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History Edexcel IGCSE Essential Dates + Events > China > Flashcards

China Flashcards

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1
Q

Causes of Boxer Rebellion

A

1890s- Boxers created
1894-5- Japan defeated China
1898- 100 day reform- ended by Cixi

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2
Q

Boxer rebellion events

A

1899- Attacks on Westerners
30,000 Christians killed
Westerners to British legations- June 1901
20,000 Internationals to crush - September 1901- brutal

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3
Q

Boxer protocol

A

1901
67 mil in reps
10 officials executed
Qing dynasty damaged

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4
Q

Self-strengthening

A

1902- 11
1905- Civil service exams change
Nov 1908- Guangxu and Cixi dead- puyi in Prince chun regent
1908- New Army
1909- provincial assemblies- 0.4 percent of pop could vote
1910-11- national consultative council 9/13 Manchu

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5
Q

1911 Revolution

A

Oct 1911
Hankou revolutionaries accidentaly explode bomb - executed
Revolts across China 15/18 provinces declared themselves independent of Qing
Chun appealed to Yuan Shikai
Shikai betrayed and sun yat sen elected president in December
Ceeded to Yuan in order to prevent further conflict

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6
Q

Yuan in charge

A

1912 GMD set up - won 43%
GMD PM Jiaren asassinated March 1913
May 1915 - Japan’s 21 demands (greater control of ports) for foreign funding
Died 1916

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7
Q

Warlords

A

Chinese armies 500,000 1916 1.5m 1926
Famines 1920-21, major floods 1923-25
Feng Yuxiang - the christian general
Zang Zongzhang - the dogmeat general
Zhang Zuolin - the old general
Yan Xishan - the model govenor
Wu Peifu - the philospher general

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8
Q

May the 4th movement

A

Causes- resentment of foreign control, descent into warlord era
New Culture Movement 1915 Chen Duxiu - left wing
Versailles May 1919 - Japan = greater control
10,000 students protests treaty
Treaty signed - anger from people - growth of GMD + CCP

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9
Q

CCP up to united front

A

1921 founded - chen duxui
provided 5000 a year by comintern
50 members

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10
Q

GMD return up to united front

A

1919 reformed party set up
1923 ideology - ‘three principles of the people’
1923- comintern and borodin provide aid and whampoa military acadamy for NRA - headed by Chiang kai-shek
Sun Yat-sen died Mar 1925 - Chiang Kai -Shek in

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11
Q

United Front

A

1924 (coz of shared aims)
May 1925 protests due to mistreatment of chinese workers in japanese factories - 12 killed
strengthened united front - foreigners = main enemy

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12
Q

Northern Expedition Reasons for Success

A

Causes- behaviour of the warlords, creation of united front
1926- chiang kai shek united front offensive
Bribed Christian general and model governor
NRA 100,000 well trained and equipped thanks to Borodin and Galen
Mao created CCP farmers movement training institude- promised land in return for support

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13
Q

Northern Expendition Events

A

1927- Wu peifu defeated
1928- NRA 250,000 and Sun Chuanfang removed
April 1928- Zhang Zualing driven out and assassinated in June by Japan- hoped Zhang Xueling would be controlled
Dec 1928- Xueling accepted GMD authority for control of Manchuria

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14
Q

Shanghai massacres causes

A

Causes- Threat of CCP, need for foreign support
1927- CCP 58,000 membership
Jan 1927- GMD and CCP attacked western interests
March 1927- United front took Shanghai thanks to Zhou
Enlai trade union led by CCP
CCP major strikes for social change

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15
Q

Events of Shanghai masssacres

A

Chiang kai shek, commercial elite and big eared du green gang, foreigners = massacre of communists
April 1927- White terror- 5000 killed GMD purged of left wing members, brutal attacks in Hunan with 250,000 killed
Mao rebellions August 1927- crushed easily
CCP party membership 10,000
Cominterm stopped support of GMD

