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cold war Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Grand Alliance?

A

UK, USA and USSR against Nazi Germany

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2
Q

What happened at the Tehran Conference?

A
  • 2nd front agreed in France
  • USSR to fight Japan
  • United Nations discussed
  • Germany to be punished
  • Poland gets land from Germany
  • Soviets will have a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe
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3
Q

What were the consequences of the Tehran Conference?

A
  • Stalin happy at 2nd front in France
  • Germany to be de-Nazified
  • Churchill unhappy due to no 2nd front in the Balkans
  • USA and USSR emerging as the only 2 superpowers
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4
Q

What happened at the Yalta Conference?

A
  • Germany to be split into 4
  • Germany to pay reparations
  • Nazi party banned
  • UN to be set up
  • Free elections in Europe
  • USSR to fight Japan
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5
Q

What happened at the Potsdam Conference?

A
  • Germany defeated
  • Truman is new US President
  • USA tested atomic bomb
  • USSR not leaving Eastern Europe
  • Berlin divided in 4 zones
  • Reparations taken from own zone
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6
Q

What were the consequences of the Potsdam Conference?

A
  • Relations worsen
  • Truman outwardly dislikes communism
  • Ending of Grand Alliance
  • USSR felt threatened by atomic bomb
  • USA felt USSR was taking over Eastern Europe
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7
Q

How did the Cold War develop between 1945-47?

A
  • Kennan Long and Novikov telegrams
  • Iron Curtain Speech
  • Creation of satellite states
  • Truman Doctrine
  • Marshall Plan
  • Comecon and Cominform
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8
Q

What was the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan?

A
  • Named after the American President who came up with the idea
  • It was simply to contain Communism
  • The Marshall Plan was how it would work
  • Marshall Plan was to give money to Western Europe to stop it going Communist
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9
Q

What were Comecon and Cominform?

A
  • Soviet Union’s reaction to Marshall Plan (called it Dollar Imperialism)
  • Comecon was all communist countries to share their economy for the benefit of each other
  • Cominform was an alliance of sharing information between communist countries (it allowed the USSR to further control its satellite states)
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10
Q

What happened during the 1948 Berlin Crisis?

A
  • Allies combine zones (Trizonia)
  • Stalin feels ganged up on
  • West Berlin could be used as a base against communism
  • Stalin angry at Marshall Plan
  • USSR blockades Berlin
  • USA airlift goods in
  • Stalin gives in and ends blockade
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11
Q

What were the consequences of the 1948 Berlin Crisis?

A
  • West and East Germany formally established
  • NATO and Warsaw Pact created
  • Arms race intensifies
  • Space race with US and USSR
  • Tensions worsen
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12
Q

What happened during the Hungarian Uprising?

A
  • Khrushchev’s De-Stalinisation speech encouraged Hungarians to resist
  • Hungarians unhappy at poor living conditions
  • New Hungarian leader Imre Nagy reforms Hungary
  • Nagy says Hungary should leave Warsaw Pact
  • New USSR leader Khrushchev wants to stop this
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13
Q

What were the consequences of the Hungarian Uprising?

A
  • Soviets invade and end Hungarian Uprising
  • Nagy killed
  • Khrushchev appears strong
  • USA weak as they only complain
  • USA won’t risk nuclear war (MAD)
  • UN do nothing
  • Satellite states won’t look to USA for help anymore
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14
Q

What was the backdrop to Berlin Wall? PART 1

A
  • East Germans have low standard of living
  • Many leave for West Berlin (refugee crisis)
  • Khrushchev gives ultimatum (demand backed by threat) for Western troops to leave Berlin
  • Threatens another blockade
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15
Q

What was the backdrop to Berlin Wall? PART 2

A
  • USA and USSR meet at summit meetings to negotiate and no agreement is reached
  • Khrushchev orders Berlin Wall to be built
  • Berlin cut into two Communist East & Capitalist West
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16
Q

What were the consequences of the Berlin Wall?

