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German history > German economy 1871-1991 > Flashcards

German economy 1871-1991 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the French Indemnity of 1871?

A

Money demanded by Germany at the end of the Franco-Prussian War

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2
Q

True or false the German economy grew by 5% each year until 1873?

A

True

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3
Q

True or false between 1873 and 1896 there was a world trade recession known as the ‘Great Depression’?

A

True

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4
Q

True or false the German economy was stronger in 1873 than in 1895?

A

False

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5
Q

Until the 1880s what percentage of Germany’s GNP was made up of agriculture?

A

35-40%

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6
Q

Between 1890 and 1914, how much did Germany’s industrial production increase by?

A

Tripled

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7
Q

From the 1870s, the number of cartels grew. What is a cartel?

A

An association of producers in similar businesses

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8
Q

In 1875, there were 8 cartels in Germany. How many were there in 1911?

A

600

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9
Q

True or false by 1914, the German merchant marine was three times larger than that of the USA?

A

True

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10
Q

By 1914, what size was the German merchant marine compared to Britian?

A

It was a quarter of the size of Britain’s merchant fleet

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11
Q

By the early 1900s, Germany was producing three quarters of the world’s…

A

chemical dyes

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12
Q

By 1913, Germany controlled half the world’s trade in…

A

Electricals

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13
Q

Which of the following German companies was famous in the field of electricals?

A

Siemens

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14
Q

Which two factors posed the greatest threat to German farming by the 1880s?

A

Refrigeration and steam ships

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15
Q

What percentage of the German population worked in agriculture by 1907?

A

35%

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16
Q

What two countries did tariffs help to keep out cheap grain from?

A

America and Russia

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17
Q

How did Caprivi alter tariffs levels in the early 1890s?

A

He lowered tariff levels

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18
Q

How did Bulow alter tariffs levels in 1902?

A

He raised tariff levels

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19
Q

In 1899, what did Loewe rebuild his Berlin factory using?

A

American mass production technique

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20
Q

What was the most important German trading port?

A

Hamburg

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21
Q

True or false in 1870, there were more science graduates from Munich University than from all the English universities combined?

A

True

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22
Q

True or false between 1890 and 1914, Germany experienced a period of relatively good economic performance with low inflation and low unemployment?

A

True

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23
Q

What did the German government do to finance WW1

A

They increased borrowing

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24
Q

What happended to productivity during the war?

A

It fell by 4% a year

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25
Q

How much was the Reichsmark was worth in 1919?

A

20% less than its pre-war value

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26
Q

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost which coal producing region to France for 15 years?

A

The Saar

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27
Q

What was the reparations figure set at?

A

£6.6 billion

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28
Q

By 1921, unemployment in Britain was 17%. In Germany, it was…

A

2%

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29
Q

When did Germany fall behind with reparation payments, leading to French occupation of the Ruhr?

A

January 1923

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30
Q

What action did Chancellor Cuno take in response to the French action?

A

Ordered a passive resistance campaign

31
Q

Who did Stresemann appoint as the new Reich Currency Commissioner and head of the Reichsbank in August 1923?

A

Hjalmar Schacht

32
Q

What name was given to the new currency introduced in November 1923?

A

Rentenmark

33
Q

What was the new currency exchange rate was set at for the Rentenmark to the mark?

A

One new mark to one trillion old marks

34
Q

Who was Charles Dawes?

A

An American banker

35
Q

What was the Dawes Plan replaced by in 1929?

A

The Young Plan

36
Q

What happended as a result of the changes made by the Dawes Plan by 1926?

A

Inflation fell to zero but unemployment was 20%

37
Q

How did the reperations change as a result from the Young Plan?

A

They were reduced by 75%

38
Q

When did output reach pre-war levels?

A

1927

39
Q

What did Chancellor Bruning do to deal with the economic crisis in 1930?

A

He introduced a policy of austerity

40
Q

Unemployment peaked in 1932 at…

A

6 million

41
Q

Chancellor Bruning achieved one notable success in 1932 when he…

A

negotiated an end to reparations

42
Q

How did Hitler’s regime reduce unemployment in the early 1930s? (3 ways)

A

Increased spending on public works programmes

Women were pushed out of employment

The Reich Labour Service (RAD) was introduced

43
Q

Hitler wanted to create a Wehrwirtschaft, what does this mean?

