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FINAL EXAM > FIELD TECHNIQUES > Flashcards

FIELD TECHNIQUES Flashcards

1
Q

An essential piece of equipment for the detailed observation of all rock types and fossils materials.

A

Hand Lens

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2
Q

Most have a lens with ___ magnification

A

10x

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3
Q

Some lens contains both a (1)___ and a (2)___ or (3)___.

A

(1) 10x
(2) 15x
(3) 20x

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4
Q
  • Essential for most geological fieldwork
  • Used in breaking and collecting rock example
  • Used to expose a fresh portion of the outcrop
A

Geologic hammer

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5
Q

In using a hammer, ____ must come first.

A

safety

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6
Q

Step on the sample and move your head (1)____ in the direction of hammer motion to avoid the (2)___ due to impact.

A

(1) away
(2) projectiles

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7
Q

Essential in taking down notes and sketching outcrops for better understanding

A

Field Notebook and Writing Materials

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8
Q

What to note?

A
  • Date
  • Weather
  • GPS Reading/ Location
  • Facing direction
  • Scale
  • Sketch
    -Observations
    -Pin point on your sketch where you get the strike where you get the strike and dip or observable features
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9
Q

Observations on Field Notebook

A
  • Weathering
  • Attitudes
  • Structures
  • Materials Present
  • Sizes of grains or materials
  • Remarks
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10
Q

(Typical Setting) Upper crust, outer zones of mountain belts

A

Pressure solution cleavage

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11
Q

(Typical Setting) Upper crust, outer zones of mountain belts; fine-grained rocks

A

Slaty cleavage

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12
Q

(Typical Setting) Upper crust, outer zones of mountain belts; competent rocks

A

Fracture cleavage

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13
Q

(Typical Setting) High strain faults and shear zones at all but shallowest depths

A

Mylonitic foliation

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14
Q

(Typical Setting) Middle crust, inner zones of mountain belts; metamorphosed rocks (1)

A

Schistosity

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15
Q

(Typical Setting) Middle crust, inner zones of mountain belts; metamorphosed rocks (2)

A

Crenulation cleavage

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16
Q

(Formed by) Dissolution of soluble grains to directed stress

A

Pressure solution cleavage

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17
Q

(Formed by) Alignment of platy grains by rotation, dissolution, and crystallization during applied stress

A

Slaty cleavage

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18
Q

(Formed by) Tensional failure under high fluid pressure* in competent rock types

A

Fracture cleavage

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19
Q

(Formed by) Extreme flattening and stretching in narrow, high-strain zones of shearing

A

Mylonitic foliation

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20
Q

(Formed by) Mineral alignment under applied stress, during metamorphic crystallization

A

Schistosity

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21
Q

(Formed by) Microfolding of a pre-existing planar fabric (tectonic and sedimentary)

A

Crenulation cleavage

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22
Q

(Clues in the Field) Dark/pale colour striping; partially dissolved fossils, clasts; stylolitic surfaces

A

Pressure solution cleavage

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23
Q

(Clues in the Field) Fine fabric that rock cleaves along; typically associated with folds

A

Slaty cleavage

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24
Q

(Clues in the Field) Spaced cracks in competent rock type

A

Fracture cleavage

25
Q

(Clues in the Field) Strongly planar fabric; other high-strain features

A

Mylonitic foliation

26
Q

(Clues in the Field) Visible mineral grains; millimeter to centimeter-scale folia, rougher than slaty cleavage

A

Schistosity

27
Q

(Clues in the Field) Microfold hinges, crenulation lineation

A

Crenulation cleavage

28
Q

Compass-clinometer is used to measure:

A
  • The orientation of geological planes and lineation with respect to north
  • Angle of dip of geological feature with respect to the horizontal
29
Q

Can also use in conjuction with a topographic map to accurately determine location

A

Compass-clinometer

30
Q

More sensitive device because of the in-built spirit levels and the graduation of scales in 1 degree and 2 degree increments

A

Brunton-type

31
Q

Other type of Compass-clinometer

A

Silva-types

32
Q

Sampling- Things to do:

A
  • Know your sampling method
  • Get the sample that has the bulk composition of the outcrop
  • Get a fist size sample for petrology, and crushed sample for geochemistry
  • Get a duplicate
  • Name the sample properly
33
Q

A sample of about __________ is usually sufficient for producing one or more thin sections provided the rock is not too coarse-grained

A

10cm thick x 5 cm x 5cm

34
Q

If the rock is coarse-grained then a sample size that is appropriate to the _____________ should be taken

A

grain size

35
Q

True or False:
The sample needs to be large enough to enable it to be clamped in the rock saw and care needs to be taken with sample position and shape if it needs to be orientated.

