Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fallacy > Geology and the Environment - Unit 3 > Flashcards

Geology and the Environment - Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ablation

A

The loss of glacier ice by meltin or evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Abrasion

A

Erosion by wind transported sediment or by the scraping of rock fragments frozen in glacial ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Active Margin

A

A continental margin at which there is significant volcanic and earthquake activity; commonly, a convergent plate margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Active Volcano

A

A volcano wit a record of eruption within recent history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aftershocks

A

Earthquakes that follow the main shock when a fault has slipped; of magnitude equal to or lower than the main shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alpine Glacier

A

A glacier occupying a valley in mountainous terrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Andesite

A

Volcanic Rock intermediate in composition between basalt and rhyolite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Angle of Repose

A

The maximum slope angle at which a given unconsolidated material is stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Barrier Islands

A

Long, low, narrow islands parallel to the coastline that protect the coastline somewhat from wave action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Basalt

A

A volcanic rock rich in ferromagnesian minerals; relatively low silica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Beach

A

Gentyly sloping shoreline area washed over by waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Beach Face

A

The part of the beach along the water that is regularly washed by waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Body Waves

A

Seismic waves that pass through the earth’s interior; includes P waves and S waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Caldera

A

A large, bowl-shaped summit depression in a volcano; may be formed by explosion or collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Calving

A

The formation of icebergs by the breakup of a glacier flowing out over water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cinder Cone

A

A volcano built of cinders and other pyroclastics piled up around the volcanic vent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Composite Volcano

A

Stratovolcano:A composite volcanic cone built of interlayered lava flows and pyroclastic materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Continental Glacier

A

A large glacier covering extensive land area; also known as an ice cap or ice sheet; may be several Km thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Creep (Fault)

A

The slow, gradual slip along a fault zone without major, damaging earthquakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Creep (Rock or Soil)

A

Slow, gradual downslope movement of unstable surficial materials (as contrasted with more abrupt landslides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Debris Avalanche

A

A mixed flow of rock, soil, vegetation, or other materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Debris Flow

A

Another term for debris avalanche; especially used for a water-saturated one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Deflation

A

The wholesale removal of loose sediment by wind erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Desert

A

A baren region incapable of supporting appreciable life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Desertification

A

The process by which marginally habitable arid lands are converted to desert; typically accelerated by human activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dip-Slip Fault

A

A fault with predominently vertical displacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dormant Volcano

A

A volcano with no recent eruptive history but that still looks relatively fresh and unweathered; may become active again in future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Drift

A

Sediment transported and deposited by a glacier; Also called Outwash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Drowned Valley

A

Along a coastline, a stream valley that is partially flooded by seawater as a consequence of land sinking and/or sea level rising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Dune

A

A low mound or ridge of sediment (usually sand) deposited by wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Earthquake

A

Ground displacement and energy release associated with the sudden motion of rocks along a fault

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Earthquake Cycle

A

The concept that there is a periodic quality about the occurrence of major earthquakes on a given fault zone, with repreated cycles of stress buildup, ryupture, and relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Elastic Rebound

A

Phenomenon whereby stressed rocks snap back elastically after an earthquake to their pre-stress condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Epicenter

A

The point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Equilibrium Line

A

Line on the surface of a glacier at which accumulation just equals ablation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Estuary

A

A body of water along a coastline that contains a mix of resh and salt water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Extinct Volcano

A

A Volcano that has no recent eruptive history and appears very weathered; not expected to erupt again

38
Q

Fall (Rock)

A

Mass wasting by free-fall of material not always in contact with the ground underneath

39
Q

Fault

A

Planar break in rock along which one side has moved relative to the other

40
Q

Fissue Eruption

A

The eruption of lava from a crack in the lithosphere, rather than from a central vent

41
Q

Flow

A

Mass wasting in which materials move in chaotic fashion

42
Q

Focus

A

The point of first break on a fault during an earthquake

43
Q

Glacier

A

A mass of ice that moves or flows over land under its own weight

44
Q

Intensity

A

A measure of the damaging effects of an earthquake at a particular spot; commonly remported on the Modified Mercalli Scale

45
Q

Lahar

A

A Volcanic mudflow deposit formed from hot ash and water, the latter often derived from melting snow on a snow-capped or glaciated volcano

46
Q

Landslide

A

A general term applied to a rapid mass-wasting event

47
Q

Lava Dome

A

A compact, bulbous, steep-sided structure built of very viscous, silicic lava emitted from a central pipe or vent

48
Q

Liquefaction (soil)

A

A quicksand condition arising in wet soil shaken by seismic waves; soil loses its strength as particles lose contact with each other

