Geomorphological Processes

Question 1

Marine processes are processes that relate/ connect to the..

Answer 1

Sea

Question 2

Processes that are connected to the sea are called…processes

Answer 2

Marine

Question 3

Weathering is the breakdown of rock that remains … (stays where it is) until it’s later moved by erosional processes

Answer 3

In situ

Question 4

Mass movement is the downhill movement of sediment under the influence of…

Answer 4

Gravity

Question 5

3 categories of weathering

Answer 5

Mechanical
Biological
Chemical

Question 6

… is the breakdown/ wearing away of rocks by mechanical action e.g waves/ wind/ glaciers/ rivers that involves moving sediment away

(e.g in hydraulic action the rock is broken apart and then ends up being carried away by the sea)

Answer 6

Erosion

Question 7

Erosion meaning

Answer 7

Breakdown/ wearing away of rocks by mechanical action (e.g from wind/ glaciers/ rivers/ waves) that involves moving sediment away

Question 8

Transportation is the process that moves material from its site of…to its site of …

Answer 8

Erosion
Deposition

Question 9

Another term for freeze- thaw

Answer 9

Frost shattering

Question 10

Another term for frost shattering

Answer 10

Freeze thaw

Question 11

3 types of mechanical weathering

Answer 11

Frost shattering/ freeze thaw
Salt crystallisation
Wetting and drying

Question 12

How frost shattering/ freeze thaw breaks down rock (mechanical weathering)

Answer 12

Rain enters cracks in rocks
When it’s cold enough the water freezes and expands which exerts pressure on the rock and forces cracks to open further and widen
When temperatures increase the frozen water then thaws
This process of water freezing and thawing repeats until fragments of rock break off

Question 13

How salt crystallisation breaks down rock (mechanical weathering)

Answer 13

Salt water gets onto rock
When the water evaporates it leaves behind salt crystals which overtime grow and exert stresses on the rock and break it apart (e.g if salt crystals form in the cracks of rocks)

Question 14

How wetting and drying breaks down rock (mechanical weathering)

Answer 14

When clay gets wet (due to rain/ sea exposure) the clay particles absorb water so the clay expands but when it gets dry it contracts. This process causes cracks to form in the rock so that it’s more susceptible to other forms of weathering like frost shattering

Question 15

Wetting and drying (a type of mechanical weathering) involves rock as that are rich in…

Answer 15

Clay

Question 16

Frost shattering is a type of… weathering

Answer 16

Mechanical

Question 17

Salt crystallisation is a type of…weathering

Answer 17

Mechanical

Question 18

Wetting and drying is a type of…weathering

Answer 18

Mechanical

Question 19

…..is where salt water on rocks evaporates and leaves behind salt crystals which overtime grow and exert pressures on the rock, breaking it apart

Answer 19

Salt crystallisation (type of mechanical weathering)

Question 20

…is where clay rock expands when it’s wet and contracts when it’s dry causing the rock to crack which makes it more susceptible to other types of weathering like frost shattering

Answer 20

Wetting and drying (type of mechanical weathering)

Question 21

3 types of biological weathering

Answer 21

Plants
Water
Animals

Question 22

How plants break down rocks (mechanical weathering)

Answer 22

Plants roots grow into cracks in rock making the cracks widen which breaks up the rocks

Question 23

How water breaks down rocks (biological weathering)

Answer 23

Water becomes acidic as it passes through decaying vegetation so its acidic when it reaches the rock (so can increase rate/ chance of chemical weathering)

Question 24

How animals break down rocks (biological weathering)

Answer 24

Birds/ animals (e.g puffins/ rabbits) dig burrows into the rock which creates cracks that can be further broken apart by other types of weathering
Limpets secrete acids (which can cause the rock to dissolve)

Question 25

Carbonation meaning (chemical weathering)

Answer 25

As rain falls it absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to form a weak carbonic acid This carbonic acid reacts with limestone and chalk to form calcium bicarbonate which is easily dissolved

Question 26

As part of carbonation (type of chemical weathering) as rain falls it absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to form a weak...