A

True

36
Q

In deformed rocks it is useful to cut ___________ thin - sections at right angles to each other, so a slightly larger sample may be required.

A

two or even three

37
Q

For sedimentary rocks the younging
direction is often required and is usually recorded on the face _____________ to bedding with an arrow.

A

perpendicular

38
Q

True or False:
For sedimentary rocks if the bedding orientation is not clear then it may not be recorded.

A

False : If the bedding orientation is not clear this may also need to be recorded so that the section can be cut perpendicular to the bedding.

39
Q

For igneous rocks the younging
direction may need to be recorded
for ______________________________

A

cumulates, pyroclastic rocks, and igneous rocks containing flow features and vesicles

40
Q

For samples from metamorphic rocks it is also often necessary to record the top surface because of the need to obtain thin -sections in a particular orientation relative to the ______________.

A

structural fabric/s

41
Q

Samples for Geochemical Analysis:
A _________ sample is usually sufficient for a range of major and minor element, trace element and isotopic analyses

A

200 g

42
Q

Samples for Geochemical Analysis:
for very coarse - grained or heterogeneous rocks, about ________ sample may be required.

A

1 kg

43
Q

Samples for Geochemical Analysis:
Particular care needs to be taken to ensure that the sample is __________.

A

fresh

44
Q

Samples for Geochemical Analysis:
If possible it is better to remove the ______________ material in the field to
ensure that what you take back is a fresh sample

A

weathered material

45
Q

Samples for Geochemical Analysis:
Color changes are a good indication of weathering, but also the ____________ and _________ of the rock tend to change.

A

fracture pattern and hardness

46
Q

Sample for mineral extraction:
The amount of sample that needs to be collected for mineral analysis depends on the (1) __________ to be extracted and the (2) _________________

A
  1. minerals
  2. composition of the rock.
47
Q

Sample for mineral extraction:
For heavy minerals such as zircon that are present only in low abundance, __________ kg of rock may be required.

A

1-2 kg

48
Q

Sample for mineral extraction:
For volcanic glass and feldspars for « Ar —» Ar and K — Ar dating,generally at least ________ kg of rock is required

A

1kg

49
Q

Sample for mineral extraction:
For pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks it is particularly important to collect from the _______________ as the coarser — grained minerals that are more easily picked out will be most abundant there.

A

base of the bed

50
Q

Samples for megafossil analysis:
Megafossil samples and their supporting rock material tend to be large in which they are best wrapped in _________

A

paper.

51
Q

Samples for megafossil analysis:
If they are fragile or the rock needs to dry out slowly, wrap them in __________ and then paper.

A

cling film/plastic food wrap

52
Q

Samples for microfossil analysis:
The size of samples for microfossil analysis depends on the likely _________ of fossils within the sample.

A

abundance

53
Q

Samples for microfossil analysis:
For an average abundance of foraminifers _______ g should be sufficient

A

200g

54
Q

Samples for microfossil analysis:
For nanofossils and diatoms a small _____g sample is ample.

A

10g

55
Q

Samples for microfossil analysis:
For palynology samples of ________ kg are required.

A

0.5 — 1kg

56
Q

Samples for molecular fossils:
Very small samples are required for molecular fossils but the sample needs to be large enough about ______g to avoid contamination.

A

2-5 g

57
Q

The samples should be packaged in

A

metal foil or glass or polythene bags of known composition.

58
Q

On the sample bag or outside of the packing material itself it is useful to record the following as appropriate:

A
  • sample number;
  • cross reference to field notebook page and/or date collected;
  • location;
  • whether or not the sample is orientated;
  • rock type;
  • associated samples.
59
Q

is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines, but historically using a variety of methods

A

Topographic Map

FINAL EXAM (8 decks)

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