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Coastal Systems and Landscapes (A Level Geography) > Geomorphological Processes > Flashcards

Geomorphological Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

Marine processes are processes that relate/ connect to the..

A

Sea

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2
Q

Processes that are connected to the sea are called…processes

A

Marine

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3
Q

Weathering is the breakdown of rock that remains … (stays where it is) until it’s later moved by erosional processes

A

In situ

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4
Q

Mass movement is the downhill movement of sediment under the influence of…

A

Gravity

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5
Q

3 categories of weathering

A

Mechanical
Biological
Chemical

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6
Q

… is the breakdown/ wearing away of rocks by mechanical action e.g waves/ wind/ glaciers/ rivers that involves moving sediment away

(e.g in hydraulic action the rock is broken apart and then ends up being carried away by the sea)

A

Erosion

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7
Q

Erosion meaning

A

Breakdown/ wearing away of rocks by mechanical action (e.g from wind/ glaciers/ rivers/ waves) that involves moving sediment away

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8
Q

Transportation is the process that moves material from its site of…to its site of …

A

Erosion
Deposition

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9
Q

Another term for freeze- thaw

A

Frost shattering

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10
Q

Another term for frost shattering

A

Freeze thaw

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11
Q

3 types of mechanical weathering

A

Frost shattering/ freeze thaw
Salt crystallisation
Wetting and drying

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12
Q

How frost shattering/ freeze thaw breaks down rock (mechanical weathering)

A

Rain enters cracks in rocks
When it’s cold enough the water freezes and expands which exerts pressure on the rock and forces cracks to open further and widen
When temperatures increase the frozen water then thaws
This process of water freezing and thawing repeats until fragments of rock break off

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13
Q

How salt crystallisation breaks down rock (mechanical weathering)

A

Salt water gets onto rock
When the water evaporates it leaves behind salt crystals which overtime grow and exert stresses on the rock and break it apart (e.g if salt crystals form in the cracks of rocks)

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14
Q

How wetting and drying breaks down rock (mechanical weathering)

A

When clay gets wet (due to rain/ sea exposure) the clay particles absorb water so the clay expands but when it gets dry it contracts. This process causes cracks to form in the rock so that it’s more susceptible to other forms of weathering like frost shattering

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15
Q

Wetting and drying (a type of mechanical weathering) involves rock as that are rich in…

A

Clay

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16
Q

Frost shattering is a type of… weathering

A

Mechanical

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17
Q

Salt crystallisation is a type of…weathering

A

Mechanical

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18
Q

Wetting and drying is a type of…weathering

A

Mechanical

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19
Q

…..is where salt water on rocks evaporates and leaves behind salt crystals which overtime grow and exert pressures on the rock, breaking it apart

A

Salt crystallisation (type of mechanical weathering)

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20
Q

…is where clay rock expands when it’s wet and contracts when it’s dry causing the rock to crack which makes it more susceptible to other types of weathering like frost shattering

A

Wetting and drying (type of mechanical weathering)

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21
Q

3 types of biological weathering

A

Plants
Water
Animals

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22
Q

How plants break down rocks (mechanical weathering)

A

Plants roots grow into cracks in rock making the cracks widen which breaks up the rocks

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23
Q

How water breaks down rocks (biological weathering)

A

Water becomes acidic as it passes through decaying vegetation so its acidic when it reaches the rock (so can increase rate/ chance of chemical weathering)

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24
Q

How animals break down rocks (biological weathering)

A

Birds/ animals (e.g puffins/ rabbits) dig burrows into the rock which creates cracks that can be further broken apart by other types of weathering
Limpets secrete acids (which can cause the rock to dissolve)

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25
Q

Carbonation meaning (chemical weathering)

A

As rain falls it absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to form a weak carbonic acid
This carbonic acid reacts with limestone and chalk to form calcium bicarbonate which is easily dissolved

26
Q

As part of carbonation (type of chemical weathering) as rain falls it absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to form a weak…

A

Carbonic acid

27
Q

Carbon dioxide reacts with… and …(2 types of rock) to form calcium bicarbonate which is easily dissolved

A

Chalk
Limestone

28
Q

Carbon dioxide reacts with… and …(2 types of rock) to form calcium bicarbonate which is easily dissolved

