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Fallacy > Geology and the Environment - Unit 1 > Flashcards

Geology and the Environment - Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4.6 Billion Years Ago

A

Planet formed from cloud of gases

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2
Q

3 Billion Years Ago

A

Earliest life forms preserved in rocks

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3
Q

570 million Years Ago

A

First abundant organisms with hard skeletal parts appeared in rock record

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4
Q

430 million Years Ago

A

First land plants appeared

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5
Q

190 million Years Ago

A

First Mammals Appeared

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6
Q

63 million Years Ago

A

First primates

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7
Q

2 million Years Ago

A

First human species

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8
Q

35 Thousand to 50 thousand years ago

A

Apperance of Homo Sapiens

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9
Q

18th Century

A

Begining of industrial revolution

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10
Q

20th Century

A

Advent of the Automobile

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11
Q

1950s

A

Thermonuclear Weapons were tested frequently
Pesticides became widely used

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12
Q

1960s to present

A

Increased usage of aerosol sprays

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13
Q

1970s to present

A

Increased amounts of radioactive wastes
-Require 1/4 million years before they decay to safe levels (More than the lifespan of Humans)

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14
Q

Core

A

The innermost zone of the earth; composed largely of iron

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15
Q

Crust

A

The outermost compositional zone of the earth; composed predominantly of relatively low-density silicate materials

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16
Q

Doubling Time

A

The length of time required for a population to double in size

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17
Q

Environmental Geology

A

The study of the interactions between humans and their geologic environment

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18
Q

Hypothesis

A

A conceptual model or explanation for a set of data, mneasurments or observations

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19
Q

Mantle

A

The zone of the earth’s interior between crust and core; rich in ferromagnesian silicates

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20
Q

Exponential Growth

A

Growth Characterized by a constant percentage increase per unit time

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21
Q

Scientific Method

A

Means of discovering scientific principles by formulating hypotheses, making predictions from them and testing the predictions

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22
Q

Theory

A

A generally accepted explanation for a set of data or observations; its validity has usually been tested by the scientific method

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23
Q

Renewable Resources

A

Agiculture
Forestry
Horticulture

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24
Q

Non-Renewable Resources

A

Mineral Resources
(Subject to depletion)

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25
Q

Water

A

Cyclic resource
Can undergo degredation

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26
Q

Anion

A

An ion with a net negative charge

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27
Q

Atom

A

The smallest particle into which a chemical element can be subdivided

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28
Q

Atomic Mass Number

A

The sume of the number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus

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29
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in an atomic nucleus; characteristic of a particular element

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30
Q

Carbonate

A

Nonsilicate mineral containing carbonate groups (CO3), carbon, and oxygen in the proportions of one atoms of carbon to three atoms of oxygen

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31
Q

Cation

A

An ion with a net positive charge

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32
Q

Chemical Sedimentary Rock

A

A rock formed from sediments at low temperature

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33
Q

Clastic Sedimentary Rock

A

Broken or fragmented; describes sediments or sedimentary rocks that are formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks or minerals

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34
Q

Cleavage

A

The tendancy of a mineral to break preferentially along planes in certain directions in the crystal structure

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35
Q

Compound

A

A chemical combination of two or more elements, in specific proportions, having a distinctive set of resultant physical properties

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36
Q

Contact Metamorphism

A

Local metamorphism adjacent to a cooling magma body

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37
Q

Covalent Bonding

A

Bonding involving sharing of electrons between atoms

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38
Q

Crystalline

A

Describes materials possessing a regular, repeating internal arrangement of atoms

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39
Q

Electron

A

A subatomic particle with an electrical cahrge or -1; generally found orbiting the nucleus

40
Q

Ferromagnesian

A

A termdescribing silicates containing significant amounts of iron and/or magnesium; these minerals are usually dark-colored

41
Q

Foliation

A

Parallel alignment of linear or platy minerals in a rock

42
Q

Glass

A

Solid (especially silicate)lacking a regular internal crystal structure

43
Q

Igneous

A

A rock formed or crystallized from a magma

44
Q

Ion

A

Atom that has gained or lost electrons, so it has a net electrical charge

45
Q

Ionic Bonding

A

Bonding due to attraction between oppositely charged ions

46
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms ofa given chemical elements having the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers

47
Q

Lava

A

Magma that flows out at the earth’s surface

48
Q

Lithification

A

Conversion of unconsolidated sediment into cohesive rock

49
Q

Magma

A

A naturally occuring silicate melt, which may also contain mineral crystals, dissolved water,or gases

50
Q

Metamorphic

A

Rock that is changed in form (deformed and/or recrystalized) through the effects of heat and/or pressure

51
Q

Mineral

A

A naturally occuring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a definite composition or range in composition, usually havign a regular crystal structure
3000 minerals known

