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NURS 310 - Exam 1 > Geriatric Syndromes > Flashcards

Geriatric Syndromes Flashcards

1
Q

A ______ is a recognizable complex of symptoms and physical findings which indicate a specific condition for which a direct cause is not necessarily understood

A

Syndrome

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2
Q

Geriatric syndromes are ______

A

Conditions

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3
Q

______ syndromes arise due to multiple factors / causes

A

Multifactorial

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4
Q

______ syndromes have shared risk factors

A

Concurrent

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5
Q

Transient incontinence is …

A

Acute and reversible

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6
Q

Describe transient incontinence (2)

A
  • Abrupt onset
  • Can be reverse through treatment of underlying cause
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7
Q

What are some possible causes of transient incontinence? (9)

A
  • Delirium
  • Dehydration
  • Restricted mobility
  • Retention
  • Inflammation
  • Infection
  • Impaction
  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Polyuria
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8
Q

Established incontinence is …

A

Chronic and persistent

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9
Q

Describe established incontinence

A

Abrupt or gradual onset

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10
Q

What are some possible reasons for restricted mobility associated with transient incontinence? (3)

A
  • Musculoskeletal conditions
  • Neuromuscular conditions
  • Psychological conditions
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11
Q

Describe the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions (2)

A
  • Treat pain
  • Assistive devices
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12
Q

Describe the treatment of neuromuscular conditions (2)

A
  • Self-catheterization
  • Assistive devices
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13
Q

Describe the treatment of psychological conditions (2)

A
  • Antidepressants
  • Anxiolytics
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14
Q

What condition can cause retention associated with transient incontinence?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

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15
Q

What medications can cause retention associated with transient incontinence? (2)

A
  • Narcotics
  • Anticholinergics
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16
Q

What conditions can cause inflammation associated with transient incontinence? (2)

A
  • Atrophic vaginitis
  • Urethritis
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17
Q

Describe the treatment of atrophic vaginitis

A

Topical estrogen

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18
Q

Describe the treatment of urethritis

A

Antibiotics

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19
Q

What condition can cause infection associated with transient incontinence?

A

UTI

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20
Q

Describe stool impaction

A

Creates pressure on bladder - urinary urgency

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21
Q

Describe the treatment of impaction (3)

A
  • Digital removal of stool
  • Laxatives
  • High fiber diet
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22
Q

What types of pharmaceuticals can cause polyuria?

A

Diuretics - alcohol, caffeine

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23
Q

What are the possible effects of pharmaceuticals on incontinency? (9)

A
  • Polyuria
  • Urinary retention
  • Frequency / urgency
  • Sedation / delirium
  • Urethral relaxation
  • Bladder irritation
  • Immobility
  • Edema
  • Impaction
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24
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Increased urine production

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25
Q

What are some possible causes of polyuria? (2)

A
  • Excessive fluid intake
  • Fluid volume overload
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26
Q

What are some possible risks associated with polyuria? (2)

A
  • Metabolic hyperglycemia
  • Hypercalcemia
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27
Q

What are the types of established incontinence? (6)

A
  • Stress
  • Urgency
  • Overflow
  • Neurogenic
  • Functional
  • Mixed
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28
Q

What is stress incontinence?

A

Involuntary release of urine caused by increased intrabdominal pressure

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29
Q

What are some possible causes of stress incontinence? (5)

A
  • Laughing
  • Coughing
  • Exercising
  • Weak pelvic floor muscles

-Weak urethral sphincter

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30
Q

Describe the treatment of stress incontinence (5)

A
  • Kegel exercises
  • Behavioral interventions
  • Topical estrogen
  • Periurethral injections
  • Surgery (bladder neck suspension, bladder sling)
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31
Q

What is urgency incontinence?

A

Leakage of urine because of an inability to delay urination after the sensation of bladder fullness

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32
Q

What are some possible causes of urgency incontinence? (2)

A
  • Overactive detrusor muscle
  • Genitourinary conditions
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33
Q

Describe the treatment of urgency incontinence (3)

A
  • Bladder relaxants - oxybutynin
  • Topical estrogen
  • Bladder training
34
Q

What is overflow incontinence?

A

Leakage of urine resulting from mechanical forces on an overdistended bladder

35
Q

What are some possible causes of overflow incontinence? (3)

A
  • Anatomic obstruction
  • Acontractile bladder
  • Neurogenic detrusor sphincter dyssynergy
36
Q

Describe the treatment of overflow incontinence (3)

A
  • Surgery
  • Intermittent / indwelling catheter
  • Bladder training
37
Q

What is neurogenic incontinence?

A

Inability to sense the urge to void or to control urine

38
Q

What are some possible causes of neurogenic incontinence? (2)

A
  • Cerebal cortex lesions
  • MS
39
Q

Describe the treatment of neurogenic incontinence

A

Catheterization

40
Q

What is functional incontinence?

