi youth groups were set up?

A
  • Hitler Youth set up for teenage boys (taught military drill)
  • Compulsory to join HY at start of war
  • League of German Maidens set up (taught women to be mothers and companions)
  • Importance of racial hygiene taught
28
Q

How did the Nazis control education?

A
  • Children brainwashed in schools
  • Teachers had to follow Nazi ideas
  • Sexes were separated
  • Taught of Germany’s glorious past and betrayal in WW1 & at Versailles
  • PE & science important in preparing boys for war
  • Girls taught about motherhood
29
Q

How did the Nazis solve unemployment?

A
  • Jews and women removed from unemployment statistics
  • National Labour Service (RAD) set up (all unemployed men to join)
  • These unemployed men had to do public work’s projects like building motorways
  • RAD not popular due to being compulsory
  • Rearmament in preparation for war created jobs
30
Q

What benefits were there for workers?

A
  • Big businesses did well
  • Most people had jobs
  • Strength Through Joy (workers offered cheap luxuries to keep them happy)
  • Beauty of Labour (working conditions improved)
31
Q

What negatives were there for workers?

A
  • Wages remained low
  • Trade unions were removed
  • Workers had to improve working conditions by themselves
  • German Labour Front (DAF) strictly controlled the workers and did harsh punishments
32
Q

Which groups did the Nazis persecute?

A
  • Slavs from Eastern Europe (subhuman)
  • Gypsies (didn’t contribute)
  • Homosexuals (immoral)
  • Disabled (threat to aryan race)
  • Jews (theives of jobs and money)
33
Q

How were the Jews persecuted against?

A
  • Nazis forced a boycott of Jewish shops
  • Jews banned from professional jobs
  • Nuremburg Laws passed (Jews no
    longer German citizens and cannot be in relationships with Germans)
  • Jews had to have identity cards
  • Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
34
Q

What happened on Kristallnacht?

A
  • Kristallnacht means night of broken glass
  • A Jew shot a Nazi politician in Paris and in retaliation Nazis attacked Jewish property
  • Synagogues, businesses and homes burnt down
  • Jews forced to pay for the damage
  • Some Jews sent to concentration camps

history (3 decks)

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