A
  • Wall stopped people leaving
  • Communism continues in East Berlin
  • Physical symbol of the divide between USA and USSR
  • Kennedy appeared strong
  • Wall actually stopped a nuclear war
17
Q

What was the background to the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A
  • Castro sends sugar to USSR in return for weapons
  • Castro turns Cuba communist
  • USA send Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro (Bay of Pigs) which fails
  • Khrushchev now sees US leader Kennedy as weak
  • Khrushchev begins to send nuclear weapons to Cuba
18
Q

What happened during the Cuban Missile Crisis? (The 13 days)

A
  • USA U2 spy plane spots nuclear sites on Cuba and USSR ships approaching
  • Khrushchev did it to even score (USA had nuclear bases in Turkey)
  • Kennedy announces crisis to nation
  • Kennedy does a naval blockade of Cuba to stop more nuclear weapons arriving
  • 2 telegrams sent between Kennedy and Khrushchev
  • USA accepts 2nd telegram (missiles removed from Cuba & Turkey)
19
Q

What were the consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A
  • Missiles removed on Cuba & Turkey
  • Khrushchev loses job
  • Kennedy comes out looking strong
  • Hotline between USA & USSR set up
  • Test Ban Treaty signed (not to test nuclear weapons in atmosphere, underwater etc)
  • Outer Space Treaty signed
  • Nuclear-Proliferation Treaty (prevent spread of nuclear tech)
  • (all above about reducing nuclear
    weapons in some way)
  • Brinkmanship ends (gaining an advantageous outcome through dangerous actions)
20
Q

What happened during the Prague Spring?

A
  • Czechs unhappy at living standards
  • New Czech leader Alexander Dubcek reforms Czechoslovakia
  • Dubcek wants people to have more freedom and to bring in capitalist elements to the economy
  • Dubcek wants free elections
  • New USSR leader Brezhnev wants to stop this (especially free elections)
21
Q

What were the consequences of the Prague Spring?

A
  • Soviets invade and end Prague Spring (Dubcek removed)
  • Brezhnev appears strong
  • Brezhnev Doctrine introduced (any threat to socialist rule was a threat to all countries under such rule)
  • USA weak as they only complain
  • USA won’t risk nuclear war and were distracted by Vietnam
  • UN do nothing
  • Some communist countries angry at USSR’s actions
22
Q

Why did the USA and USSR follow a policy of Detente?

A
  • Means a policy of better relations
  • Worried about MAD
  • USA and USSR also did it due to wanting to focus on own issues at home (Viet. war)
23
Q

What happened during SALT 1?

A
  • Only USA and USSR at SALT 1
  • Means Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
  • Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty signed
  • Interim Treaty signed
  • Basic Principle Agreement made
  • Mainly about reducing nuclear weapons
  • Although, most up to date technology not covered
24
Q

What happened at the Helsinki Accords?

A
  • All NATO and Warsaw Pact countries attend this time
  • Agreements broken into baskets
  • BASKET 1: Borders of Europe accepted
  • BASKET 2: Share technology
  • BASKET 3: Basic human rights in all countries
25
Q

What happened at SALT 2?

A
  • USA and USSR met to cover areas missed in SALT 1
  • More weapons reduction agreed
  • Détente ends when USSR invades Afghanistan
  • USA believes USSR are spreading communism again
  • USA wants to look tough after problems in Iran
26
Q

What happened during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?

A
  • USSR worried about hardline Islam coming from Afghanistan into their country
  • New Afghan government appears pro USA
  • USSR invades to stop these threats
  • Pro USSR government set up
  • Détente officially ends
27
Q

What were the consequences of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?

A
  • USA impose sanctions on USSR
  • US President Carter introduces his Carter Doctrine
  • USA gives weapons to Afghan rebels
  • USA boycotts 1980 Moscow Olympic Games
  • USSR responds and boycotts 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games
28
Q

What role did US President Ronald Reagan play?

A
  • Reagan very hostile to communism and introduces the Reagan Doctrine
  • Increases spending on weapons
  • Reagan calls USSR an evil empire
  • Announces the USA have the SDI Programme (known as Star Wars)
  • USA do not really have this technology yet
  • Done to trick the USSR who panic as they can’t keep up
  • Leads to Gorbachev’s ‘new thinking’
29
Q

What problems did new Soviet leader Gorbachev and USSR face?

A
  • No industrial growth
  • Near bankruptcy
  • Poor living standards in USSR
  • Satellite states not happy with USSR control
  • Previous poor leadership in USSR (2 leaders had died in quick succession)
  • Expensive war in Afghanistan
30
Q

What was Gorbachev’s New Thinking?

A
  • Restructuring means more capitalist features
  • Glasnost means more freedom of speech
  • Drop the Brezhnev Doctrine (More freedom to satellite states)
  • Was meant to end money troubles and keep the people happy
31
Q

What were the consequences of Gorbachev’s ‘new thinking’?

A
  • USA now soften approach to the USSR
  • USA and USSR meet at summit meetings to try to end Cold War
  • Soviets lose control of satellite states
  • Berlin Wall comes down
  • Warsaw Pact ends
  • Cold War declared over at Malta Conference
  • Gorbachev falls from power and USSR breaks up

history (3 decks)

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