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geog101 > biogeography > Flashcards

biogeography Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of species is predicted to go extinct by 2050

A

15-37%

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1
Q

what is the species response function (3 answers)

A
  • a way to quantify how well a species is performing along an environmental gradient
  • shows parts that are unsuitable/suitable for species
  • shows how species interact with one another
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1
Q

what does a narrow environmental gradient mean for the species

A

they are specialised

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2
Q

what does a broad environmental gradient mean for the species

A

able to handle different environmental conditions

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3
Q

what is a condition

A
  • not consumed or used up by organisms
    eg temp, moisture, light
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4
Q

what is a resource

A
  • quantities that can be used up or reduced by activity of species
    eg food, water
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5
Q

what is a niche

A

set of environmental states in which a species is able to survive

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6
Q

what is the fundamental niche

A

set of environmental states in which a species can survive WITHOUT interaction of other organisms

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7
Q

what is the realised niche

A

set of environmental states in which a species can survive and resporduce in the presence of other organisms

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8
Q

what are the speices distribution patterns

A
  • cosmopolitan
  • disjunct
  • endemic
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9
Q

what is cosmopolitan pattern

A

species occurring all over the world - broad and wide range

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10
Q

what is disjunct pattern

A

species occurring in 2 or more seperated regions - closely related species but large range

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11
Q

what is endemic pattern

A

species occuring in only one area

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12
Q

what is difference between species NICHE and species RANGE

A

niche = environmental conditions
range = spatial distribution

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13
Q

what is an alien species

A

species whose presence in an area is due to human activity

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14
Q

what is a naturalised species

A

alien species that manage to sustain viable populations

15
Q

what is an invasive species

A

naturalised species with lots of offspring dispersing away from site of introduction

16
Q

what is an introduced species

A

species that has been transported by humans across a geographical barrier

17
Q

what are the 4 stages of the invasion process

A
  1. transport
  2. introduction
  3. establishment
  4. spread
18
Q

how does niche -> range -> biodiversity

A
  • realised niche determines its range
  • overlapping ranges at a location makes up its biodiversity
19
Q

what is biodiversity a measure of

A

number of species (species richness) and genetic diversity

20
Q

how many global KNOWN species are there

A

1.7 mill

21
Q

how many global ESTIMATED species are there

A

9 mill

22
Q

how many species in nz are there

A

56k

23
Q

what is speciation

A

process by which populations of same species evolve into 2 distinct species

24
Q

what is allopatric speciation

A

geographic seperation of population into disjunct populations

25
Q

what is sympatric speciation

A

speciation without geographic seperation
- something happens in environment

26
Q

what happens to extinction when spcies richness increases

A

higher chance for species to go extinct
- more species sharing limited resources

27
Q

what is maccarthur and wilsons theory for small and large islands (extinction)

A

more likely for species to go extinct on a small island
- small area
- low in resource

28
Q

what is maccarthur and wilsons theory for distant and near islands (extinction)

A

higher chance for extinction on distant islands
- nearby other individuals = less likely to go extinct

29
Q

what happens to immigration rates as number of species increases

A

immigration decreases as species increases

30
Q

what are biomes

A

regions with similar climates and functionally similar species

31
Q

what are the 4 examples of ecosystem services

A
  1. provisioning - physical attribute that people can harvest/use
  2. regulating - not physical attribute
  3. cultural - important for wellbeing
  4. supporting -
32
Q

what are the 4 main processes of NATURAL environmental change

A
  1. tectonic seperation
  2. tectonic drowning
  3. land uplift
  4. climate change
33
Q

what are the 3 main processes of ANTHROPOGENIC (HUMAN) environmental change

A
  1. land use
  2. forest fragmentation
  3. climate change
34
Q

what are the 3 ways species respond to environmental change

A
  1. adapt
  2. move
  3. die

geog101 (4 decks)

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