A

Chalk
Limestone

29
Q

As part of carbonation, weak carbonic acid (rainwater with dissolved carbon dioxide in) reacts with chalk and limestone to form…which is easily dissolved

A

Calcium bicarbonate

30
Q

As part of carbonation, weak carbonic acid (rainwater with dissolved carbon dioxide in) reacts with chalk and limestone to form…which is easily dissolved

A

Calcium bicarbonate

31
Q

5 key types of mass movement (downhill movement of sediment blue to influence of gravity)

A

Landslide
Rockfall
Mudflow
Slumping
(Soil) creep

32
Q

Is soil creep (type of mass movement) a fast or slow process

A

Slow

33
Q

Is mudflow (type of mass movement) fast or slow

A

Fast

34
Q

Is a landslide (type of mass movement) fast or slow

A

Fast

35
Q

Is rockfall (type of mass movement) fast or slow

A

Fast

36
Q

.

A
37
Q

Slowest type of mass movement

A

Soil creep

38
Q

3 fast types of mass movement

A

Landslide
Rockfall
Mudflow

39
Q

…is the type of mass movement that forms small ridges in the ground (terracettes) so causes trees to grow at an angle

A

Soil creep

40
Q

True or false, soil creep (type of mass movement) can be seen in action

A

False

41
Q

…is the type of mass movement that involves the slow movement of individual soil particles downhill

A

Soil creep

42
Q

…is the type of mass movement that can’t be seen in action (is imperceptible)

A

Soil creep
(As it involves the movement of individual soil particles)

43
Q

Slump occurs where…material overlies…material

A

Softer
More resistant

44
Q

7 key types of erosion

A

Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Attrition
Solution
Wave quarrying
Cavitation
Corrasion

45
Q

…is the breakdown of rock but…is the breakdown and removal of rock

A

Weathering
Erosion

46
Q

3 types of erosion caused by pressure of waves

A

Hydraulic action
Corrasion
Wave quarrying

47
Q

…is the type of erosion that effects the sediment load in coastal environments

A

Attrition
(As sediment bumps into each other and breaks apart into smaller pieces)

48
Q

Attrition can contribute/ lead to which 2 other types of erosion

A

Corrasion, abrasion
(As they both involve sediment carried by waves scraping at/ being hurled at cliff face)

49
Q

Hydraulic action meaning (type of erosion)

A

As the wave breaks on the cliff face, air becomes compressed in the joints and cracks and then expands as the wave retreats which causes huge pressure to be exerted on the rock

(Sheer power and force of waves getting into cracks and joints in rock and breaking them apart)

50
Q

Corrasion meaning (type of erosion)

A

Sand and pebbles are hurled against the cliff foot by the power of the waves and chip away at the rock, breaking bits of rock off

51
Q

Attrition meaning

A

Where sediment (e.g rocks) being carried by the waves collide into each other and are gradually woven down into smaller, smoother and rounder particles

52
Q

Abrasion meaning (type of erosion)

A

The sandpapering effect of sediment being carried by the swash of the waves scraping against the cliff face and wearing it away

53
Q

Wave quarrying meaning (erosion)

A

As waves break against unconsolidated (loose) cliff material (e.g sand and gravel) they act like a giant digger and scoop it away

54
Q

Cavitation meaning (type of erosion)

A

Air bubbles in the sea collapse as the waves smash against the cliff.
When they implode (violently collapse inwards) a micro jet of water is created which travels at high speed and pressure to exert extreme pressure in a very small area of rock surface

55
Q

The 3 types of mass movement that involve wet material are…, … and…

A

Soil creep, mudflow, slump

56
Q

The 2 types of mass movement that involve dry material are… and…

A

Landslide
Rockfall

57
Q

The 2 types of mass movement that involve dry material are… and…

A

Landslide
Rockfall

58
Q

During hydraulic action as the wave breaks, air …and then as the wave retreats the air…

A

Compresses
Expands
(Which overall exerts huge pressure into cracks of rock and breaks them apart)

59
Q

Sub aerial processes are …- based processes

A

Land
(E.g weathering and mass movement)

60
Q

Weathering and mass movement are both examples of…processes

A

Sun aerial

61
Q

Erosion, transportation and deposition are all examples of…processes as they involve the sea

A

Marine

Coastal Systems and Landscapes (A Level Geography) (8 decks)

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