Coastal Management

Question 1

6 key hard engineering strategies

Answer 1

Groynes
Sea wall
Gabinons
Rock armour
Offshore breakwater
Revetment

Question 2

4 key soft engineering strategies

Answer 2

Beach nourishment
Dune regeneration/ stabilisation
Managed retreat e.g marsh creation
Cliff regrading and drainage

Question 3

Hard engineering strategies make a physical change to the landscape using …materials e.g concrete, wood, metal

Answer 3

Resistant

Question 4

Soft engineering strategies use natural …for coastal defence which can absorb and adjust to wave and tide energy e.g beaches, dunes and salt marshes

Answer 4

Systems

Question 5

A stakeholder is anyone with an …in a place and includes individuals/ groups/ organisations that are affected by/ care about what happens in a place

Answer 5

Interest

Question 6

A stakeholder is…

Answer 6

Anyone with an interest in a place including individuals/ groups/ organisations that are affected by/ care about what happens in that place

Question 7

Examples of stakeholders in coastal areas

Answer 7

Residents
Tourists
Business owners
Government
Council
Landowners
Environmental groups
Heritage organisations
Marine transport companies

Question 8

ICZM stands for…

Answer 8

Integrated coastal zone management

Question 9

ICZM is a systems perspective based of the idea that an action in one location will…

Answer 9

Likely have an impact elsewhere

(E.g installing groynes in one coastal area will have an impact on neighbouring areas where they will receive less sediment via longshore drift so their beach may shrink etc)

Question 10

True or false, Integrated Coastal Zone Management only takes into account some factors and doesn’t look at the wider picture or how other areas will be affected

Answer 10

False
It uses the idea that an action in one location will likely have an impact elsewhere and takes into account all factors when planning coastal management (uses holistic planning)

Question 11

ICZM plans use holistic planning. This means that…

Answer 11

The plan takes into account all factors e.g how an action in one area will likely have an impact on another area

Question 12

True or false, ICZMs bring together all stakeholders in the coastal environment

Answer 12

True
(They use holistic planning so take into account all factors, all the different people that may be affected by the coastal management, the idea that taking action in one area may have an affect on other areas etc)

Question 13

True or false, ICZMs aim to contribute to sustainable development

Answer 13

True

Question 14

The overall aim of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) planning is to coordinate all the potential pressures and conflicts of interest and manage them …, … and …

Answer 14

Fairly
Responsibly
Sustainably

(The aim is to make a plan that is sustainable and takes into account the people (and their values, views and interests), livelihoods and physical environments)-try and achieve the best outcome to have the best impact in as many different factors as possible and try to not cause conflict e.g if an environmental group think that the beach nourishment shouldn’t have taken place due to dredging the sea floor which destroys habitats

Question 15

4 stages of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) cycle

Answer 15

Planning–> Decision making –> Managing and Monitoring of implementation –> Information Collection

Question 16

ICZM planning has…specific aims (how many)

Answer 16

7

Question 17

The 7 specific aims of ICZM planning are….
(I don’t need to learn them word for word or exactly what they are I just need to get the overall gist/ idea)

Answer 17

Adapting plans accordingly
Manage natural and human systems responsibly
Follow sustainable strategies
Identify and involve all stakeholders
Reflect local characteristics and adapt to local needs
Consider changes to coastal systems and anticipate likely impacts
Monitor information-gathering and record what is taking place at the coast

I am going to try and learn/ remember 3:
Adapt plans accordingly
Identify and involve all stakeholders
Reflect local characteristics and adapt to local needs

Question 18

Piecemeal approach meaning in terms of coastal management

Answer 18

An unsystematic approach that doesn’t look at the wider picture but just does one thing to one area at a time, not taking into account how it might impact other areas/ different stakeholders etc and the neighbouring coastal areas don’t work together- the strategies end up being unsustainable

Question 19

4 key approaches to coastal management (these can be further subdivided into soft and hard engineering strategies)

Answer 19

Hold the line- keep the existing position of the coastline where it is by maintaining and using sea defences and replacing them if necessary

Advance the line- Use beach nourishment/ groyne construction to encourage the build up of a wider beach so the coastline extends out to sea

Managed retreat- Allow the coastline to retreat (move back) into the land but in a managed way leg through creating a salt marsh

No active intervention (do nothing)- Let nature takes its course and remove any existing sea defences/ allow them to collapse so that flooding and erosion can take place

Question 20

Key factors that determine which strategy of coastal management an area is going to use out of hood the line, advance the line, managed retreat or no active intervention