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16
Q

Japanese expansionism

A

Concessions in Shandong in 1915 confirmed by Versailles
Japan economic growth down- Manchuria targeted
1931- Japan invaded ignoring protests of League of Nations and turned it to puppet state- Puyi installed as Emperor by 1934
Japan took control of Shanghai in 1932- 200,000 civilians fled
Extended their control between 1933-36 - Chiang Kai Shek accepted these as he was focused on defeating CCP

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17
Q

Jiangxi Soviet

A

Power struggle 1928-34
Chien duxiu expelled from CCP from 1929- 1930 Mao accusation of betrayal of CCP, members of Futian battalion rose up but 3,000 killed in Mao’s purge
1932- Zhou Enlai hes bacck- 1933 braun cominterm agent arrived
Mao just one of several leaders

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18
Q

Extermination campaigns

A

Causes: CCP survived, complete crushing
1st- October 1930- 44,000 NRA troops but failed due to Mao’s tactics
2nd/3rd- April 1931- 100,000 NRA but too slow to avoid abush and alienating of peasants due to burning of villages
4th- Failure 1933
5th- September 1933- General Von Seeckt new tactics- scorch earth policy etc- 500,000 NRA 1,000,000 peasants killed + 60000 CCP

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19
Q

Weak GMD government

A

Poor reforms corruption and reliance on foreign powers
milions die in 1930s famines
Blue shirts - new secret police
New life movement 1934= indoctrination

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20
Q

War with Japan events

A

1937-8- most of Eastern China Japan’s- awful behaviour- rape of Nanjing 300,000 people murdered 20,000 women raped
1938-41- Overstretched- tried to make new government of China but struggled
By Dec 1941- 34 of 50 Japanese divisions in China
Dec 1941- US entry in war- helped China
1945- 1bn invested by USA
August 1945- Atomic bombs brought end to war
15-20 million Chinese had died

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21
Q

Long March causes

A

Oct 1934- CCP couldn’t survive in Jiangxi soviet
Braun decision to retreat northwest

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22
Q

Long March events

A

Oct 1934- 90,000 communists out of soviet led by Braun and Zhou Enlai
took Zunyi in Jan 1935 for supplies etc- conference held Brauns tactics critisised so Mao in charge
Unpredictable movements - May 1935 crossed Yangtze river and Dadu river
Oct 1935- Yanan, 10,000 survived 368 day march

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23
Q

Long March impact

A

Survival of Reds + Red army restored to 80,000
Mao leader and could develop theories with Zhou Enlai
8 points of attention issued by Mao to army to protect peasants
March = great propaganda

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24
Q

War with Japan triggers

A

Zhang Xueliang told to lead forces against the CCP- he refused as he wanted to attack Japanese- Chiang Kai Shek imposed authority
Dec 1937 as he was kidnapped in return for second united front against Japan
July 1937- Japanese and Chinese troops clashed at Marco Polo bridge- War declared on Japan

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25
Q

Role of GMD in war

A

1941- GMD unpatriotic as killed 10,000 in attempts to attack CCP
Ichigo offensive- Chiang Kai Shek did not commit- hoped for US
GMD suffered from heavy bombing Chongqing bombed 268 times
Half of peasants income taxed- new currency 1937 led to high inflation

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26
Q

Role of CCP in war

A

By 1945- 1.2 million members and army of 880,000
Stopped foot binding, sale of women and set up women’s associations
From 1935 main slogan- ‘Chinese do not fight with Chinese’
Interest free loans and rent controls for peasants- so they provided food and shelter
1940- 400,000 troops destroy 1,000 km of railways
1945- CCP controled 95 million people across 300,000 square miles

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27
Q

Causes of Civil war

A

GMD and CCP distrust- trying to kill each other
Japanese retreated, GMD + CCP rushed to control territory- USA airlifted 80,000 GMD troops to take control of cities
USA negotiations- Aug 1945- Chongqing- Mao + Chiang Kai Shek talks failed
General Marshall Dec 1945- to restore peace
July 1946- full scale war