A

Defence economy

44
Q

In 1934, how did the New Plan (under Schacht) help to deal with the economic challenges? (2 ways)

A

Strict import controls were put in place

Trade agreements led to countries accepting payment in Reichsmarks

45
Q

Despite Schacht’s economic improvements, what two economic problems remained?

A

The balance of payments was in deficit

Food prices rose, eroding real wages

46
Q

In August 1936, a Four-Year Plan was established, what did this include? (2 things)

A

To ensure autarky

To develop ersatz materials that set targets for output

47
Q

The Nazi regime encouraged people to contribute to schemes that actually provided more money for rearmament programmes including… (2)

A

Volkswagen (KdF)
Winterhilfswerk

48
Q

By 1939, as a result of the Four Year Plan, ……..

A

Germany still imported a third of all raw materials

49
Q

The OfficeThe Office of the Four Year Plan was headed by

A

Goering

50
Q

The first Minister of Armaments & Munitions appointed in March 1940 was …

A

Todt

51
Q

Forced labourers were estimated to be …..

A

up to 80% les productive than German workers

52
Q

Life expectancy for an Auschwitz labourer was estimated at …..

A

3 months

53
Q

Speer improved the war economy by …..

A

establishing a Central Planning Board
increasing the standardisation of equipment
introducing female conscription
reducing the manufacture of unnecessary goods

54
Q

Which of the following were achieved by Speer within six months of his appointment?

A

armaments production rose by 50%
tank production by 25%
ammunition production by 97%

55
Q

Which order from Hitler did Speer ignore in March 1945?

A

Nero Order

56
Q

After 1945, which of the following are correct about the Soviet zone of occupation?

A

The USSR took reparations in the form of goods
Productive capacity decreased by 50% compared to pre-war levels
Junker estates were turned into collective state farms

57
Q

Which of the following helped the Western zones rebuild their economy after 1945?

A

The introduction of a new currency in 1948
The Marshall Plan
Creation of Bizonia and then Trizonia

58
Q

Who called Adenauer the ‘Chancellor or the Allies’ due to his work on European integration?

A

Schumacher

59
Q

In which post-war decade did the FRGs’ GNP growth rate peak at over 8% per annum?

A

1950s

60
Q

Who wrote a book entitled ‘Prosperity for All’ in 1957?

A

Erhard

61
Q

Which of the following factors helped the FRG to achieve an ‘economic miracle’?

A

It included the traditionally industrial Ruhr region
Marshall Aid
The Korean War
Refugees from the East
Rearmament
Modernisation of factories destroyed by bombing

62
Q

Which of the following laws for economic development were passed in the 1950s?

A

Investment Aid Law (1951)
Co-determination Law (1951)
The ECSC Agreement (1951)
Anti-Trust Law (1958)

63
Q

First year that a minor recession hit the FRG

A

1965

64
Q
A
65
Q

The first serious post-war recession occurred in …

A

1974

66
Q

By the 1970s, Gastarbeiter made up what percentage of the West German workforce?

A

10%

67
Q

During the 1970s, SPD led governments looked to broaden economic opportunities by….

A

increasing spending on job creation schemes
increasing the social housing budget by a third
introducing a new Factory law to benefit workers

68
Q

Which of the following helped to fuel FRG inflation in the early 1970s?

A

The Yom Kippur War
Increased welfare spending

69
Q

Key political event that led to further inflation pressures between 1980-1982?

A

Overthrow of the Shah of Iran

70
Q

The currency union of 1990 established an exchange rate of ….

A

One Deutschmark for one Ostmark

71
Q

In March 1991, a new 7.5% tax was introduced to help pay the costs of reunification. It is known as the ..

A

Soli

72
Q

Which of the following economic consequences were felt in the former DDR by 1991?

A

Real income rose by 28%
175,000 new businesses were founded
Women who had relied on state childcare lost employment
GNP declined by over 13% in 1990
GNP declined by 20% in 1991
There was a mass exodus of younger people to the West
An ‘Eastern Recovery Programme’ was established

73
Q

What was the proportion of prisoners used for work in 1942?

A

Only 40%

German history (3 decks)

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