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826: Geriatrics > Geriatric Overview > Flashcards

Geriatric Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Aging is associated with a decreased ability to adapt to stress which in turn impairs what?

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

What does homeostasis refer to?

A

the physiologic process that maintain a stable internal environment of the body

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3
Q

What 4 factors influence aging?

A
  • genetics
  • lifestyle
  • physiology
  • socioeconomics
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4
Q

True or False

Normal aging is synonymous with natural

A

False

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5
Q

What are 6 examples of universal changes that occur with age?

A
  • Decreased night vision
  • Decreased muscle mass
  • Loss of hair pigment
  • Decreased lung vital capacity
  • Decreased height
  • Decreased gait speed
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6
Q

What are 7 examples of changes that are common but no inevitable as one ages?

A
  • Hearing loss
  • Macular degeneration
  • Hypertension
  • Heart disease
  • Cancer
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Dementia
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7
Q

Social problems are more common with aging and it is oftentimes referred to the age of _____.

A

loss

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8
Q

In regards to the social aspect of the aging adult, what is a major concern?

A

social isolation, due to loss of many things including: family, income, community, physical and mental functions, and mobility

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9
Q

__% of our entire life span is in the process of decline

A

75%

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10
Q

What is an important contributor to whole body decline?

A

Whole-body inflammation

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11
Q

50% of whole body decline is due to what? What is the other 50% due to?

A
  • genetics

- lifestyle

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12
Q

In comparison to a 30 year old, a 75 year old has __% of brain weight

A

92

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13
Q

In comparison to a 30 year old, a 75 year old has __% of basal metabolism

A

84

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14
Q

In comparison to a 30 year old, a 75 year old has __% of kidney filtration rate

A

70

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15
Q

In comparison to a 30 year old, a 75 year old has __% of maximal breathing capacity

A

43

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16
Q

What are some changes that occur in the skin with aging?

A
  • Thinner and more easily damaged.
  • Delayed wound healing.
  • Decreased inflammatory response.
  • Decreased protection from ultraviolet light.
  • Wrinkling, sagging skin.
  • Easily stretched under low loads.
  • Loss of resiliency.
  • Diminished absorption.
  • Altered thermal regulation.
  • Decreased sensitivity to pain and pressure.
  • Decreased collagen
  • Mucous membranes drier
  • Less sweat glands
  • Loss of subcutaneous fat.
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17
Q

Why does skin wrinkle?

A

There is a loss of subcutaneous fat

18
Q

Less subcutaneous fat leads to an increased risk for what?

A
  • pressure sores

- thermoregulatory issues

19
Q

Collagenous tissue loses water from the matrix which results in what?

A
  • body shrinking
  • height loss
  • breakdown of articular cartilage
20
Q

There is an increase in crosslinks in collagenous tissue results in what?

A
  • decreased ROM

- increased stiffness

21
Q

As one ages lean mass _____ and fat mass _____ proportionately

A

decreases

increases

22
Q

Visual impairment affects __-__% of people over the age of 75

A

20-30

23
Q

What are the 6 visual impairments that occur with greater frequency as people age?

A
  • Refractive error
  • Cataracts
  • Glaucoma
  • Macular degeneration
  • Diabetic retinopathy
  • Blindness
24
Q

What is Presbycusis?

A

high frequency hearing loss

25
Q

By 60, most adults have trouble hearing above ___ Hz.

A

4000

26
Q

What are the 5 causes of hearing loss?

A
  • Loss of hair cells in the organ of Corti
  • Loss of cochlear neurons
  • Stiffening of basilar membrane
  • Calcification of auditory mechanism
  • Degeneration of spiral ligament
27
Q

What percent of the elderly are edentulous (lacking teeth)?

A

40%

28
Q

Each year we lose _% of our neurons within the CNS

A

1

29
Q

As one ages there is _____ dopamine levels which results in _____ muscular rigidity

A

decreased

increased

30
Q

What sensation is reduced within the peripheral nervous system?

A

vibration

31
Q

Slowing of movement speed is a major clinical manifestation of aging and is in large part due loss in the _____ nervous system

A

central

32
Q

After the age of __ renal function decreases

A

40

33
Q

By the age of 90 we lose __% of renal function

A

50

34
Q

What other changes occur within the renal system as we age?

A
  • Decreased filtration and reabsorption
  • Decrease in size and number of nephrons
  • Bladder muscles weaken
  • Less able to clear drugs from system
  • Kidneys and bladder shrink
  • Increased residual urine and incontinence
35
Q

What is the most notable and clinically relevant cardiovascular change that occurs with aging?

A

decrease in maximum heart rate

36
Q

Vo2 max decreases approximately __% per decade

A

10

37
Q

By age 70 cardiac output is reduced by __%

A

70

38
Q

Bone mineral density decline is ongoing and begins during the ____ decade of life

A

3rd

39
Q

There is typically a -% decline in bone mineral density per year

A

0.5-1

40
Q

Describe what happens to bone mineral density in women during menopause. What does this result in?

A

Doubles during the 5-year peri and menopausal time period

50% risk for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

41
Q

What hormone is critical for the maintenance of bone mass in both sexes?

A

estrogen

826: Geriatrics (12 decks)

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