GEOLOGY OF SOUTH EAST ASIA AND THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Flashcards
The Philippine Island is located at
Philippine Mobile Belt
Surrounded by 3 major plates
Philippine Mobile belt
the 3 plates surrounding the Philippine Mobile Belt?
- Pacific Plate
- Eurasian Plate
- Indo-Australian plate
Pacific Plate is composed of
Oceanic crust
Age of Pacific Plate
150 Ma (Late Jurassic)
The Pacific Plate is moving ______ at ______ per year.
Northwest , 80mm
Kinematics reorganization of the Pacific Plate happened during
- 43 MY (eocene) at 50° Counter clockwise (NNW to WNW)
- 5 MY (miocene) at 10° Clockwise
Pacific Plate subducts at
- Under Eurasian plate along Japan trench
- Under Philippine Sea plate along Bonin-Marianas Yap trench system.
- Under Indo-Australian, east of New Zealand.
Why does the Pacific Plate only age up to 150 MY?
Because the material there are being SUBDUCTED
Evidence used to identify the rotation/ manifestation that happened 25 MY
Emperor Seamount
Eurasian Plate is composed of
Entirely continental crust except at the marginal basin
The Eurasian Plate is moving ______ per year
3mm
Fixed / stable plate since 50 Ma (late miocene)
Eurasian plate
2 components of the Indo-Australian plate
Continental and Oceanic
The continental component of Indo-Australian plate
India and Australia
The oceanic component of Indo-Australian plate
Indian Ocean
the fastest moving plate
Indo-Australian plate
Indo-Australian plate moves _______ at _______mm/yr
Northward motion, 107
Australia and India separated because?
The development of MOR
The separation of Australia and India started _______ and cease during ______
150 MY (Late Jurassic) (start) ; 43MY (Middle Eocene) (end)
The India part of the Indo-Australian plate collides with
Eurasian plate (in the Himalayas)
The oceanic portion of Indo - Australian Plate subducts under Eurasian Plate along the ____________
Java Trench
The Philippine Sea Plate is subdivided to
- Ocean Basin
- Submarine Ridges
The Ocean Basin of the Philippine Sea Plate is subdivided to
- West Philippine Basin
- Other Basins
The Other Basins of the Philipppine Sea Plate is subdivided to
- Parece Vela - Shikoku
- Marianas Basin
The Submarine Ridges of the Philippine Sea Plate is subdivided to
- Palau-Kyushu Ridge
- Izu-Bonin Ridge
The Izu-Bonin Ridge is subdivided to
- East Marianas
- West Marianas
Occupies almost 50% of the Philippine Sea Plate
West Philippine Basin
West Philippine Basin is composed of
3 submarine plateau
3 submarine plateau in the West Philippine Basin
- Benham Rise
- Urdaneta Plateau
- Anami oki-daito ridges
Base on _________, West Philippine Basin is age 35 MY to 60 MY
Paleomagnetic Data
West Philippine Basin is age 42 to 53 MY based on
Deep sea Drilling
An extinct MOR in the WPB
Central Basin Fault
Central basin fault trends from ________ to _______
WNW to ESE
The one responsible for the spreading or generation of the WPB
Central Basin Fault
Stages of Opening of WPB
- 60 and 45 MY at NE-SW (4.4 cm/year of half spreading rate)
- 45 and 35 MY at NS orientation (1.8 cm/yr)
2 models for the WPB’s Origin
- Trapped Oceanic Basin
- Back Arc Basin
Trapped Oceanic Basin states that
WPB is enclosed by older ridges
Back Arc Basin Model states that
As subduction goes along, if the slab is older and colder it will therefore be pushed back or roll back because it gets heavier and as it rolls back it pulls/ trigger the spreading of the central basin faults which causes the generation of the WPB
During the Opening of the West Philippine Basin the _________ correspond to a relict volcanic arc that travelled to the NE. (According to Back Arc Basin Model)
Oki - Daito
An Oceanic Crust Basin that accelerates on a N-S spreading axis
Parece Vela - Shikoku Basin
The 1st Stage of the opening of the Parece Vela - Shikoku Basin starts at ______ and correspond to ________
30 Ma ; Parece Vela
The 2nd Stage of the opening of the Parece Vela - Shikoku Basin starts at ________ and correspond to ________
10 Ma; Shikoku
The Parece Vela - Shikoku Basin stops it movement at
17 Ma
It is a presently active Basin and opens around 6 Ma
Marianas Basin