Answer 26

Carbonic acid

Question 27

Carbon dioxide reacts with... and ...(2 types of rock) to form calcium bicarbonate which is easily dissolved

Answer 27

Chalk Limestone

Question 28

Carbon dioxide reacts with... and ...(2 types of rock) to form calcium bicarbonate which is easily dissolved

Answer 28

Chalk Limestone

Question 29

As part of carbonation, weak carbonic acid (rainwater with dissolved carbon dioxide in) reacts with chalk and limestone to form...which is easily dissolved

Answer 29

Calcium bicarbonate

Question 30

As part of carbonation, weak carbonic acid (rainwater with dissolved carbon dioxide in) reacts with chalk and limestone to form...which is easily dissolved

Answer 30

Calcium bicarbonate

Question 31

5 key types of mass movement (downhill movement of sediment blue to influence of gravity)

Answer 31

Landslide Rockfall Mudflow Slumping (Soil) creep

Question 32

Is soil creep (type of mass movement) a fast or slow process

Answer 32

Slow

Question 33

Is mudflow (type of mass movement) fast or slow

Answer 33

Fast

Question 34

Is a landslide (type of mass movement) fast or slow

Answer 34

Fast

Question 35

Is rockfall (type of mass movement) fast or slow

Answer 35

Fast

Question 36

.

Question 37

Slowest type of mass movement

Answer 37

Soil creep

Question 38

3 fast types of mass movement

Answer 38

Landslide Rockfall Mudflow

Question 39

...is the type of mass movement that forms small ridges in the ground (terracettes) so causes trees to grow at an angle

Answer 39

Soil creep

Question 40

True or false, soil creep (type of mass movement) can be seen in action

Answer 40

False

Question 41

...is the type of mass movement that involves the slow movement of individual soil particles downhill

Answer 41

Soil creep

Question 42

...is the type of mass movement that can't be seen in action (is imperceptible)

Answer 42

Soil creep (As it involves the movement of individual soil particles)

Question 43

Slump occurs where...material overlies...material

Answer 43

Softer More resistant

Question 44

7 key types of erosion

Answer 44

Hydraulic action Abrasion Attrition Solution Wave quarrying Cavitation Corrasion

Question 45

...is the breakdown of rock but...is the breakdown and removal of rock

Answer 45

Weathering Erosion

Question 46

3 types of erosion caused by pressure of waves

Answer 46

Hydraulic action Corrasion Wave quarrying

Question 47

...is the type of erosion that effects the sediment load in coastal environments

Answer 47

Attrition (As sediment bumps into each other and breaks apart into smaller pieces)

Question 48

Attrition can contribute/ lead to which 2 other types of erosion

Answer 48

Corrasion, abrasion (As they both involve sediment carried by waves scraping at/ being hurled at cliff face)

Question 49

Hydraulic action meaning (type of erosion)

Answer 49

As the wave breaks on the cliff face, air becomes compressed in the joints and cracks and then expands as the wave retreats which causes huge pressure to be exerted on the rock (Sheer power and force of waves getting into cracks and joints in rock and breaking them apart)

Question 50

Corrasion meaning (type of erosion)

Answer 50

Sand and pebbles are hurled against the cliff foot by the power of the waves and chip away at the rock, breaking bits of rock off

Question 51

Attrition meaning

Answer 51

Where sediment (e.g rocks) being carried by the waves collide into each other and are gradually woven down into smaller, smoother and rounder particles

Question 52

Abrasion meaning (type of erosion)

Answer 52

The sandpapering effect of sediment being carried by the swash of the waves scraping against the cliff face and wearing it away

Question 53

Wave quarrying meaning (erosion)

Answer 53

As waves break against unconsolidated (loose) cliff material (e.g sand and gravel) they act like a giant digger and scoop it away

Question 54

Cavitation meaning (type of erosion)

Answer 54

Air bubbles in the sea collapse as the waves smash against the cliff. When they implode (violently collapse inwards) a micro jet of water is created which travels at high speed and pressure to exert extreme pressure in a very small area of rock surface

Question 55

The 3 types of mass movement that involve wet material are..., ... and...

Answer 55

Soil creep, mudflow, slump

Question 56

The 2 types of mass movement that involve dry material are... and...

Answer 56

Landslide Rockfall

Question 57

The 2 types of mass movement that involve dry material are... and...

Answer 57

Landslide Rockfall

Question 58

During hydraulic action as the wave breaks, air ...and then as the wave retreats the air...

Answer 58

Compresses Expands (Which overall exerts huge pressure into cracks of rock and breaks them apart)

Question 59

Sub aerial processes are ...- based processes

Answer 59

Land (E.g weathering and mass movement)

Question 60

Weathering and mass movement are both examples of...processes

Answer 60

Sun aerial

Question 61

Erosion, transportation and deposition are all examples of...processes as they involve the sea

Answer 61

Marine