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elizabeth Flashcards

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1
Q

How did Elizabethan society work?

A
  • Cities and population were growing
  • London wool & cloth trade important
  • Done on a social structure
    1. Nobility
    2. Gentry
    3. Yeoman
    4. Tenant farmers
    5. Landless labouring poor
    6. Vagrants
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2
Q

What was in the Elizabethan government?

A
  • The court (courtiers)
  • Privy Council
  • Parliament
  • Lords Lieutenants
  • Justices of the Peace (JPS)
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3
Q

Who was powerful in Elizabethan England?

A
  • Monarch believed in Divine Right
  • Monarch can give patronage
  • There is a Secretary of State
  • Parliament can raise some taxes for the monarch & pass some laws
  • Some things only the queen can decide (Royal Prerogative)
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4
Q

What was Elizabeth’s character?

A
  • Intelligent
  • Multilingual
  • Understood court politics
  • Bad tempered
  • Very persuasive
  • Indecisive
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5
Q

What problem did Elizabeth face when she came to the throne in 1558?

A
  • Her legitimacy & Mary Queen of Scots
  • Her gender and who to marry
  • Finances, bad harvests & debt
  • Auld Alliance between France and Scotland
  • Losing Calais to France
  • Religion
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6
Q

What was the English Reformation?

A
  • Changing the Church from Catholic to Protestant
  • Started by Henry VIII
  • Continued by Elizabeth
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7
Q

What religious divisions were there in England?

A
  • Many people were Catholics
  • Most bishops were Catholic
  • Catholic bishops in parliament
  • North of England largely Catholic
  • Puritans wanted extreme Protestantism
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8
Q

What was the Religious Settlement?

A
  • A settlement to try and keep Catholics and Protestants happy
  • Act of Supremacy passed
  • Act of uniformity passed
  • Royal injunction were a list of instructions on how the Act of Uniformity should look
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9
Q

What was the impact and challenges of the Religious Settlement?

A
  • Puritans dislike the Catholic bits in the Church
  • Recusants hated it as it was too Protestant
  • Catholic bishops quit and had to be replaced by Puritan bishops
  • Most ordinary people accepted it
  • Elizabeth sent in inspectors to ensure Settlement was carried out
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10
Q

What other challenges were there to the Religious Settlement?

A
  • Puritans got Elizabeth to remove crucifixes from the Church
  • Puritans didn’t get Elizabeth to remove priest’s vestments or candles
  • Pope ordered Catholics to not attend Elizabeth’s Churches
  • Catholic Spain and France angered by settlement
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11
Q

What problem did Mary Queen of Scots pose?

A
  • Catholics saw her as the legitimate heir to the English throne
  • Mary wanted the English throne
  • Scottish Protestant Lords wanted to execute her for possibly murdering her husband
  • Mary showed guilt in the casket letters she wrote
  • Elizabeth locked up Mary when she fled to England
  • Elizabeth reluctant to execute Mary
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12
Q

Why did the Northern Earls revolt?

A
  • Lost power under Elizabeth.
  • Elizabeth used her ‘new men’ instead of them
  • Most were Catholic
  • Strict protestant telling them what to do
  • Wanted to put Mary Queen of Scots on the throne
  • Elizabeth rejected their plan
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13
Q

What happened during the revolt and why was it significant?

A
  • Elizabeth discovered the plot
  • Elizabeth crushed the revolt
  • One of the ringleaders was executed
  • Elizabeth still wouldn’t execute Mary
  • Pope issues Papal Bull leading to the plots
  • Elizabeth now harsher to Catholics
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14
Q

What was the Ridolfi Plot? (1571)

A
  • Ridolfi was a spy for the Pope
  • Plot was to murder Elizabeth and replace with Mary
  • Philip II of Spain was to send 10,000 men in support
  • Plot was discovered
  • Recusants to now be fined
  • Mary still not executed
  • Harsher punishments for Catholics
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15
Q

What was the Throckmorton Plot? (1583)

A
  • Plan was to murder Elizabeth and replace with Mary.
  • Plan made by the French Duke of Guise
  • Plot named after person delivering
    messages Francis Throckmorton
  • Pope supported and Philip II would offer finances
  • Plot discovered and Throckmorton executed
  • Elizabeth gets tougher on Catholics
  • Mary still not executed
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16
Q

What happened during the Babington Plot? (1586)

A
  • Plot was the same as the Throckmorton Plot
  • Anthony Babington was the one delivering the messages
  • Plot discovered and Babington executed
  • Elizabeth now determined to remove Catholicism
  • Mary finally executed for involvement in all plots
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17
Q

What was Walsingham’s spy network?

A
  • To protect Elizabeth
  • Preservation of the Queen’s Safety Act
  • Stopped the 3 major plots
  • His evidence got Mary executed
  • Had spies in England and Europe
  • Used ciphers
  • Used Agent Provocateurs
18
Q

What happened during the Dutch Revolt? (1566-68)

A
  • Dutch unhappy at being controlled by the Spanish
  • Spanish had used the Spanish Inquisition on them
  • Dutch rebelled but were crushed
  • Elizabeth would not help directly due to likelihood of war
  • Elizabeth did shelter some Dutch rebels (Sea beggars)
  • Elizabeth did steal Spanish money (Genoese Loan)
19
Q

What was Drake’s role in the New World?