49
Q

Littoral Drift

A

Sand movement along the length of a beach

50
Q

Loess

A

Wind-deposited sediment composed of fine particles (0.01-0.06 mm in diameter)

51
Q

Longshore Current

A

Net movement of water parallel to a coastline, arising when waves and currents approach the shore at an oblique angle

52
Q

Magnitude

A

Measure of earthquake size; often reported using the Richter Magnitude Scale

53
Q

Mass Movement

A

Also called Mass Wasting: The downslope movement of material due to gravity

54
Q

Mass Wasting

A

The downslope movement of material due to gravity; also known as mass movement

55
Q

Milling

A

Erosion by the grinding action of sand-laden waves on a coast

56
Q

Moraine

A

Landform made of till

57
Q

Outwash

A

Glacial sediment moved and redeposited by meltwater

58
Q

P Waves

A

Compressed seismic body waves

59
Q

Passive Margin

A

A geologically quiet continental margin, lacking significant volcanic or seismic activity

60
Q

Phreatic Eruption

A

A violent, explosive volcanic eruption lake a steam-boiler explosion, occuring when subsurface water is heated and converted to steam by hot magma underground

61
Q

Precursor Phenomena

A

Phenomena that precede an earthquake, volcanic eruption, or other natural event, which may be used to predict the upcoming event

62
Q

Pyroclastic Flow

A

Denser than air flow of hot gas and ash from a volcano

63
Q

Pyroclastics

A

The hot fragments of rock and magma emitted during an explosive volcanic eruption

64
Q

Quick Clay

A

The sediment formed from glacial rock flour deposited in a marine setting, weakened by subsequent flushing with fresh pore water

65
Q

Rain Shadow

A

A dry zone landward of a mountain range, which is caused by loss of moisture from air passing over the mountains

66
Q

Rhyolite

A

Silica rich volcanic rock; the volcanic compositional equivalent of granite

67
Q

Rock Flour

A

A fine sediment of pulverized rock produced by glacial erosion

68
Q

Rockfall

A

Mass wasting by free-fall of material not always in contact with the ground underneath

69
Q

S Waves

A

Shear seismic body waves; do not propagate through liquids

70
Q

Seismic Gap

A

A section of an active fault along which few earthquakes are occuring, in contrast to adjacent fault segments; presumably, a locked section of fault

71
Q

Seismic Waves

A

The fomr in which most energy is released during earthquakes; divided into body waves and surface waves

72
Q

Seismograph

A

An instrument used to measure ground motion caused by seismic waves

73
Q

Sensitivity Clay

A

A material similar in behaviour to quick clay, but derived from different materials, such as volcanic ash

74
Q

Shear Strength

A

The ability of a material to resist shearing stress

75
Q

Shearing Stress

A

Stress that tends to cause different parts of an object to slide past each other across a plane; with respect to mass movements, stress tending to pull material downslope

76
Q

Sheild Volcano

A

A low, flat, gently sloping volcano built from many flows of fluid, low viscosity basaltic lava

77
Q

Slide

A

A form of mass wasting in which a relatively coherent mass of material moves downslope along a well defined surface

78
Q

Slip Face

A

The downward side of a dune, on which material tends to assume the slope of the angle of repose of the sediment of the dune

79
Q

Slump

A

A slide moved only a short distance, often with a rotational component to the movement

80
Q

Stike-Slip Fault

A

A fault with predominantly horizontal displacement

81
Q

Stratovolcano

A

A composite volcanic cone built of interlayered lava flows and pyroclastic materials

82
Q

Striations

A

Parallel grooves in a rock surface cut when a glacier containing rock debris flows over that rock

83
Q

Surface Waves

A

The seismic waves that travel along the earth’s surface

84
Q

Surge (Storm)

A

Localized increase in water level of an ocean or large lake; caused by extreme low pressure and high winds associated with major storms

85
Q

Talus

A

Accumulated debris from rockfalls and rockslides

86
Q

Thrust Fault

A

A reverse fault with very shallowly dipping fault plane

87
Q

Till

A

Poorly sorted sediment deposited by melting glacial ice

88
Q

Tsunami

A

A seismic sea wave, generated by a major earthquake in or near an ovean basin; sometimes incorrectly called a Tidal Wave

89
Q

Ventifact

A

Literally wind made rock shaped by wind erosion

90
Q

Volcanic Explosivity Index

A

A scale for reporting the size of an explosive volcanic eruption

91
Q

Wave Refraction

A

The deflection of waves as they approach the shore

92
Q

Wave-Cut Platform

A

Step-like surface cut in rock by wave action at sea or lake level

Fallacy (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions