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Geography Year 09 2021 > Geography Y09 Sum1 > Flashcards

Geography Y09 Sum1 Flashcards

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1
Q

1.1 resource

A

A supply of something that has value or a purpose.

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2
Q

1.2 water footprint

A

The amount of water used throughout the day by an individual/country.

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3
Q

1.3 food miles

A

The distance the food has travelled from producer to consumer.

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4
Q

1.4 carbon footprint

A

The total greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual/business.

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5
Q

1.5 water deficit

A

Where demand for water exceeds supply.

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6
Q

1.6 water surplus

A

Where supply of water exceeds demand .

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7
Q

1.7 water stress

A

Areas suffering from water deficit, where supply does not meet demand.

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8
Q

1.8 energy mix

A

The different sources of energy used by a country.

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9
Q

1.9 food insecurity

A

People can’t get enough food to stay healthy or lead an active lifestyle.

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10
Q

1.1 food security

A

People have enough nutritious food to eat and to stay healthy and active.

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11
Q

1.11 irrigation

A

Watering crops

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12
Q

1.12 permaculture

A

Producing food in a way that doesn’t harm the environment.

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13
Q

2.1 food

A

Depends on climate, soils and technology. Europe, Asia, N & S America tend to have a surplus. Africa has a deficit

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14
Q

2.2 water

A

Water depends on climate. The Middle East and Africa have shortages.

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15
Q

2.3 energy

A

Affected by the distribution of fossil fuels. Knowledge & money to develop renewable energy limits use in LICs

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16
Q

3.1 Food: demand

A

Consumers want to eat fruit and vegetables all year round (out of season)

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17
Q

3.2 Food: imports

A

47% of UK food is imported, often from LICs e.g. Kenya

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18
Q

3.3 Food: organic produce

A

Food farmed without the use of chemicals such as fertilisers or pesticides.

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19
Q

3.4 Food: agribusiness

A

Treating food production from farms like a large industrial business.

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20
Q

3.1 Water Resources: demand

A

Water used by the average UK household has increased by 70% since 1985.

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21
Q

3.2 Water Resources: causes

A

a.Population growth, b.More water-intensive appliances like dishwashers, c.Irrigation for out of season food, d.Power showers

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22
Q

3.3 Water Resources: distribution

A

a.More rain in NW where there is a surplus of water, b.High demand in the SE. Here rainfall is lower. There is a deficit.

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23
Q

3.4 Water Resources: water transfer scheme

A

The distribution of water from areas of surplus to areas of deficit using pipelines.

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24
Q

5.1 legislation

A

Strict UK laws on discharge farms and factories put into rivers.

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25
Q

5.2 education

A

Campaigns to educate public

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26
Q

5.3 wastewater treatments

A

Invest in more local water treatments plants

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27
Q

5.4 green roofs/walls

A

Grass/plants can naturally filter out pollutants in rainwater

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28
Q

5.5 pollution traps

A

Reed beds are used to filter out pollution from roads

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29
Q

4.1 Fertilisers from farmland

A

Toxic waste can kill wildlife

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30
Q

4.2 Hot water from industrial cooling

A

Contaminated drinking water

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31
Q

4.3 Oil from ships and boats

A

Fertilisers cause eutrophication which kills fish

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32
Q

4.4 Untreated waste from industries

A

People whose jobs depends on clean water may be affected E.G. fishermen

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33
Q

6.1 demand

A

Energy use has declined by 12% since 1970 .

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34
Q

6.2 energy mix

A

Coal 35% Gas 25% Nuclear 19% Renewables 21%

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35
Q

6.3 energy mix changes

A

UK relies on imported fossil fuels. More renewables.

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36
Q

7.1 Non-renewables –Fossil fuels Ecomonic Issues:

A

Non-renewable so will run out (not sustainable)

37
Q

7.2 Non-renewables –Fossil fuels Environmental Issues

A

a. Carbon dioxide released leads to acid rain and climate change, b. Fracking can cause ground water pollution

38
Q

7.3 Non-renewables – Nuclear Economic Issues

A

a. Waste is radioactive for 100 years, b. Nuclear accidents, while rare, have long term impacts on wildlife and people

39
Q

7.5 Renewables Economic Issues

A

a. High set up costs, b. Tourism declines as visual appeal is damaged

40
Q

7.6 Renewables Environmental Issues

A

a. Wind turbines can affect bird migration, b. Considered ugly and ruins views

41
Q

8.1 distribution

A

The world produces enough food for everyone, but it is not distributed evenly.

42
Q

8.2 global food consumption is increasing due to:

A

a)Global population is growing , b)Economic development means wealthier people spend more on food and eat more meat

43
Q

9.1 climate

A

a)Both drought and flooding can affect food production, b)Becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change

44
Q

9.2 pests & diseases

A

a)LICs often suffer from pests and diseases more than HICs, b)Locusts can eat crops

45
Q

9.3 conflict

A

a)War leads to food shortages, b)People are forced to leave their land and food aid may be restricted by the military.