52
Q

Native Element

A

Nonsilicate mineral consisting of a single chemical element

53
Q

Neutron

A

An electrically neutral subatomic particle with a mass approximately equal to one atomic mass unit; generally found within an atomic nucleus

54
Q

Nucleus

A

The center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons

55
Q

Organic Sediments

A

Carbon rich sediments derived from the remains of living organisms

56
Q

Oxide

A

Nonsilicate mineral containing oxygen combined with one or more metals

57
Q

Periodic table

A

The regular arrangement of chemcial elements in a chart that reflects patterns of chemical behavior related to the electronicstructure of atoms

58
Q

Plutonic

A

Describes an igneous rock crystallized well below the earth’s surface; typically coarse-grained

59
Q

Proton

A

Subatomic particle with a charge of +1 and a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit; generally found within an atomic nucleus

60
Q

Regional Metamorphism

A

Metamorphism on a large scale, involving increased heat and pressure; often associated with mouontain building

61
Q

Rock

A

A solid, cohesive aggregate of one or more minerals

62
Q

Rock Cycles

A

Teh concept thatrocks are continually subject to change and that any rock may be transformed into another type of rock through an appropriate geologic process

63
Q

Sediment

A

Surface accumulation of loose, unconsolidated mineral or rock particles

64
Q

Sedimentary

A

A rock formed from sediments at low temperature

65
Q

Silicate

A

Mineral contianing silicon and oxygen and usually one or more additional elements

66
Q

Sulfate

A

Nonsilicate mineral contianing sulfate (SO4) groups, each made up of one atom of sulfur and four atoms of oxygen

67
Q

Sulfide

A

Nonsilicate mineral continingsulfur but no oxygen

68
Q

Volcanic

A

describes any igneous rock formed at or near the earth’s surface

69
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Partially molten, weak xone within the upper mantle immediately below the lithosphere

70
Q

Brittle

A

Describes materials that tend to rupture before appreciable plastic deformation has occured

71
Q

Compressive Stress

A

Stress tending to compress an object

72
Q

Continental Drift

A

The concept that the continents have moved about over teh earth’s surface

73
Q

Convection Cell

A

Circulating masses of material driven by temperature differences (hot material rises, then moves laterally,cools, sinks, and is reheated to rise again)

74
Q

Convergent Plate Boundary

A

Plate boundary at whcih lithospheric plates are movingtoward each otehr; for example, a subduction zone or continental collision zone

75
Q

Curie Temperature

A

Temperature above which a magnetic material loses its magnetism; different for each such material

76
Q

Divergent Plate Boundary

A

A boundary along which lithospheric plates are moving apart; for example, seafloor spreading ridfges and continental rift zone

77
Q

Ductile

A

Describes material that undergoes extensive plastic deformation without rupturing

78
Q

Elastic Deformation

A

Deformation proportional to applied stress, from whcih the affected material will return toits original size and shape when the stress is removed

79
Q

Elastic Limit

A

The stress above which a material will cease to deform elastically

80
Q

Hot Spot

A

An isolated center of volcanic activity; often assocaited with a plate boundary

81
Q

Island Arc

A

Chain of volcanic islands formed parallel to a subduction zone, on the overriding plate

82
Q

Lithosphere

A

The solid, outermost zone of the earth, including the crust and a portion of the upper mantle; approximately 50 km thick under the oceans and commonly more than 100 km thick beneath the continents

83
Q

Paleomagnetism

A

The fossil magnetism preserved inrocks formed in the past

84
Q

Plastic Deformation

A

Permanent strain in material stressed beyond the elastic limit; the material will not return to its original dimensions when the stress is removed

85
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

The theory that holds that the rigid lithosphere is broken up itnoa series of movable plates

86
Q

Polar-Wander Curve

A

A plot of apparent magnetic pole positions atvarious times in teh past relative toa continent, assuming the continent’s position to have been fixed on the earth

87
Q

Rupture

A

Breakage or failure of material under stress

88
Q

Seafloor Spreading

A

The process by which new lithosphere is created at spreadingridges as plates of oceanic lithosphere move apart

89
Q

Shearing Stress

A

Stress that tends to cause different parts of an object to slide past each other across a plane; with respect to mass movements, stress tending to pull material downslope

90
Q

Strain

A

Deformation resulting from the application of stress

91
Q

Stress

A

A force applied to an object

92
Q

Subduction Zone

A

A convergent plate boundary at whcih oceanic lithosphere is being pushed beneath another plate (continental or oceanic) into the asthenosphere

93
Q

Tectonics

A

The study of large scale movement and deformation of the earth’s crust

94
Q

Tensile Stress

A

Stress tending to pull an object apart

95
Q

Transform Fault

A

A fault between offset segments of a spreading ridge, along which two plates move horizontally inopposite directions

96
Q

Chemical Elements

A

104 Elements
, 88 Naturally Occuring

Fallacy (4 decks)

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