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28
Q

Civil war events

A

GMD established control of Manchurai + drove CCP out of Yanan in Mar 1947
May 1947- Lin Biao (Buns) open attack on GMD, beat them back
Nov 1948- control of Manchuria - GMD refusal to retreat meant 500,000 troops dead
Huai-Hai offensive
PLA took Beijing Jan 1949- complete control of Northern China in 4 months
USA ended funding- over 3bn given
By Oct 1949, Mao declared creation of PRC

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29
Q

Huai-Hai offensive

A

To stop PLA southern advance, Chiang Kai Shek put 800,000 men in Xuzhou
NRA deserters/prisoners were used- 1m manpower
Surrounding area scorched earth policy by CCP- PLA used loudhailers to announce NRA deserters would be given food and fair treatment
Jan 1949- Massive infantry assualt- 500,000 NRA men dead or taken

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30
Q

Mao strengths civil war

A

Mao, Lin Biao (Buns)= good leadership
Varied tactics
peasants= many troops = 4 million men by 1945
few disputes in CCP
Focus on peasants- 1m landlords murdered 1945-1949 to give peasants land

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31
Q

Joining the Red Guard

A

Set up Mao, Jiang (his wife) and Lin Biao
May 1966 - Propoganda calss of students to join - whipped class enemies with leather belt and wore red armband
Bejing unis shut for 6 months to rewrite curriculum and commit to red guard
Millions from high class and violent low class familes ie GMD parents - who wanted to prove themselves

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32
Q

Direction of Red Guard

A

Aug-Nov 1966 - 8 mass rallies in Tiananmen Square in Bejing
12m attended
Four Olds - Attack of old customs, culture, habits and ideas
Aug 1966 - Mao calls on red guards to bomard the headquaters - attacking politics

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33
Q

Cult of Mao

A

Propoganda describing him as amzing - posters, statues, speeches
Badges of Mao had to stop being produced 1969 as they were using up all China’s aluminum supplies
Red Guard and PLA = Little red book
750m distributed during cultural rev

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34
Q

Politics of Cultural Rev

A

Eztreme violence in struggle sessions (beatings)
Purge of CCP:
-Liu and Deng announced capitalist roaders in Oct 1966
-Liu Shaoqui = no 1 enemy = arrested 1957
1969 - 70% of regional party officials and 60% of leading national party members sent to Laogai caomps

35
Q

Social + Economic events of Cultural Rev

A

By end of 1966, all schools and unis closed
1st targets of red guards - teachers and lecturers - humiliated wearing dunce’s caps and laogai camps
1967 - British embassy stored by Red guards, anyone wearing western styles were forced to save their heads and wear simple military uniform
Religion attacked - Confucian temples attacked, Xinjiang mosques defiled used as slaughterhouses, Buddhist statues torn down
Family - children taught to look to Mao and CCP for guidance
Books/Artworks - traditional and wealthy replaced (4 olds)
Experts and managers beaten and removed from jobs

36
Q

GMD failures in civil war

A

3m men- US equipment and planes BUT weak
Fu Zuoyi-poor leader
Head of war planning board = CCP spy
1.5m desertions
favoured elite
army= 80% government expenditure

37
Q

CCP government structure

A

Mao Zedong thought
1954- new constitution + national people’s congress
1949- 4.5m CCP, 1953 6.5m
Politburo- 20 men
1953- 100,000 bandits killed
65,000 GMD sympathisers killed in Guangzhou

38
Q

Progress from 1949

A

Female infanticide- 10% 1949
Mao = equality

39
Q

Thought reform

A

Need for constant class struggle
1951- campaign to make middle class like pesants and workers
3,000 professors made to renounce capitalism publicly
laogai camps = re-education, 2% of urban population sentenced to death

40
Q

3 and 5 antis

A

Dec 1951- attack against corruption of beauraucrats 200,000 arrested (3)
Jan 1952- against bribery, fraud of businessmen rallies where citizens denounced officials, accused sent to laogai camps
3m suicides from fear and shame
1953- 2m in camps

41
Q

100 flowers campaign causes

A

feb 1957- Mao encouraged free speech and critisisms of CCP, he ended this abruptly June 1957
Problems- strikes 1956 because of lack of resources
Mao thinks CCP = priveliged elite
rise of Krushchev = new communism?
suspicious- Mao tricking opponents to reveal themselves

42
Q

100 flowers campaign events

A

feb 1957 radical writers attacked corruption
March-June 1957 lecturers and students= rallies, posters= Mao out

43
Q

100 flowers campaign effects

A

June 1957 Mao announced campaign was to reveal enemies of CCP
500,000 critics sent to laogai camps
Zhou Enlai= scapegoat
5-10% top officials punished in CCP

44
Q

Women and social life under Mao 1949

A

1953- electoral law- women given equal voting rights
1949- All China Women’s Federation = women participate in politics
1953- 12% of NPC deputies women
1950 marriage law = more equal rights
1949- 29% of women in workforce
Literacy over 90% in 1960s
250,000 barefoot doctors provide help to rural communities

45
Q

Agricultural reform pre collectivistaion

A

1950- agriarian reform law confiscated land from landlords and enemies of state
1m landlords executed 1950-1952 in struggle meetings in people’s courts
40% land redistributed
1951-1953: mutual aid teams of 10 households, 40% of pesants joined
1953-55: agricultural producers cooperatives where pesants were paid for sharing resources
1955-57: advanced APCs mean record harvest 1956, 90% pesants joined 1957

46
Q

Collectivisation

A

1958- communes = compulsory
1958- 700m (90% pop) belonged to 1 of 26,000 communes

47
Q

Mao Agriculture reform

A

food production 1949 25% lower than 1930s
Mao= communist system for efficiency

48
Q

5yp

A

inflation of 1000%
1949-51- heavy industry + railways nationalised
1951- new currency so inflation to 50%
6,000 km of new railway, coal doubled
13, 000 Chinese students to USSR for technical training

49
Q

GLF

A

All companies= state owned enterprises
90m pesants use 600,000 small backyard furnaces to produce 11m tons of steel 1958-9 (low quality and could not be used)
1960- Mao = self-reliance so Krushchev removed 10,000 advisors
250,000 state businesses closed- 8.5m urban workers lost jobs 1959-62 heavy industry output fell 55%

50
Q

Great Famine

A

Communes disaster so famine 1958-62
grain production 200m tons 1958 to 144m 1960
50m died
pesants had no incentive to work hard
soviet scientist Lysenk had stupid ideas
1959 Lushan CCP conference- no-one complained so Mao never found out
1957 pests eradicated causing more caterpillars to ruin crops

51
Q

Mao Out

A

1959- Mao withdraws from president of PRC for Liu Shaoqi
1962 - better strain of rice developed by experts who had been reintroduced (Mao saw Liu+Den as ‘capitalist roaders’)
1960- new STEM schools
1962- 15-20% land converted to private ownership, 1966 grain production 240m tons
1962-65 industry up 11% a year as small inefficient factories shut

52
Q

Mao’s return

A

Mao was angered by Liu who failed to implement his ideas from 1962
Lin Baio head of PLA produced Little Red Book 1965 given to 4m soldiers
May 1966 - this was opposed by Mao’s central cultural revolution group after Wu Han play
Mao signalled return in Jul 1966 when he swan 15km of the Yangtze at 73

53
Q

Cultural revolution out of control

A

Jan 1967- red guards in Shanghai replace CCP government with commune
Violence creating anarchy

54
Q

Red guard crushed

A

1967- Schools reopened so Red Guard back to school - PLA tried to impose order by entering local governments controlled by Red Guard
August 1968- ‘up to the mountains and down to the villages’- Red Guard to country for true revolutionary experience
1968-76- 17m young people to country

55
Q

Effect of destruction of Cultural revolution

A

1966-8- 50% urban population persecuted and 1-2m people killed
1969- CCP party congress= Mao as guiding ideaology
Mao paranoid so attacked Lin Baio in 1971 after it was believed he organised project 571 to assassinate Mao
Lin tried to flee but his plane crashed

