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History Edexcel IGCSE Essential Dates + Events > Germany > Flashcards

Germany Flashcards

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1
Q

Human cost of WW1

A

11m Germans fought, 2m died
750,000 died of malnutrition 1916-18

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2
Q

Reich out

A

November 1918
Kiel + Hamburg mutinies
Eisner Worker’s uprising
Kaiser Abdicates

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3
Q

Republic In

A

Created November 1918
Deal with General Groener
Erzberger signs armastice

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4
Q

Republic’s first elections

A

Jan 1919: SPD 38%
Feb 1919: Ebert President

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5
Q

Spartacists + Left-Wing Uprisings

A

KPD uprising of 100,000 in Jan 1919
Luxemburg and Leibneicht killed by Freikorps Runge and Vogel
Another uprising in Berlin crushed by Freikorps, 1000 killed

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6
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

June 1919
13% land lost, army down to 100,000 soldiers, 6m people lost, £6.6bn in reperations, article 231 war guilt
‘Doltchloss’ - stab in the back myth

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7
Q

New constitution

A

July 1919
Article 48
29 parties represented in 1920’s
June 1920 - only 45% vote for democratic parties

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8
Q

Kapp Putsch

A

March 1920
Freikorps dibanded due to Versailles
Erhardt works with leader of Berlin Freikorps, Kapp
Appeal from Ebert for trade unions to strike
Govt can’t function

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9
Q

Political violence

A

1919-22 - 376 political murders
354 right wing, none arrested
10 left wing arrested

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10
Q

Occupation and Inflation

A

34 failed deliveries in 2 years
Invasion of Ruhr Jan 1923 France and Belgium
Income 25% of expenditure 1919-23
Inflation 1914 £1 = 20 marks, 1923 £1 = 14bn marks

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11
Q

Stresemann’s Economic Work

A

Appointed Aug 1923
Nov 1923 Retenmark
Sep 1923 called off passive resistance
Aug 1924 - dawes Paln - Ruhr evacuated 1925, US loans of 3bn by 1930
Aug 1929 - Young Plan reperations form 6.6bn to 1.85bn, payments extended to 1988

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12
Q

Stresemann’s International Relations Work

A

Oct 1925 - Locarno Pact recognises borders in the east
Sep 1926 - League of Nations
Aug 1928 - Kellogg-Briand Pact with 62 countries

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13
Q

Overall Situ and some politics 1921-30

A

2m new homes built
Homelessness down 60%
Industrial Output doubled
6 govts and 4 chancellors
anti-domcratic parties = 30% vote

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14
Q

Hitler and The German Workers Party

A

Sep 1919 - Attended meeting as part of job
Jan 1920 - Became head of party propoganda
1919-20 = 46 party gatherings Hitler star speaker in 31
Feb 1920 - 25 point programme
July 1921 - Head of party
SA set up August 1921

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15
Q

DAP membership

A

1100 June 1920
55000 Nov 1923

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16
Q

DAP newspapers

A

17000 the people’s observer by 1921

17
Q

Munich Putsch

A

Nov 1923
Kahr refused to support the putsch
Hitler and 600 Nazis enter Munich Beer Hall and force Kahr to commit to the putsch at gunpoint
1000 SA and 2000 supporters march on Munich
Hitler and Lundendoorf arrested

18
Q

Hitler on Trial

A

Win 32 seat in May 1924
Mein Kampf published July 1925
Only served 9 months

19
Q

Reorganisation of the Nazis

A

1928 - 100,000 members
SS Nov 1925 run by Himmler 1929
Rohm dissmissed 1925
May 1928 elections 2.6% of vote, 12 seats

20
Q

Wall Street Crash

A

Sep-Oct 1929 - shares loose 40% value
Bankrun
Vicious Cycle - 1929-32 40% fall in industrial output
Unemployment benefits cut by 60%
1932 - 30% unemployment

21
Q

Depression politics

A

Chancellor Muller out March 1930 for Bruning
Reichstag - met 94 times 1930, met 13 times 1933
Article 48 - used 5 times 1930, 66 times 1932
By Nov 1932 - KPD 100 seats Nazis 196 seats SPD 121 seats
Hitler 2nd in Apr 1932
Hindenburg 1 speech 1932, Hitler 4-5 speeches a day
Rohm back in charge SA Jan 1931
1933 - Nazi 850000 members

22
Q

Hitler becomes chancellor

A

Bruning resigns May 1932
Cabinet of Barons
Von Papen replaced by Von Schliecher Dec 1932
Jan 1933 Von Papen suggest Hitler as chancellor as they could ‘control’ him

23
Q

July 1932 elections

A

100 killed, Nazis 230 seats, Hitler demanded to be chancellor

24
Q

Reichstag Fire

A

2/12 of cabinet were Nazi (Frick and Goering)
Reichstag fire - Feb 1933 - Van der Lubbe, Thallmann, 4000 KPD arrested
Emergency Decree gave special powers - SA could arrest without trial

