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Geology > Geology #2 > Flashcards

Geology #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of metamorphism is associated with mountain-building?

A

regional

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2
Q

_____ is the metamorphic process by which the chemical composition of the rock is changed by the addition or removal of hot fluids.

A

Metasomatism

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3
Q

Foliations in metamorphic rocks tend to form _____________ to the compressive stress.

A

parallel

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4
Q

Meteorite impact can lead to metamorphism. True or False?

A

True

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5
Q

Which type of metamorphism takes place in areas where crust is undergoing shearing?

A

Dynamic metamorphism

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6
Q

Gneiss is a high-grade metamorphic rock that is commonly banded.

True or false?

A

True

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7
Q

Which type of metamorphism takes place when hot magma interacts with relatively cold surrounding rocks?

A

Contact metamorphism

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8
Q

Which of the following metamorphic rocks form as a result of the metamorphism of limestone?

A

marble

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9
Q

Which of the following metamorphic rocks is foliated?

A

Schist

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10
Q

____________ is a metamorphic rock produced from sandstone.

A

Quartzite

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11
Q

The age of the Earth was determined using ancient zircons. True or False

A

True

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12
Q

An isotope that is undergoing radioactive decay is called a parent, and an isotope that forms as a result of radioactive decay is called a daughter. True or False

A

True

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13
Q

The Cambrian Explosion was:

A

A massive impact event that caused mass extinction

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14
Q

Our best estimate for the age of the Earth is _____.

A

4.57 billion years

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15
Q

The eon which we are in today is called

A

The Phanerozoic

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16
Q

The eon during which the Earthā€™s crust was initially forming was:

A

The Archean

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17
Q

The principle of superposition tells us that _____.

A

the oldest rock layer in any undisturbed sedimentary sequence is on the bottom, and the youngest is on the top.

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18
Q

Sedimentary rocks are the best rocks to use for numerical dating.

True or False

A

False

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19
Q

When we see sedimentary rock layers that are twisted or tilted, we know that some force must have disturbed them after they were deposited. The principle upon which we base this is the principle of _____.

A

original horizontality.

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20
Q

If you see a vertical igenous intrusion embedded in horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks, which principle will help you determine the relative age of the intrusion?

A

principle of cross-cutting relationships

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21
Q

A(n) ______is a gap in the rock record across which there is a significant amount of missing time.

A

Unconformity

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22
Q

A type of sedimentary rock formed by the evaporation of lake or seawater is known as a(n) _____.

A

evaporite

23
Q

Which of the following is a category of sedimentary rocks formed by the precipitation of minerals out of a lake, a river, or seawater?

A

Chemical

24
Q

Sandstone results from the lithification of clay-size grains.

A

False

25
Q

If mud cracks are found within a sedimentary rock layer, what can we deduce about the environmental conditions during deposition of the original sediment?

A

The environment was wet and then dried out

26
Q

Breccia is a clastic sedimentary rock composed primarily of angular, gravel-size clasts.

A

True

27
Q

_____ is the reduction of pore space in sediment as a result of the weight of the overlying sediments.

A

compaction

28
Q

Rocks formed from rounded, gravel-size sediments are termed _______________.

A

conglomerate

29
Q

A _____ is a sedimentary deposit that forms where a stream enters a standing body of water.

A

delta

30
Q

________ is a sedimentary rock which is typically composed entirely of calcium carbonate.

A

Shale

31
Q

The group of processes that transform sediments into rock is known as _____.

A

lithification

32
Q

Coal is classified as a chemical sedimentary rock.

A

False

33
Q

Some of the main factors involved in soil development include:

A

Both climate and parent materials

34
Q

This type of soil is highly oxidized:

A

Oxisol

35
Q

Mountain ranges only form by compressional (squeezing) forces.True or False

A

False

36
Q

Orographic precipitation involves increased precipitation on one side of a mountain, and decreased (or no) precipitation on the other side. True or False

A

True

37
Q

Weathering involves the breakdown and movement of materials from their original location. True or False

A

True

38
Q

Rock that is deformed so that it bends in a ductile/plastic way forms _____.

A

folds

39
Q

Dissolution is a good example of physical weathering. True or False

A

False

40
Q

The never-ending formation and destruction of Earth materials is called the _______.

A

rock cycle

41
Q

__ deformation describes the permanent change that occurs when a material breaks by fracturing.

A

ductile/plastic

42
Q

The balance between the weight of a mountain range and the buoyancy provided by the underlying mantle is called ___________.

A

isostatic equilibrium

43
Q

_______ is the process of ice splitting rocks during freeze/thaw cycles.

A

Frost wedging

43
Q

All of the following are examples of physical weathering except:

A

Oxidation

44
Q
A
45
Q

A fold shaped like an arch is a(n) _______, whereas a fold shaped like a ā€œUā€ is a(n) _______.

A

anticline; syncline

46
Q

In general, weathering and erosion occur more rapidly in _________ regions, and more slowly in _______ regions.

A

Tropical; arid

47
Q

_______ is the process of large, curved slabs of rocks peeling off from the surface

A

Exfoliation/sheet weathering

48
Q

_______ occurs along with significant changes in temperature over various time periods.

A

Thermal expansion

49
Q

This type of soil contains volcanic glass:

A

Andisol

50
Q

_______ involves the physical weathering of rocks by vegetation.

A

Root wedging

51
Q

This type of soil is dark and organic:

A

Mollisol

52
Q

Oxidation is a good example of chemical weathering.True or False

A

True

Geology (4 decks)

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