56
Q

Social and economic effects of end of Cultural revolution

A

Education of 130m young people disrupted in Lost Generation
By 1982 only 1% had degree
Doctors = bourgouise so quality of healthcare declined
No films, plays produced 1966-71= censorship
Steel 15m -11m tons 1966-70

57
Q

Faction fighting from 1971

A

Gang of 4- Jiang Qing, Zhang Chungqiao, Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan
Wanted Mao- thought, supported by CCP youth and press and radio
Zhou and Deng
1972-73 Zhou= 700 CCP returned after cultural
Deng Xiaoping reinstated and head of PLA 1975
4 Modernisations to industry, farming, defence and science
Supported by CCP and PLA

58
Q

Rise of Gang of 4

A

Jan 1976- Zhou Enlai DEAD
Violence at funeral as opposing factions fought
Gang of 4 blames Deng who was removed from gov in Apr
Hua Guofeng= New premiere of PRC allowing Gang of 4 greater influence
September 1976- Gang of 4 propaganda campaign for power after Mao’s death

59
Q

Fall of Gang of 4

A

Oct 1976- Gang of 4 imprisoned by PLA who supported Deng
1976-78- Deng control and deputy prime minister 1977
1980-81- Gang of 4 on trial and foung guilty

60
Q

Recovery after cultural revolution

A

1976- Adult literary schemes
Number of barefoot docters from 250,000 1965 to 1m 1970
1976- 85% pop can access doctor
Life expectancy from 36 1949 to 66 1976
Grain output reached 1957 in 1979
Industry reached 1965 levels by 1971

61
Q

Soviet: Allies and economic help

A

Tension due to Stalin’s removal of 2bn worth of machinery from Manchuria 1945
But allies as only communist countries
1950 Treaty of Friendship- alliance and mutual assistance provided 300m loan and 10,000 industrial experts in return for economic concessions and mining rights
Costly Korean war- 1m Chinese died, had to pay for military equipment, scarce resources away from domestic economy

62
Q

Soviet: New Hope

A

Krushchev in 1954 visit to China offered better trade deal and gave up economic concessions and gave help in China’s nuclear program

63
Q

Soviet: Reject revisionism

A

Mao angered by Krushchev turning against Stalin’s policies
1958- china accussed USSR of using advisors as spies
1959- Krushchev says GLF = backwards and foolish
By 1960- economic support and 10,000 advisors withdrawn from China, 200 projects cancelled
Had to find allies elsewhere so provided 2bn in loans to African nations

64
Q

Soviet: Political and military radicalisation

A

Peng Dehuai, who had just returned from visit to Moscow, complains about GLF at CCP conference in 1959- Mao believed Peng and Krushchev were plotting to remove him and repress Peng
1958- Krushchev proposed Sino-Soviet naval action in Pacific- Mao thought this was an attempt to control Chinese military
1961- Krushchev denounced Mao as ‘Asian Hitler’
1964- China A-bomb, 1967 H-bomb

65
Q

Soviet: Insults

A

Capitalist roaders in China attacked as Chinese Krushchevs from 1964
1967- Red Guard rename Soviet Embassy street as struggle against revisionism street
1968- Brehzenez doctrine justified possible attack on China
1969- Lin Baio said Soviet leaders were social facists

66
Q

Sino-Soviet war

A

1964-69- 4,000 incidents across the border and USSR increased border army from 12 to 25 divisions
1969- Mao= limited attack on Manchurian border, killing 60 Russians
USSR responded with large scale missile attack, killing 800 Chinese
By 1970, tensions down- ambassadors reinstated and trade reopened

67
Q

Soviet: towards dentente

A

Mao saw USSR as biggest danger to China
Focused on domestic communism to allow survival
Nixon and China dentente

68
Q

4 Cardinal Principles

A

Hard line communist in politics but not economics
CCP statement 1981 - 70% Mao’s policy right, 30% wrong
1)Socialist Road
2)Upholding dictatorship
3)Upholding CCP leadership
4)Upholding Marxism, Leninism and Mao Zedong thought

