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geog101 > geomorphology > Flashcards

geomorphology Flashcards

1
Q

why is earth considered a ‘goldilocks planet’

A
  • not too hot or cold
  • water can be in all 3 states
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2
Q

exogenic processes

A
  • external to earth
  • driven by sun/solar radiation
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3
Q

endogenic processes

A
  • internal to earth
  • thermally driven (nuclear reactions)
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4
Q

sedimentary cycle

A
  • continental crust forms, exposed to atmosphere, becomes unstable, weathering/erosion occurs, debris created, transported, deposited
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5
Q

igneous cycle

A
  • rock solidifies from molten state, turned into magma
  • magma is high pressure high temperature and can be objected into a solid
  • it is then either intrusive or extrusive
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6
Q

if magma cools beneath rock…

A

intrusive

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7
Q

if magma breaks outside of rock and cools…

A

extrusive

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8
Q

main plate tecontic points

A
  • 7 major plates
  • plates are mobile
  • thermally-driven
  • gravitiationally-driven
  • proof in large scale topography
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9
Q

7 major plates are…

A
  • pacific
  • indo-australian
  • north american
  • south american
  • african
  • eruasian
  • antarctic
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10
Q

plates move __ per year

A

7cm

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11
Q

ridge push

A

plates spread with gravity, move from high to low

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12
Q

slab pull

A

leading descending edge pulls rest of plate down. disconnects from other plate and forms a trench

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13
Q

mountains occur when…

A

2 plates collide and converge

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14
Q

mid oceanic ridges occur when…

A

plates are divergent

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15
Q

trenches occur when…

A

one plate subducts beneath another

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16
Q

subduction zone

A

when one plate goes under another

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17
Q

divergent boundary

A

plates moving apart

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18
Q

convergent boundary

A

plates moving together

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19
Q

transform boundary

A

plates sliding past

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20
Q

movement in southern alps

A

avg 40mm transform, 22mm convergence per year

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21
Q

alpine fault links…

A

2 subduction zones
- to north, south plate subducted
- to south, indo-aus plate subducted

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22
Q

orogenesis

A

mountain building processes

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23
Q

high mountains means…

A

high rates of erosion

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24
Q

steep slopes means…

A

unstable

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25
Q

deep gorges means…

A

high sediment loads

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26
Q

interaction of endo/exo results in…

A
  • slope processes
  • fluvial processes
  • glacial processes
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27
Q

weathering is…

A

physical and chemical alteration of rock at the earths surface

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28
Q

once rock is exposed to atmosphere…

A

unstable and break down

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29
Q

physical weathering includes what processes?

A
  • freeze-thaw activity
  • crystal growth
  • hydration
  • pressure release
30
Q

freeze-thaw activity

A
  • physical weathering process
  • liquid to solid phase change
31
Q

crystal growth

A
  • physical weathering process
  • crystal grows inside rocks and displaces volume
32
Q

hydration

A
  • physical weathering process
  • material swells up with water
33
Q

pressure release

A
  • physical weathering process
  • rock relaxes at greater volume and may break
34
Q

what is physical weathering?

A

physical breakdown of rock

35
Q

what is chemical weathering?

A
  • decomposition of minerals in rocks
  • driven by reactions in air, water and minerals
36
Q

regolith

A

product left behind after weathering

37
Q

what are slopes responsible for?

A
  • mass movement/wasting
  • graviational movements of debris
38
Q

driving forces on a slope

A
  • gravity
  • weight
  • size
  • shape
  • moisture
  • slope angle
39
Q

resisting forces on a slope

A
  • friction
  • cohesion
  • frictional strength
40
Q

coulomb equation

A

shear stregnth equation

shear strength = cohesion + effective normal stress x coefficient of plane sliding friction

41
Q

fall

A
  • material airborne at some stage
    eg rockfall
42
Q

avalanche

A
  • material falling and tumbling
  • material partly airborne
    eg snow, debris
43
Q

landslide

A
  • cohesive/semi-cohesive material
  • moisture plays role
44
Q

creep

A
  • slow movement
45
Q

flow

A
  • high moisture content
  • turbulent
  • high sudden moisture supply
46
Q

how people impact slopes to make them unstable

A
  • deforestation
  • overgrazing
  • drainage
  • earthworks
47
Q

how is sediment/particles transported

A
  • gravitational processes - eg slopes
  • fluids - water, ice, wind/air
48
Q

hjulstrom curve

A

shows particles eroded, transported and deposited

49
Q

what is described on the left of the hjulstrom curve

A

cohesion

50
Q

what is described on the right of the hjulstrom curve

A

mass effect

51
Q

erosion on slopes is defined by the balance between…

A

erodability of rock/soil and erosive power of water

52
Q

driving forces of stream flow

A

gravity

53
Q

resisting forces of stream flow

A
  • friction
  • channel boundary
  • sediment tranport
54
Q

how does velocity of a stream work

A
  • friction at bed slows water
  • air friction at top of river also slows water
  • as you move away from bed and air, there is less friction, so velocity increases
55
Q

entrainment occurs when…

A

bed shear stress exceeds friction of material on bed

56
Q

channel DEGREDATION in alluvial channels

A

stream power > sediment supply

57
Q

channel AGGRADATION in alluvial channels

A

stream power < sediment supply

58
Q

processes of erosion in rock channels

A
  • abrasion
  • plucking
  • cavitation
59
Q

how does abrasion work in rock channels

A

scraping/wearing away

60
Q

how does plucking work in rock channels

A

pulling material off bed

61
Q

channelization definition

A

all processes of river engineering for purposes of flood control/protection

62
Q

types of channelization

A
  • re-sectioning
  • realignment
  • diversions
  • embankments
63
Q

how does re-sectioning work in a channel

A
  • increase width or depth
  • increases cross-sectional area
  • increases channel capacity
64
Q

how does realignment work in a channel

A
  • straightening channel by making cuts
  • increases gradient velocity
  • decreases flood levels
65
Q

how do diversions work in a channel

A

alteration of natural course

66
Q

how do embankments work in channel

A
  • banks built adjacent to river channel
  • confines floodwaters
67
Q

what makes a positive mass balance in a glacier

A

inputs
- snow
- rainfall
- avalanching

68
Q

what makes a negative mass balance in a glacier

A

outputs (erosion)
- melt - surface, basal, englacial
- sublimation
- calving
- avalcnhing
- deflation

69
Q

what happens at accumulative zone of a glacier

A

ice formation in a glacier

70
Q

what happens at ablation zone in a glacier

A

ice loss in a glacier

geog101 (4 decks)

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