The Opening of the Marianas Basin is usually associated with
an eastward migration of the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Philippine Sea Plate
Poorly known portion on the Southern extremity of the Philippine Sea Plate
Ayu Basin
It divides the West Philippine Basin and the Parece Vela - Shikoku Basin
Palau - Kyushu Ridge
Palau - Kyushu Ridge traverse the Philippine Sea Plate for _________ km
2500 km
Palau - Kyushu Ridge is considered as a relic volcanic arc of the _________ to _________ age
Middle Eocene to Oligocene
Following the Trapped Basin Model the Palau - Kyushu Ridge what happened at 43 Ma
Transform fault to subduction
Following the Trapped Basin Model the Palau - Kyushu Ridge what happened at 30 Ma
the subduction retreated eastward
Eastern limit of the Shikoku Basin
Izu - Bonin Ridge
Izu - Bonin Ridge Represent the volcanic arc of the present active __________ colliding with the ____________
Bonin Trench ; Japanese Margin (Izu Peninsula)
Two branches of Izu - Bonin Ridge towards south
- West Marianas Ridge
- East Marianas Ridge
An ancient volcanic arc active between 20 to 9 Ma
West Marianas Ridge
Volcanic Arc of the presently active Marianas Trench
East Marianas Ridge
Defines the W and E limits of Marianas Basin
East Marianas Ridge
Tectonic Nature of the Boundaries of the Philippine Sea Plate
- To the E, defined by the Bonin – Marianas – Yap
Trench system - To NW, subducts under the Japanese Archipelago
along the Nankai and Ryukyu Trench - Collides with the Eurasian Margin in Taiwan
- To SW, subducts into Philippine Archipelago along
Philippine Trench System
Present Day Kinematics of the Philippine Sea Plate
NW displacement direction
3 Main Kinematic parameters of Philippine Sea Plate with Respect to Eurasia
- Rotation pole located NE of Japan
- Relative displacement rate that varies from N to
S along the western edge of the PSP, from 3
cm/yr in the latitude of the Nankai Trough to
around 9 cm/yr on the southern end of the
Philippine Trench - Relative displacement direction whose azimuth is
directed N55W near Taiwan with a linear velocity
around 7 cm/yr
The reorganization of the Old Kinematics of the Philippine Sea Plate happened
4 Ma
Old Day Kinematics of Philippine Sea Plate
- The direction of the PSP/Eurasian relative movement has changed from NNW to WNW since 5 Ma based on Taiwan collision and Izu-Misira-Boso Region of Japan
- In Taiwan, 4 to 6 Ma, 40 degrees CCW
- In Japan, 2 to 3 Ma, 30 degrees CCW
- Northward component of the plate’s movement happens between Eocene and Pliocene based on paleomagnetic records in Benham Rise
The Marginal Basins that has an affinity with the Eurasian Plate
- South China Sea Basin
- Sulu Sea Basin
- Celebes Sea Basin
South China sea has a depth of
4km
South China Sea opened during
32 and 17 Ma
The opening of South China Sea was preceded by
Rifting
The rifting that happened after the opening of South China sea could have take place
Between late Cretaceous and Late Eocene
2 stages of opening in South China Sea
- 32 to 17 Ma; along E-W axis
- 20 to 17 Ma ; along NE-SE axis
Situated immediately to the Southeast of Palawan.
Sulu Sea Basin
Composed of two sub-basin that are separated by an E-NE trending the Cagayan de Sulu ridge
Sulu sea Basin
Sulu Sea Basin is composed of two sub-basin that are separated by an E-NE trending which is the __________________
Cagayan de Sulu Ridge (CSR)
Sulu Sea Basin Formed Starting during ______________
20 Ma (Early Miocene)
Age of Cagayan de Sulu Ridge
14.7 Ma
Cagayan de Sulu (CSR) subdivides the Sulu Sea Basin (SSB) into
- NW Sub-basin
- SE Sub-basin
Separates the Sulu Sea Basin from the Celebes Sea Basin
Sulu-Zamboanga Ridge
Age of Sulu-Zamboanga Ridge
Pleistocene to Holocene
Located at SE of Sulu Basin and Sulu-Zamboanga Arc.
Celebes sea basin
Celebes Sea Basin has an age of ______________________ based on the ENE-WSW oriented magnetic anomalies
Eocene age (around 55 to 42Ma)
The assigned age of Celebes Sea Basin was supported by _____________________________ blanketing the MORB - like oceanic basement
Results of Radiolarian dating of Pelagic Sediments
West dipping Subduction zone.