46
Q

9.4 technology

A

LICs lack farm machinery, irrigation, storage facilities, transport infrastructure and processing facilities

47
Q

9.5 water stress

A

a)Lack of water means plants don’t grow, b)LICs cannot afford expensive water transfer schemes to irrigate crops

48
Q

9.6 poverty

A

a)Farmers in LICs cannot afford high quality seeds or fertiliser or mechanisation, b)They also suffer from malnourishment which reduces their ability to work.

49
Q

10.1 famine and undernutrition

A

Famine leads to malnourishment and weakened immune systems.

50
Q

10.2 soil erosion

A

Over-cultivation with a lack of rainfall leads to soil erosion. This reduces the fertility of the soil and limits food production

51
Q

10.3 rising prices

A

When food supply falls, prices rise

52
Q

10.4 social unrest

A

Food shortages can lead to rioting and conflict

53
Q

11.1 irrigation

A

a) Can be wasteful – drip irrigation is more effective, b) Usually involves taking ground water which can run dry

54
Q

11.2 aeroponics and hydroponics

A

a)Modern techniques using no soil. Plants grow quickly and diseases are eliminated, b)Expensive and require expert knowledge.

55
Q

11.3 biotechnology

A

a)The “new green revolution” promotes sustainable techniques, b)Genetically modified crops (GM) can increase crop production. Controversial in some places as long term effects are not known.

56
Q

11.4 appropriate technology

A

a)A low-tech solution using local, cheap or recycled materials, b)Widely used in LICs E.g. Using bicycle power to de-husk coffee beans.

57
Q

12.1 organic farming

A

Less chemicals used, so less damage to the environment

58
Q

12.2 urban farming

A

Gardens are created on unused land in cities/towns

59
Q

12.3 eating sustainable meat/fish

A

Use logos on packets to identify sustainably sourced fish and meat

60
Q

12.4 reduce waste by:

A

Planning meals, storing food correctly, buying odd-shaped vegetables

61
Q

1.1 permafrost

A

Areas of permanently frozen ground.

62
Q

1.2 tundra

A

Biome with cold temperatures resulting in permafrost and limited vegetation

63
Q

1.3 polar

A

Extremely cold biomes covered with ice sheets

64
Q

1.4 thermal growing season

A

The warmer months in the tundra where temperatures rise enough for plants to grow.

65
Q

1.5 Arctic fox

A

A fox found in tundra environments, that can camouflage itself.

66
Q

1.6 bear berry

A

Small, red berry plants found in the tundra.

67
Q

1.7 adaptation

A

The process of being able to survive in an environment due to special characteristics.

68
Q

1.8 Arctic lichen

A

A very small plant that grows low to the ground.

69
Q

1.9 geothermal energy

A

Heat created in the Earth’s crust due to tectonic activity, then turned into electricity.

70
Q

1.1 fragile environment

A

A delicate ecosystem easily impacted by humans.

71
Q

1.11 wilderness area

A

An area with very limited human activity and the land is in a natural state.

72
Q

1.12 albedo effect

A

The act of snow and ice reflected the sun’s energy back to Space, cooling the area.

73
Q

1.13 economic development

A

Using different activities to generate income and growth for an area.

74
Q

1.14 management

A

The process of protecting an area whilst still using it for human activity.

75
Q

1.15 Arctic Council

A

The 8 Arctic countries join together to protect the Arctic Ocean and environment.

76
Q

1.16 Paris Agreement

A

Landmark legislation to protect the environment and reduce the impacts of climate change.

77
Q

1.17 NGOs

A

Non-governmental Organisations- charities.

78
Q

1.18 technology

A

The internet, mobile phones and data storage.

79
Q

1.19 Inuit

A

Local (indigenous) people living in Alaska, Greenland and Canada.

80
Q

2.1 cold environments

A

Cold environments can be divided into polar and tundra areas.

81
Q

2.2 poles

A

Polar environments are found at extreme latitudes, in the north and south poles.

82
Q

2.3 Arctic Circle

A

Tundra environments can be found around the Arctic Circle, at 60 degrees North

83
Q

2.4 example

A

For example northern Russia, Alaska and Antarctica

84
Q

4.1 Arctic lichen

A

Small, low growing to avoid extreme wind and small leaves to conserve energy for growth

85
Q

4.2 bear berry

A

Red berries to attract predators to spread seeds far. Hairy stems to trap heat and create warmer air for growth. Low growing to conserve energy and protect from wind

86
Q

4.3 snowshoe hare

A

Large ears to hear predators from far away. Changes colour to camouflage into ice/snow and tundra to hide from predators

87
Q

4.4 Arctic fox

A

Large paws to prevent sinking into snow. Changes colour to camouflage into ice/snow and tundra in order to sneak up on prey.

88
Q

4.5 polar bear

A

Black skin to absorb heat from weak sun. Hollow hairs to trap sun’s heat next to body and keep it warm. Large paws to prevent sinking into snow

Geography Year 09 2021 (3 decks)

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