A

Inability to void due to physical impairment, cognitive impairment, psychological impairment, or environmental factors

41
Q

What are some possible causes of functional incontinence? (3)

A
  • Dementia
  • Depression
  • Psychological disorders
42
Q

Describe the treatment of functional incontinence (4)

A
  • Behavioral interventions - scheduled toileting
  • Environmental changes
  • Medications
  • Incontinence pads / briefs
43
Q

What are some possible physical effects of incontinence? (3)

A
  • Skin irritation / breakdown
  • Recurrent UTIs
  • Falls
44
Q

What are some possible psychological effects of incontinence? (3)

A
  • Isolation
  • Depression
  • Dependency
45
Q

What are some possible social effects of incontinence? (2)

A
  • Stress
  • Predisposition to facility placement
46
Q

What are some possible economic effects of incontinence? (2)

A
  • Budgeting for supplies
  • Management of complications
47
Q

What type of incontinence is treated using Kegel exercises?

A
  • Stress
  • Urger
48
Q

What type of incontinence is treated using bladder training?

A
  • Stress
  • Urge
49
Q

What type of incontinence is treated using bladder training?

A

Overflow

50
Q

What type of incontinence is treated using scheduled toileting?

A
  • Urge
  • Functional
51
Q

What type of incontinence is treated using surgical procedures (bladder slings)?

A

Stress

52
Q

What is polypharmacy?

A

The simultaneous use of multiple drugs to treat a single condition / a single patient for one or more condition

53
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

54
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

Biologic and therapeutic effects of drugs at the site of action or on the target organ

55
Q

______ is a list of drugs that carry high risk for older adults

A

Beer’s Criteria

56
Q

What are some examples of drugs of major concern according to Beer’s Criteria? (5)

A
  • Anticholinergics
  • Tricyclic antidepressants
  • Antipsychotics
  • Barbiturates
  • Benzodiazepines
57
Q

What is the most important method of promoting safe drug use?

A

Medication reconciliation

58
Q

Describe medication reconciliation (2)

A
  • Include all prescription medications as well as over-the-counter medications, herbs, supplements
  • Complete for every patient during an admission assessment
59
Q

Most medications are given ______

A

Orally

60
Q

______ may take longer to absorb

A

Suppositories

61
Q

Injection sites for what types of injections should be rotated? (2)

A
  • Intramuscular
  • Subcutaneous
62
Q

______ are at a greater risk of injury from falls

A

Women

63
Q

______ are at a greater risk to die from a fall injury

A

Men

64
Q

______ can decrease desire to be mobile

A

Fear of falling

65
Q

A patient is most likely to fall within the first ______ of admission

A

24 hours

66
Q

What are some common causes of falls? (8)

A
  • Age-related changes
  • Improper use of mobility devices
  • Medications
  • Unsafe clothing
  • Disease-related symptoms
  • Environmental hazards
  • Distractions
  • Caregiver-related factors
67
Q

What are some age-related changes associated with falls? (3)

A
  • Muscle weakness
  • Delayed reaction time
  • Presbyopia
68
Q

What adverse effects of medications can contribute to falls? (5)

A
  • Dizziness
  • Drowsiness
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Incontinence
  • Frequent urination
69
Q

What are some caregiver-related factors associated with falls? (2)

A
  • Improper use of restraints
  • Delays in responding to call bells
70
Q

What is delirium?

A

An acute change in the mental state that may signify a medical emergency

71
Q

What can occur is delirium goes unrecognized?

A

Permanent, irreversible brain damage or death

72
Q

What are the results of delirium? (2)

A
  • Disturbance of consciousness
  • Change in cognition
73
Q

Describe the characteristics of delirium s/s (2)

A
  • Develop during a brief period
  • Fluctuate during the day
74
Q

Consciousness requires … (2)

A
  • Wakefulness
  • Awareness
75
Q

What is cognition?

A

Mental action / process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses

76
Q

Delirium disturbances are caused by a physiological consequence of a ______

A

Medical condition

77
Q

What are the manifestations of delirium?

A
  • Mental confusion
  • Feeling disoriented
  • Poor attention span
  • Hallucinations
  • Lack of interest
  • Delusions
  • Difficulty thinking
  • Euphoria / agitation
  • Drowsiness / lethargy
  • Sensitivity to lights and sounds
  • Distortions in sensory perception
78
Q

What are symptoms of delirium more pronounced?

A

In the evening / night

79
Q

Why is a detailed history / physical assessment important with delirium?

A

To know the patient’s baseline cognitive function or any medical conditions that might be contributing to the delirium

80
Q

A complete, thorough ______ must be completed to determine if any medications are causing the delirium

A

Medication reconciliation

81
Q

For delirium, it is most important to …

A

Identify / treat the underlying cause

82
Q

What are the nursing interventions associated with delirium? (7)

A
  • Detection, assessment, and management of symptoms
  • Reorientation
  • Sensory management
  • Environmental modifications
  • Pain management
  • Promoting normal sleep / wake cycles
  • Encourage family / social support

NURS 310 - Exam 1 (7 decks)

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