Philippine Trench and East Luzon Trough
Age of Philippine Trench
5 Ma
Westward Subduction of PSP under them eastern Philippine arc
Philippine Trench
Coordinate of Philippine Trench
4N - 15N
(Philippine Trench) __________ degrees to the North Benioff Zone but plunges to over 45 degrees to the South
20 degrees
(Philippine Trench) 20 degrees to the North Benioff Zone but plunges to over ________________ degrees to the South
45 degrees
The maximum length of subducting slab of the Philippine Trench
250 km
The volcanic arc traced from Bicol to Leyte
Philippine Trench
Moluccas Collision Zone is manifested by the ____________________
Philippine Trench
(Philippine Trench) To completely consume 250 km of slab subducted at 8 cm/yr would take _____________
3.1 Ma
(Philippine Trench) To completely consume 250 km of slab subducted at ____________ would take 3.1 Ma
8 cm/yr
Presently shows signs of movement
East Luzon trough
Movement of East Luzon Trough
Northward Direction
Age of East Luzon Trough
Early Miocene
Coordinate of East Luzon Trough
16N-18N
East dipping Subduction zone
Manila trench, Negros trench, and Cotabato trench
Subduction of the oceanic crust of the South China sea under the Luzon Arc
Manila trench
Bathymetric Depression of Manila Trench
5100m
Sedimentary fill of Manila Trench
250 to 2600 m thick
(Manila Trench) Benioff Zone is ______________ on its southern portion, but flattens off towards the north
steep
(Manila Trench) Benioff Zone is steep on its southern portion, but _______________ off towards the north
flattens
Mindoro-Panay Collision zone is under ___________________
Manila Trench
Manila Trench started around
Either 15 Ma (Wolfe 1981 and Hayes & Lewis 1984) or Older than 15 Ma (Malettere 1989)
Coordinate of Manila Trench
22N - 13N
Oceanic crust of the Sulu Sea Basin is being consumed
Negros trench
(Negros Trench) Subducted oceanic slab does not seem to exceed _____________
100km
It’s subduction is marked by the presence of an arc which has been active since its initiation at -10 Ma
Negros trench
Negros Trench started around
10 Ma
Coordinate of Negros Trench
10N
A left lateral strike slip fault in Mindanao that links the Cotabato Trench and negros trench
Cotabato fault.
The activity along the Cotabato Trench is fairly ___________ as suggested by its poorly developed Benioff Zone
recent
This trench consumes the Celebes sea basin, and the corresponding volcanic arc can be found on the Western margins of Mindanao
Cotabato Trench
(Cotabato Trench) Subduction is marked by earthquakes down to around ____________ depth
100 km
Subduction along the Cotabato Trench is ________________, similar to what they perceived for the initiation of subduction zones along the Sulu Sea Margin
younger than 5 Ma
Continental- Arc Collision
Taiwan Collision Zone
Taiwan Collision Zone has a length/depth of
400 km
(Taiwan Collision Zone) __________ start of collision with PSP and EP
4 Ma
Taiwan Collision Zone can be seen on ________________
Taiwan-Luzon-Mindoro Belt
Age of Mindoro-Panay Collision Zone
Miocene
Palawan-Mindoro Microcontinent (PMMC) enters into collision with the central portion of the PMB
Mindoro-Panay Collision Zone
The Collision in the Mindoro-Panay Collision Zone decreased since ____________
Pliocene
The Collision in South of Mindanao Island and Moluccas Sea
Moluccas Sea Collision Zone
Moluccas Sea Collision zone is subducting into ______________
two direction which is the east and west
Age of Moluccas Sea Collision
Late Miocene
The Western Slab of the Moluccas Sea Collision subducts at
600 km
The Eastern Slab of the Moluccas Sea Collision subducts at
200 km
Sanghire and Halmahera is separated by
100 km
The Geology of the PMB is subdivided to
- Metamorphic Rocks
- Ophiolites and Ophiolitic Belts
- Magmatic Arcs
- Sedimentary Basins
Pre - Cretaceous Metamorphic Rocks of Continental Origin:
- Carmaoy Schist
- Halcon Metamorphics
- Romblon Metamorphics
- Buruang Metamorphics
