Geriatric

Question 1

whats agood way for elderly to dinstinguish their meds

Answer 1

color

Question 2

what are the geriatric age groups

Answer 2

young old: 65-75
middle old: 75-85
old old: over 85

Question 3

challenges with geriatric populations

Answer 3

numerous chronic conditions
complex drug regimen likely drug interactions
difficulty with self administration
differences in ADME

Question 4

why is enteric coating affected and pill released in the stomach

Answer 4

increased ph becuase of decreased gastric secretions

Question 5

drug absorption, gastric emptying rate, and intestinal blood flow all..

Answer 5

decreased

Question 6

serum albumin concentration, drug reaching tissues, and cardiac output all…

Answer 6

decrease

Question 7

how is volume of distribution affected

Answer 7

for water soluble drugs it decreases
lipid soluble increases
protein bound increases

Question 8

liver dysfunction includes what and causes what

Answer 8

decreased hepatic blood flow, decreased phase 1 metabolism, decreased liver size
results in increased half life of hepatically metabolized drugs, drug accumulation and pharmacological synergy

Question 9

decreased function of the kidney results in

Answer 9

increased accumulation and pharmacological synergy

decreased metabolism of renally excreted drugs

Question 10

why do you need to use sugar free products

Answer 10

glucose tolerance decreases

Question 11

increased sensitivity to which drug

Answer 11

barbituates

Question 12

decreased sensitivity to which drug

Answer 12

beta blocker

Question 13

increased risk of falls with which drug

Answer 13

antohypertensives

Question 14

which receptor response decreases

Answer 14

baroreceptor,

alpha and beta

Question 15

mucosa changes

Answer 15

drier
increased susceptibility to injury
decreased capillary drug supply

Question 16

mouth muscle changes

Answer 16

decreased bulk and tone

decreased masticatory efficiency

Question 17

slaivary gland changes

Answer 17

decreased amount
increased viscosity
decreased amount of enzymes

Question 18

teeth changes

Answer 18

loss of teeth
dentures
decreased chewing ability

Question 19

problems wiht chewable tablets

Answer 19

decreased compliance
incomplete release
irritation

Question 20

problems with sublingual/ buccal

Answer 20

incomplete release
compliance
local irritation
late onset of action

Question 21

problems with capsules

Answer 21

adhere to mucosa
esophageal ulceration
choking

Question 22

problems with liquid and suspensions

Answer 22

require measurements

inaccurate dosing

Question 23

unacceptable oral formulations for elderly!!!!

Answer 23

capsules
buccal/subllingual
liquid/suspension
chewable

Question 24

good about coated tablets

Answer 24

practicle shape and size
reasonable cost
easy to swallow

Question 25

good things about granules/soluble tablets

Answer 25

reasonable cost
increase intake of water
easy to swallow

Question 26

good things about gel preparations

Answer 26

easy to swallow

energy supplement

Question 27

what should be avoided as additive

Answer 27

sugar and salt

Question 28

why is parenteral mostly for only in hospital

Answer 28

invasive
risk of infection 
necessary sterilization 
complex processing
fragile packaging 
instability 
high cost
incompliance

Question 29

skin conditions

Answer 29

decreased elasticity 
derranged small blood vessels 
increased permeability 
increased clearance into the blood stream 
dry skin 
impaired wound healing

Question 30

advantages of transdermal

Answer 30

convenient

long term

Question 31

disadvantages of transdermal

Answer 31

variable absorption

incomplete distribution

Question 32

dexterity issues

Answer 32

difficulty with self admin

difficulty handling small objects

Question 33

ways to overcome dexterity issues

Answer 33

single unit dose
easy to open
big dosage forms
avoid liquid

Question 34

how to overcome vision issues

Answer 34

big print 
avoid liquid 
single unit doses
distinct colors in formulations
distinct dosage formulation forms

Question 35

compliance issues

Answer 35

poor memory 
multiple regimen 
taste preference 
side effets 
difficulty with self admin

Question 36

ways to improve compliance

Answer 36

good taste and odor
single unit dose
calender reminder
pill organizer