Geology #2 Flashcards
Which type of metamorphism is associated with mountain-building?
regional
_____ is the metamorphic process by which the chemical composition of the rock is changed by the addition or removal of hot fluids.
Metasomatism
Foliations in metamorphic rocks tend to form _____________ to the compressive stress.
parallel
Meteorite impact can lead to metamorphism. True or False?
True
Which type of metamorphism takes place in areas where crust is undergoing shearing?
Dynamic metamorphism
Gneiss is a high-grade metamorphic rock that is commonly banded.
True or false?
True
Which type of metamorphism takes place when hot magma interacts with relatively cold surrounding rocks?
Contact metamorphism
Which of the following metamorphic rocks form as a result of the metamorphism of limestone?
marble
Which of the following metamorphic rocks is foliated?
Schist
____________ is a metamorphic rock produced from sandstone.
Quartzite
The age of the Earth was determined using ancient zircons. True or False
True
An isotope that is undergoing radioactive decay is called a parent, and an isotope that forms as a result of radioactive decay is called a daughter. True or False
True
The Cambrian Explosion was:
A massive impact event that caused mass extinction
Our best estimate for the age of the Earth is _____.
4.57 billion years
The eon which we are in today is called
The Phanerozoic
The eon during which the Earthās crust was initially forming was:
The Archean
The principle of superposition tells us that _____.
the oldest rock layer in any undisturbed sedimentary sequence is on the bottom, and the youngest is on the top.
Sedimentary rocks are the best rocks to use for numerical dating.
True or False
False
When we see sedimentary rock layers that are twisted or tilted, we know that some force must have disturbed them after they were deposited. The principle upon which we base this is the principle of _____.
original horizontality.
If you see a vertical igenous intrusion embedded in horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks, which principle will help you determine the relative age of the intrusion?
principle of cross-cutting relationships
A(n) ______is a gap in the rock record across which there is a significant amount of missing time.
Unconformity
A type of sedimentary rock formed by the evaporation of lake or seawater is known as a(n) _____.
evaporite
Which of the following is a category of sedimentary rocks formed by the precipitation of minerals out of a lake, a river, or seawater?
Chemical
Sandstone results from the lithification of clay-size grains.
False
If mud cracks are found within a sedimentary rock layer, what can we deduce about the environmental conditions during deposition of the original sediment?
The environment was wet and then dried out
Breccia is a clastic sedimentary rock composed primarily of angular, gravel-size clasts.
True
_____ is the reduction of pore space in sediment as a result of the weight of the overlying sediments.
compaction
Rocks formed from rounded, gravel-size sediments are termed _______________.
conglomerate
A _____ is a sedimentary deposit that forms where a stream enters a standing body of water.
delta
________ is a sedimentary rock which is typically composed entirely of calcium carbonate.
Shale
The group of processes that transform sediments into rock is known as _____.
lithification
Coal is classified as a chemical sedimentary rock.
False
Some of the main factors involved in soil development include:
Both climate and parent materials
This type of soil is highly oxidized:
Oxisol
Mountain ranges only form by compressional (squeezing) forces.True or False
False
Orographic precipitation involves increased precipitation on one side of a mountain, and decreased (or no) precipitation on the other side. True or False
True
Weathering involves the breakdown and movement of materials from their original location. True or False
True
Rock that is deformed so that it bends in a ductile/plastic way forms _____.
folds
Dissolution is a good example of physical weathering. True or False
False
The never-ending formation and destruction of Earth materials is called the _______.
rock cycle
__ deformation describes the permanent change that occurs when a material breaks by fracturing.
ductile/plastic
The balance between the weight of a mountain range and the buoyancy provided by the underlying mantle is called ___________.
isostatic equilibrium
_______ is the process of ice splitting rocks during freeze/thaw cycles.
Frost wedging
All of the following are examples of physical weathering except:
Oxidation
A fold shaped like an arch is a(n) _______, whereas a fold shaped like a āUā is a(n) _______.
anticline; syncline
In general, weathering and erosion occur more rapidly in _________ regions, and more slowly in _______ regions.
Tropical; arid
_______ is the process of large, curved slabs of rocks peeling off from the surface
Exfoliation/sheet weathering
_______ occurs along with significant changes in temperature over various time periods.
Thermal expansion
This type of soil contains volcanic glass:
Andisol
_______ involves the physical weathering of rocks by vegetation.
Root wedging
This type of soil is dark and organic:
Mollisol
Oxidation is a good example of chemical weathering.True or False
True