- Tungauan Schist
Cretaceous Metamorphic Rock of Insular Arc Affinity:
Basic to Ultramafic in character
The Pre – Cretaceous Metamorphic Rocks of Continental Origin is characterized by __________ and concentrated on the _________________
high Silica ; Western Portion of the Philippines
The Cretaceous Metamorphic Rock of Insular Arc Affinity do not extend beyond ___________
Paleogene
Complete Ophiolites
- Zambales
- Isabela
- Palawan
- Pujada
Youngest Ophiolite
Mindoro (Amnay)
Oldest Magmatic Arc
Cebu (Cretaceous)
Ages of the ancient magmatic arc in the Philippines
- Cretaceous
- Early Eocene to Oligocene
- Middle Miocene to Late Miocene
- Miocene to Pliocene
- Plio - Pleistocene
Active Volcanic Arcs
- Luzon Volcanic Arc
- East - Philippine Arc
- Negros - Panay Arc
- Sulu - Zamboanga Arc
- Cotabato Arc
Sedimentary Basin that are PMB Affinity
- Ilocos - Central Luzon Basin
- Cagayan Valley Basin
- Southern Luzon - Bicol Basin
- Mindoro Basin
- Iloilo Basin
- Visayan Sea Basin
- Samar Basin
- Agusan - Davao Basin
- Cotabato Basin
Sedimentary thickness of Ilocos Central Luzon Basin
8000m / 8 km
Sedimentary thickness of Cagayan Valley Basin
8,100m / 8.1 km
Sedimentary thickness of Southern Luzon - Bicol Basin
4,600 m / 4.6 km
Sedimentary thickness of Iloilo Basin
5,000m / 5km
Sedimentary thickness of Visayan Sea Basin
4,000 / 4 km
Sedimentary thickness of Agusan - Davao Basin
12,000 m / 12km
Sedimentary thickness of Cotabato Basin
8,000 m / 8km
Basement Rock/s of Southern Cordillera Range
Pugo Formation
Basement Rock/s of Central Cordillera Range
Lepanto Metavolcanics
Basement Rock/s of Northern Cordillera
Suyo Schist
Basement Rock/s of Cagayan Valley Basin
Abuan Formation
Basement Rock/s of Central and Eastern Northern Sierra Madre
Casiguran Ophiolite
Basement Rock/s of Carballo Range
Carballo Formation
Basement Rock/s of Northern Sierra Madre
Angat Ophiolite
Basement Rock/s of Zambales Range
Zambales Ophiolite
Basement Rock/s of Southwest Luzon (BATANGAS)
San Juan Formation
Basement Rock/s of Southwest Luzon (NE MINDORO)
Halcon Metamorphics
Basement Rock/s of Southwest Luzon (SW MINDORO)
Mansalay Formation
Basement Rock/s of Southwest Luzon (MARINDUQUE)
Marinduque Formation
Basement Rock/s of Southwest Luzon (BONDOC)
Gumaca Schist
Basement Rock/s of Southeast Luzon Basin (MASBATE ISLAND)
Baleno Schist
Basement Rock/s of Southeast Luzon Basin (TICAO ISLAND)
Danao Schist
Basement Rock/s of Southeast Luzon Basin (BURIAS AND ADJACENT ISLANDS)
Makalawang Limestone
Basement Rock/s of Southeast Luzon Arc (Quezon - Camarines Norte)
Maliguit Formation
Basement Rock/s of Southeast Luzon Arc (Caramoan Peninsula)
Siruma Schist
Basement Rock/s of Southeast Luzon Arc (Catanduanes)
Yop Formation
Basement Rock/s of Southeast Luzon Arc (Rapu - rapu Island)
Rapu- Rapu Schist
Basement Rock/s of Southeast Luzon Arc (Bicol Peninsula)
Pangasinan Peridotite
Basement Rock/s of North Palawan Block (Northern Palawan)
Bacuit Formation
Basement Rock/s of North Palawan Block (Romblon)
Romblon Metamorphic Complex
Basement Rock/s of South Palawan Block
Beaufort Ultramafic Complex (Southern Palawan)
Basement Rock/s of Panay Island (Buruanga)
Buruanga Metamorphic Complex
Basement Rock/s of Panay Island (Antique)
Antique Ophiolite
Basement Rock/s of Panay Island (Central Panay - Iloilo Basin)
Panpanan Formation
Basement Rock/s of Panay Island (Eastern Panay)
Sibala Formation (Eastern Panay)
Basement Rock/s of Negros
Basak Formation
Basement Rock/s of Cebu (Northern/Central Cebu)
Tunlob Schist
Basement Rock/s of Cebu (Southern Cebu)
Pandan Formation
Basement Rock/s of Cebu (Siquijor Island)
Kanglasog Volcanic Complex
Basement Rock/s of Bohol
Alicia Schist
Basement Rock/s of Samar
Samar Ophiolite
Basement Rock/s of Leyte (Western Leyte/ Camotes Island)
Malitbog Ophiolite
Basement Rock/s of Leyte (Central Highlands)
Albuera Diorite
Basement Rock/s of Leyte (Eastern Leyte)
Tacloban Diorite
Basement Rock/s of Dinagat Group of Islands