A
  • England struggled to trade with Spanish controlled Europe
  • The New World offers new opportunities
  • Francis Drake was used to steal gold from the Spanish in New World
  • Drake circumnavigated the globe going to the New World
  • Elizabeth knights Drake angering the Spanish
20
Q

How did Elizabeth offer indirect help to the Netherlands? (1570s-84)

A
  • Elizabeth wanted to help the Dutch as Antwerp was a key trading city but also to avoid war with Spain. (Later destroyed in Spanish Fury)
  • French Duke of Alencon fought for Elizabeth against Spain as Elizabeth promised to marry him
  • Elizabeth loaned money to the Dutch rebels
  • Francis Drake attacked Spanish ship
  • Netherlands united to kick out the Spanish in the Pacification of Ghent
21
Q

How did Spain regain the Netherlands?

A
  • Philip II sends army to regain the Netherlands
  • Elizabeth sent mercenaries on her behalf
  • Mercenaries stole from the Dutch and turned the Dutch against them and England
  • Elizabeth’s ally Duke of Alencon dies
  • France now sides with Spain in signing the Treaty of Joinville
22
Q

Why and how did Elizabeth take direct action in the Netherlands? (1585-88)

A
  • Elizabeth signs Treaty of Nonsuch, agreeing to help the Dutch rebels
  • England now at war with Spain
  • She sends troops
  • Sends some money
  • Sends a trusted advisor Robert Dudley
  • Francis Drake attacks Spanish ships in the New World
23
Q

Why were England defeated in the Netherlands?

A
  • Elizabeth did not send enough money or troops
  • 2 English captains betrayed Elizabeth and joined the Spanish
  • Elizabeth fell out with Dudley
  • Dutch lost confidence in English
24
Q

Why did Philip II send the Spanish Armada to invade England?

A
  • Elizabeth being Protestant
  • Mary Queen of Scots being executed
  • Drake’s actions in the New World
  • Treaty of Joinville meant France would not stop Spain
  • Anger at England’s involvement in Netherlands and New World
  • Spain had a larger navy
25
Q

Why was the Spanish Armada defeated?

A
  • Singeing of the King’s Beard
  • Drake spying on the Spanish fleet
  • English ships were better
  • Shortage of supplies for Spanish
  • Poor planning and communication
  • England controlled the deep water
    ports around the Netherlands
  • England used better tactics such as the fireships at Calais
  • Weather sank some Spanish ships
  • Philip II ignored advice but Elizabeth listened to her advisors
26
Q

How did Elizabethan education work for well off boys?

A
  • Different education for different social classes
  • Grammar schools for well of boys
  • Nobility children tutored at home
  • Petty schools for professional’s very young children
  • Universities for rich children from the age of 14
27
Q

How did Elizabethan education work for girls and the less wealthy?

A
  • Dame schools for rich girls
  • Specialised grammar schools that taught practical subjects for craftsmen’s children
  • No formal education for the poor unless at parish school
28
Q

What was the impact of Elizabethan education?

A
  • Introduction of printing press meant multiple texts in grammar schools
  • The number of boy being literate went from 20% to 30%
  • For girls there was no change from 10% (could only read and write)
29
Q

What did rich Elizabethans do for leisure time?

A
  • Hunting with dogs
  • Hawking
  • Fencing
  • Tennis
  • Wrestling (privately)
  • Swimming
  • Bowls
  • Jousting
30
Q

What did poor Elizabethans do for leisure time?

A
  • Football (it was very violent)
  • Wrestling (publicly)
  • Swimming
31
Q

What spectator sports and pastimes were there?

A

Spectator Sports:
- Bear baiting
- Bull baiting
- Cock fighting
Pastimes:
- Reading literature
- Theatre
- Music and dancing

32
Q

Why was there a problem with the poor?

A
  • Most spent most their money on food
  • Due to population growth food prices had gone up
  • Inflation and high taxes
  • Poor harvests
  • Sheep farming (poor couldn’t use land)
  • Enclosure (poor couldn’t use land)
  • Monasteries had closed down
  • Poverty led to vagabonds/vagrants
33
Q

How did attitudes to poor change?

A
  • Elizabethans began to recognise some could not help being poor (impotent vs able bodied poor)
  • Statute of Artificers Act passed
  • Vagabonds Act passed
  • Poor relief Act passed
  • Many people still feared the poor
34
Q

Why did the Elizabethan want to explore?

A
  • Trade opportunities in New World
  • New shipyards
  • Triangular trade (black slavery)
  • Adventure
  • New technology
  • Better maps
  • Better ships
  • Inspired by Drake and others
35
Q

What were the positives of Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe?

A
  • Stolen Spanish treasure brought back
  • England gain a growing naval reputation
  • Claimed parts of America for Elizabeth
  • East India company inspired to go to India to set trading outpost
  • Encouraged others to go
36
Q

What were the negatives of Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe?

A
  • He did it by accident
  • Elizabeth knighted Drake angering the Spanish as it confirmed she used him for piracy
  • Most of Drake’s ships did not return
  • Native American wishes were ignored
37
Q

How did Walter Raleigh prepare to colonise Virginia?

A
  • Elizabeth gave him a patent to go
  • Personally raised funds
  • Used Native Americans as advisors
  • Found colonists to colonise Virginia
  • Appointed experienced leaders and a Native American translator
  • Sent 5 ships and one was loaded with supplies
38
Q

Why was the Virginia colonisation attempt significant?

A
  • Undermined Spain
  • Was the start of the British Empire
  • Increased England’s wealth
  • New luxuries like tobacco were brought back
39
Q

Why did the Virginia colonisation attempt fail?

A
  • Food shortages due to rotting
  • Main supply ship damaged
  • Inexperience colonists
  • Native Americans resisted by attacking the colonies
40
Q

Why did the second colonisation attempt fail?

A
  • More experienced colonists were sent
  • Native American advisor used

However:
- Spanish Armada stopped supplies reaching colony
- The Native Americans there resisted again
- The colonists mysteriously disappeared

history (3 decks)

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