Answer 20

Rate of coastal change
Economic value of land at risk
Value of agricultural land at risks
Value of habitats at risk
Cost of intervention strategies (strategies other that involve building sea defences)

Question 21

Name for a smaller, more localised version of ICZMs used in England and Wales

Answer 21

Shoreline Management Plan (SMP)

Question 22

Proper term for ‘do nothing’ coastal management strategy

Answer 22

No active intervention

Question 23

Name for coastal management strategy where you extend the coastline out to sea (e.g by building up a wider beach through beach nourishment and the use of groynes)

Answer 23

Advance the line

Question 24

How many SMPs are there around the coast of England and Wales

Answer 24

22

Question 25

All 10 coastal management strategies (e.g sea wall) and brief description of how it works and what it protects against

Answer 25

Groynes- prevents longshore drift, traps sediment, builds up beach, more wave energy absorbed, less EROSION to cliffs behind
Beach nourishment- builds up beach, more wave energy absorbed, less EROSION to cliffs behind
Sea walls deflect- energy of waves back out to sea, reduce FLOODING
Gabions- wire mesh cages of resistant rocks like granite at foot of cliff, absorb wave energy, reduce rate of EROSION/ impact of waves on cliff
Rock armour- large boulders of resistant rock e.g granite at base of cliff, take energy out of powerful waves by slightly moving, reduce rate of EROSION on cliff
Offshore breakwater-partly submerged rock barrier in offshore zone, forces waves to break out at sea before they reach the coastline, reduces impact of waves on base of cliff and rate of EROSION
Revetment- Sloping structures (e.g wooden/ concrete) at base of cliff, absorb and dissipate wave energy, reduce rate of EROSION
Dune regeneration/ stabilisation- marram grass planted on sand dunes to stabilise them, absorbs wave energy, helps reduce FLOODING
Managed retreat- low lying coastal areas naturally flooded, land behind becomes a salt marsh, create a buffer between dry land and sea, absorb wave energy and desacerase power of waves, reduce coastal FLOODING
Cliff regrading and drainage-angle if cliff is reduced so it becomes more stable, water removed from cliff to prevent mass movement e.g landslides and slumping, reduces rate of EROSION of cliff

Question 26

3 ICZM actions in Bangladesh

Answer 26

Storm surge shelters
Coastal embankment project
Mangrove afforestation and green belt policy

Question 27

Over…cyclone storm surge shelters have been built as part of the Bangladesh ICZM

Answer 27

2000

Question 28

Over 2000 cyclone storm surge shelters have been built as part of the Bangladesh ICZM which serve …. % of the coastal population who are at risk of a flood hazard

Answer 28

27

Question 29

How building over 2000 cyclone storm surge shelters helps communities in the Bangladesh

Answer 29

27% of the coastal population who are at risk of a flood hazard have somewhere safe to take refuge during the storm surge to prevent them being killed e.g drowning (lower death toll)
Shelters are multipurpose and used as social centre when not functioning as storm surge shelter e.g for education

Question 30

Drawbacks of Bangladesh ICZM strategy of building over 20000 cyclone storm surge shelters to serve 27% of the coastal population who are at risk from a flood hazard

Answer 30

73% of the coastal population at risk of a flood hazard aren’t benefitted so don’t have somewhere safe to go to in storm surge and are more likely to be killed/ drown/ injured etc (is only small scale)
Don’t prevent land e.g homes and agriculture from being damaged or destroyed

Question 31

How the Bangladesh ICZM coastal embankment project helps communities in Bangladesh

Answer 31

Raised land protects vulnerable farmland from being inundated by saline water so reduces chance of crops being destroyed from high levels of salt in the soil/ being washed away in a flood
Improves crop yield to improve food security/ increase farmer’s source of income if they aren’t a subsidence farmer

Question 32

Drawbacks of the coastal embankment project as part of the Bangladesh ICZM

Answer 32

Causes increased water logging in adjacent farms so creates problems elsewhere

Question 33

How the Mangrove forest afforestation as part of the Bangladesh ICZM helps communities in Bangladesh

Answer 33

Over 148,000 hectares of mangrove afforestation over the last few decades in the central region of Bangladesh
Roots help to absorb wave energy during storm surge to reduce coastal erosion and flooding and protect homes, agriculture and other valuable resources

Question 34

Drawbacks of mangrove forest afforestation as part of Bangladesh ICZM

Answer 34

Not all planted mangrove trees survived due to lack of knowledge on which is the most suitable species to use and the local habitat conditions
So money and time has effectively been wasted