Nueva Estrella Schist
Basement Rock/s of Sulu Archipelago
Sulu Serpentinite
Basement Rock/s of Zamboanga (Zamboanga Peninsula)
Tangauan Schist
Basement Rock/s of Zamboanga (North - Central Zamboanga)
Dansalan Metamorphic Complex
Basement Rock/s of Zamboanga (Sibuguey Peninsula)
Mangabel Formation
Basement Rock/s of Central Mindanao
Tago Schist
Basement Rock/s of Agusan Davao Basin (Agusan Basin)
Adgaoan Formation
Basement Rock/s of Agusan Davao Basin (Davao Basin)
Kabagtican Formation
Basement Rock/s of Agusan Davao Basin (Davao Gulf - Samal Island)
Tagobo Conglomerate
Basement Rock/s of Mindanao Pacific Cordillera (Northern Pacific Cordillera)
Dinagat Ophiolite
Basement Rock/s of Mindanao Pacific Cordillera (Central Pacific Cordillera)
Baggo Limestone
Basement Rock/s of Mindanao Pacific Cordillera (Southern Pacific Cordillera)
Barcelona Formation
Basement Rock/s of Daguma Range
Salbuyan Schist
Basement Rock/s of Cotabato Basin
Patut Formation
Basement Rock/s of Sarangani Peninsula
Malita Formation
Basement Rock/s of Pujada Block
Pujada Ophiolite
Intense deformation affects the PMB with the sinistral Philippine Fault transecting the archipelago from Luzon to Eastern Mindanao for more than _____________________
1200 km
This fault system appears to accommodate a lateral component of the oblique convergence between the Philippine Sea plate and Eurasian Plate with the the other component being absorbed by subduction along the Philippine Trench, under a shear portioning mechanism
Philippine Fault Zone
This mechanism implies synchronous formation of the fault and trench
Shear partitioning mechanism
Age of Philippine Fault Zone
around 4 Ma (Plio- Pleistocene)
Three Segments of the Philippine Fault Zone
- Northern Segment: NW Luzon to Lamon Bay
- Central Segment: Bondoc Peninsula to Leyte
- Southern Segment: Mindanao to Moluccas
Northern Segment of the Philippine Fault Zone
NW Luzon to Lamon Bay
Faults Included in the Northern Segment of the Philippine Fault Zone
- San Miguel - Vigan - Aggao Fault System
- Pugo Fault
- Tuba Fault
- Tebbo - Abra Fault
- Digdig - Kabugao Fault
Central Segment of the Philippine Fault Zone
Bondoc Peninsula to Leyte
Southern Segment of the Philippine Fault Zone
Mindanao to Moluccas
Also known as the “valley fault system”
Marikina Valley Fault
It consists of 2 NE trending faults: Western and Eastern Valley Fault
Marikina Valley Fault
Its trend is NNE - SSW and has 5 active volcanoes namely Taal, Banahaw, Makiling, Malepunyo and the Maars of Laguna
Macolod Corridor
Active Volcanoes in Macolod Corridor
- Taal
- Banahaw
- Makiling
- Malepunyo
- The Maars of Laguna
Left - Lateral Movement, NW trending
Lubang-Verde Passage Fault
N-S trending - right lateral with a significant normal component
Mindoro/ Aglubang Fault
A new branch of Philippine Fault by Bischke et.al however Aurelio contradict it saying that it is Transtensional Regime located offshore of Masbate
Sibuyan Sea Fault
SE trending, that continues up to the Philippine Trench
Legaspi Lineament
A tectonic boundary between the Palawan - Mindoro Micro Continental block
Tablas Lineament
NS Trending, Right Lateral Strike Slip Fault
Tablas Lineament
NW Trending - Left Lateral and has 2 distinct Segment
Mindanao Fault
2 distinct segment of Mindanao Fault
- The Cotabato Fault Segment (South)
- Sigdanagan Fault (North)
OffShore (1)_______ and (2)___________ Faults
- Cebu
- Bohol
It occurred on Oct 15, 2013 with magnitude of Ms. 7.2 and is NE Trending
North Bohol Fault
NE trending and occurred on Feb. 6, 2012 with Ms 6.7
Negros Thrust
Movement of Zambaoanga
<2cm/yr Westward
Movement of Virac Island
7cm/yr NW
Slowest Island to move in the PH
Zamboanga
Fastest Island to move in the PH
Virac Island
Oldest Stratigraphy in the PH
Bacuit Formation in Palawan (Northern Palawan)
Youngest Stratigraphy in the PH
Pleistocene - Recent Volcanics / Batanes Volcanics in Batanes (Central Cordillera & Batanes)
