GEOMORPHOLOGY

Question 1

SLOPE ELEMENTS

Answer 1

CREST-convex shape ,soil creep occurs
CLIFF-near vertical-steepest
TALUS-eroded material
PEDIMENT-concave
Knickpoint-change in gradient

Question 2

HORIZONTAL STRATA

Answer 2

Sedimentary rocks with layers of hard and soft rock

Formed when lava flows on the surface and cools down
Also formed when a sill is exposed on the surface

Also known as Basaltic Plateaus/Karoo Landscape

Basaltic Plateaus- water erosion occurs

• Mesa forms with top wider than the height
• Butte forms with further erosion with top higher than width
• Further erosion ends in conical Hill

-All have same height due to hard resistant capped rock

Slopes ERODE Parallel To its Original Position(BACK WASTING)

Plateaus are used for Tourism And Hiking
Land in between can be used for sheep and ostrich farming

Question 3

INCLINED STRATA

Answer 3

Sedimentary rocks with layers of hard and soft rock

• Igneous Intrusions
• Lopoliths and Laccoliths

Folding Has taken place
A Dip Slope and scarp slope is formed

CUESTA BASIN(Scarp slopes  outwards: Dip sloped inward)
CUESTA DOME(Scarps slope inward: Dip slopes outward)

CUESTA=10-25^
HOMOCLINAL RIDGE=25-45^
HOGSBACK=45^

Hiking
Tourist
Mountain Climbing

Question 4

Massive Igneous Rocks

Answer 4

Large mass of solid Rock

Formed from Batholiths: Laccoliths: Magma domes

Rocks cool down under earths surface
Rocks exposed due to Erosion further erosion occurs leading to Tors

TOR FORMATION

• Joints from underground allow chemical weathering to take place
• Soil above joints erode away and chemical weathering enlarges joints and cracks
• Stacked rocks stand out above landscape

Stones can be used for Building

Question 5

What is mass wasting?

Answer 5

Movement of surface material under the force of gravity

Question 6

What factors contribute to mass movements?

Answer 6

• Rock type
• The amount of water
• The climate of a region
• The amount and type of vegetation on a slope
• The angle of the slope

Question 7

What are the causes of mass movements?

Answer 7

• Heavy rainfall or snowfall
• Changing of the slope by man
• Removing vegetation that protects soil
• Building on slopes that too steep

Question 8

What is soil creep?

Answer 8

• The slow downward progression of rock and soil down a low gradient slope
• Less than 1 cm a year
• proof of soil creep by telephone poles and fence posts
• bent tree trunks

Question 9

What are mudslides?

Answer 9

• The fast downward progression of water and soil down a steeper gradient slope
• Fast speeds of 1km/h to 200km/h
• caused by severe rainfall or thunderstorms

Question 10

What are Rock Falls?

Answer 10

• The fast downward progression of rock over a slope with a steep gradient often caused by heavy rainfall
• common in cliff faces
• caused by earthquakes as well as heavy rainfall

Question 11

What are Land slides ?

Answer 11

• The fast downward progression of rock soil and water over slope with a steep gradient
• caused by earthquakes

Question 12

What is solification?

Answer 12

Waterlogged soil moves slowly down the slope

• Common in cold regions
• Associated w glaciers

Question 13

How can man control mass-movement ?

Answer 13

• Spraying concrete over cliff faces & hills to prevent rocks from falling
• Building retaining walls to stabilize slopes
• Building half tunnels
• Catch fences
• Rock Barring(removal of loose dangerous rocks)