Geology of Groundwater Occurence

Question 1

All surface-water features (streams, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and estuaries) interact with ___________

Answer 1

ground water

Question 2

Hydrogeologist is concerned with the distribution of earth material as
they affect_______________ of the earth.

Answer 2

porosity and hydraulic conductivity

Question 3

• is a gently sloping plain consisting of alluvium.
• It is normally delimited by uplands on either side that rise above the
  level of the valley to varying heights.

Answer 3

Alluvial Valleys

Question 4

During mountain-building episodes, the uplift of mountain masses will result in _________ being formed.

Answer 4

intermontane basins

Question 5

__________can also be created by down-dropping of large
crustal pieces along faults.

Answer 5

Fault-block valleys

Question 6

Coarse gravel is deposited in the___________, sand and fine gravel form ______ along banks, and silt and clay come to rest on the floodplain.

Answer 6

stream channel; natural levees

Question 7

Clastic sedimentary rocks are typically composed of_____
Chemically precipitated sedimentary rocks are primarily ______
Coal and lignite can also be considered to be sedimentary deposits, with the original sediments being _______

Answer 7

• silicate, carbonate, or clay minerals.
• limestone, dolomite, salt, or gypsum
• organic matter

Question 8

_____________of sedimentary rocks can create very complex hydrogeologic systems, in which determination of the locations of
recharge and discharge zones and flow systems is confounded.

Answer 8

Folding and faulting

Question 9

intrusions of sediment that are forced into rock fractures

Answer 9

Clastic Dikes

Question 10

Faults in consolidated rock units can act either as pathways for water movement or as
flow barriers. If there has been little displacement along the fault, then the fault is more likely to develop fracture permeability because there is less opportunity for the formation of soft, ground-up rock, called ____________ to form between the moving surfaces

Answer 10

gouge,

Question 11

Hydraulic conductivity of clastic sedimentary rocks, based on , is a ___________________
function Of the ________________ of the original sediment. The same factors

Answer 11

primary permeability; grain Size, Shape, and Sorting

Question 12

Clastic limestones have high ____

Answer 12

primary porosity

Question 13

Chemically precipitated rocks pan be very low porosity and permeability if the they are ___________

Answer 13

crystalline

Question 14

Bedding plane can be zone of low primary porosity and permeability (T o F)

Answer 14

F

Question 15

__________, or shafts leading from surface streams, can carry surface water under-
ground into caverns. Swallow holes can drain an entire stream or only a small portion of one,

Answer 15

Swallow holes

Question 16

Caves above water table

Answer 16

Vadose Cave

Question 17

Caves Below water table

Answer 17

Phreatic Cave

Question 18

Caves at the water table

Answer 18

water-table cave

Question 19

3 conceptual models for carbonate aquifers

Answer 19

Diffuse-Flow
Free-flow
Confined-Flow

Question 20

have had little solutional activity directed toward opening
large channels; these are to some extent homogeneous.

Answer 20

diffuse flow

Question 21

controlled by the orientation of the beding planes and fractures that determine the locations of solutional conduits, but not by
confining beds.

Answer 21

Free-flow

Question 22

have solution openings in the carbonate units, but low-permeability noncarbonate beds exert control over the direction of
-water movement.

Answer 22

Confined-Flow

Question 23

Hindrance to Ground water exploration

Answer 23

Complex Stratigraphy

Question 24

Desert areas receive ______of precipitation or less each year-

Answer 24

25 cm

Question 25

Vast bedrock aquifers are known to occur in the sedimentary basins
of Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia (Harshbarger 1968). The Sahara
Desert is underlain by the_________, a sandstone up to 3000 ft
(900 m) thick.

Answer 25

Nubian aquifer

Question 26

They are regional features, bounded on the continental side by
highlands and seaward by a coastline.

Answer 26

Coastal Plain Aquifers

Question 27

Aquifers located next to tidal bodies are subjected to short-term
fluctuations in the head, due to the tide.

Answer 27

Tidal Effect