69
Q

Four Modernisation

A

From 1978
‘Black and white cats’
GDP grew from 733m yuan to 1787m from 1979-89

70
Q

Deng’s industrial reforms: SOE’s

A

1950’s SOE’s maintained but experts in charge and state subsidies cut
PLA reduced by 1m soldiers to 3.5m in 1990

71
Q

Deng’s industrial reforms: SEZ’s

A

Modelled on Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea practices
Privately owned, lower taxes, foreign investment
1978-89 foreign investment quadrupled and exports up 500%

72
Q

Deng’s industrial reforms: TVE’s

A

Town and village enterprises
1990 - 100m employed in them
SVE’s of domestic market

73
Q

Deng’s industrial reforms: Unemployment and goods

A

Consumer goods much more available
Unemployment rising to 12% by 1983
Only 1/5th of workers covered by insurance system SOE’s 1990

74
Q

Deng’s agricultural reforms: Communes out

A

Xiang - village administration rented out land to farmers on 15 year lease - farmers provided set quota to state but could sell rest - 44,000 markets across China

75
Q

Deng’s agricultural reforms: Success but old methods

A

1984 98% farming families in household responsibility system
Income of agricultural workers x3 1977-83
Grain 305m tonnes to 408m 1978-89
Inefficent methods as only held land on lease

76
Q

Deng’s westernistation

A

Western influences in and Chinese influences out
1976 no tourism, 1985 1.4m tourists
Western goods available, foreign leaders and TV seen
Foreign investment in SEZ’s
Some critisism as younger gen was being corrupted with capitalism

77
Q

Deng’s education reforms

A

Goal: educate 1m technical students
1978 tough entrance exams for unis and research centres reopened
Elite schools
Study abroad to bring ideas back

78
Q

Birth Control Causes

A

1949 600m pop, 970m 1979
Projected pop of 2-3bn by mid 21st century - very unsustainable

79
Q

Origins of democracy movements

A

Corruption meant anger with students
1970’s - students used wall on avenue of eternal peace to pin big character posters, letters
Initially supported by Deng as they supported him
Then they began to critise: 1978 Jingsheng, former red guard, posted fifth modernisation (democracy) - students called for change

80
Q

1986 Student protests

A

Sporadic student demonstrations crushed
Corruption, failure to introduce 5th modernisation
Low graduate jobs (and reserved for CCP members)
1986 - Fang Lizhi incites demonstrations in Hefei, Wuhan, Shanghai
Hardliners repressed demonstrations
Hu removed as general secretary of CCP 1987
Deng - ‘China was too big, divided, uneducated for democracy’

81
Q

Tiananmen Square Massacre Trigger

A

Hu Yaobang dead April 1989 - v. popular
50,000 students to funeral
Attempted to give Li Peng petition for democracy, he refused to accept it
Triggered sit in Tiananmen Square from 40 unis
Allowed to travel to Bejing for free

82
Q

Birth Control Policies

A

1979 one child policy, min age for marriage 20 women, 22 men
One child familes given coupons, allowances, priority to schools, homes, land, healthcare
Voluntary sterilisation rewarded with cash and holidays
Couples had to get state permit to have child. Struggle sessions denounced multi child families
Abortions and sterilisation imposed of women with 1 child already

83
Q

Birth Control Effects

A

Slowed growth 1989: 1.12bn pop
Female infanticide up - 1985 114 boys born for every 100 girls
Rural families hard to control

84
Q

Tiananmen Square Massacre 1989 Events

A

People’s Daily denounced protesters - 300 students retaliated with hunger strike
Complicated by arrival of Gorbachev
Zhao Ziyang CCP general secretary begged protesters to leave to avoid brutality
Over 1m people in the square
PLA 350,000 brought in June - 10,000 protesters killed, some long prison sentences

History Edexcel IGCSE Essential Dates + Events (4 decks)

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