25
Q

Enabling Act

A

March elections - 43.9% vote = Nazi
March 1933 Enabling Act
Reichstag 12 meeting in 11 years
25000 communists arrested, Trade unions banned

26
Q

Night of Long Knives

A

1934 - SA 3m, Army 100,000 but much better trained
June for four days:
150 SA and Rohm killed
250 other opponents

27
Q

Fuhrer

A

August 1934

28
Q

Police State

A

SS created 1925 (250,000 members by 1939)
Concentration Camps from 1933 - 150,000 held there by 1939
SD created 1931 by Himmler
Gestapo expanded 1936, 30,000 members (160,000 arrests by 1939)
“People’s court’ 1934, German Lawyer’s Front
1933
Judges - swastika on robes from 1936

29
Q

Censorship + Propoganda

A

Goebeels minister of propoganda by Mar 1933
Berlin Olympics 1936 - 33 golds for Germany, 24 golds for US
Yearly Nuremburg Rallies + Major parades like for Hitler’s bday in April
Reich Press Law Oct 1933
Reich Radio Company 1933
Monumnetal style for buildings - Speer designed chancellery 1938
Before each film 45 minute newsreel glorifying Hitler
70% families = radio in 1939

30
Q

Workers

A

Unemployment 1933 6m, 1939 0.3m
Amount spent of construction projects from 18.4bn 1933 to 37.1bn 1938
Rearmament - army from 100,000 1933 to 1.4m 1939
Labour Service 1935 - 125000 involved in autobam building
Labour Front 1933 - monthly wages increased form 86 –> 109 marks
Strength through joy 1933 - 1936 35m members, 1938 - 22m doing sports, 10m on holidays
Beauty of Labour 1938 - 34,000 improvements

31
Q

Churches

A

July 1933 - Concordat with Pope
Dec 1933 - Pastors emergency league created which morphed into Confessing Church by 1934, rivalled Reich Church, 800 pastors arrested
Pope speaks out - Concordat broken 1937 - 400 priests imprisoned
1941 euthanasia campaign stopped by Cardinal Galen
German Faith Movement - pagan worship by Nazis - but only -0.5% of pop

32
Q

Women

A

Progress under Weimar: 1933 1/10th of Reichstag = women, under Nazis strict traditional roles
Cross of Honour of German Maidens for 8+ children
Live births up from 1m –> 1.4m from 1933-39
German Women’s enterprise set up Sep 1933, 6m member 1939
Lebensborn 1935 by Himmer
1933 Law for the Encouragement of marriage provided loans up to 1000 marks - 800,000 used this

33
Q

Children

A

97% of teachers in Nazi Teacher’s League
1939 - 7m in Hitler Youth when membership made compulsroy
1.2m boys trained with small arms
Napolas (special training institutes) - controlled by SS from 1936
Indocrination courses for teachers - by 1939 200,000 attended
Other youth groups banned 1933

34
Q

Antisemintism Pre-War

A

Sterilisation Law July 1933 - 350,000 forcibily sterilised by 1939
5/6th of German Romani killed,
Boycott of Jewish Shops April 1933
Nuremburg laws sep 1938
Kristallnacht Nov 1938 - 100 Jews killed, 20,000 arrested, jews fined $1bn
1933-39 50% of Jews left

35
Q

Antisemitism During War

A

Sep 1939 invasion of poland = Ghettos
June 1941 Russia invaded = SS death squads kill 440,000
Jan 1942 - Wansee Final Solution - 6m dead in WW2
By July 1942, 500,000 succumbed to disease and starvation

36
Q

Allied Bombing

A

1943 SD reports suggest attitudes away from Nazis because of bombing
800,000 civilians wounded
20% housing destroyed (3.6m homes)
Cologne, Berlin and Dresden destroyed

37
Q

Total War

A

1944-45 = average calorie intake to 1000
Sep 1939 - rationing
1939-41 - aircraft production from 8300 –> 10800, whilst UK tripled
Germany dependent on foreign supplies for 1/3 of raw materials

38
Q

Women in the war

A

11.6m women working 1933 to 14.6m by 1939
1944 compulsory working age for women up to 50

39
Q

Opposition

A

1939 - Elser Munich Beer Hall
1944 - Elderweiss Pirates imprisoned for helping deserters
1943 White Rose Group executed after calling for Hitler to be overthrown
1938 - Blomberg Fritsch plan but removed from posts
Bonhoeffer arrested Jan 1942
Von Moltke + Kriseau circle but he was arrested Jan 1944
Rest of Kriseau circle and Von stauffenberg attempt to assasinate but all executed June 1944

History Edexcel IGCSE Essential Dates + Events (4 decks)

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