Geography Y09 Sum1 Flashcards
1.1 resource
A supply of something that has value or a purpose.
1.2 water footprint
The amount of water used throughout the day by an individual/country.
1.3 food miles
The distance the food has travelled from producer to consumer.
1.4 carbon footprint
The total greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual/business.
1.5 water deficit
Where demand for water exceeds supply.
1.6 water surplus
Where supply of water exceeds demand .
1.7 water stress
Areas suffering from water deficit, where supply does not meet demand.
1.8 energy mix
The different sources of energy used by a country.
1.9 food insecurity
People can’t get enough food to stay healthy or lead an active lifestyle.
1.1 food security
People have enough nutritious food to eat and to stay healthy and active.
1.11 irrigation
Watering crops
1.12 permaculture
Producing food in a way that doesn’t harm the environment.
2.1 food
Depends on climate, soils and technology. Europe, Asia, N & S America tend to have a surplus. Africa has a deficit
2.2 water
Water depends on climate. The Middle East and Africa have shortages.
2.3 energy
Affected by the distribution of fossil fuels. Knowledge & money to develop renewable energy limits use in LICs
3.1 Food: demand
Consumers want to eat fruit and vegetables all year round (out of season)
3.2 Food: imports
47% of UK food is imported, often from LICs e.g. Kenya
3.3 Food: organic produce
Food farmed without the use of chemicals such as fertilisers or pesticides.
3.4 Food: agribusiness
Treating food production from farms like a large industrial business.
3.1 Water Resources: demand
Water used by the average UK household has increased by 70% since 1985.
3.2 Water Resources: causes
a.Population growth, b.More water-intensive appliances like dishwashers, c.Irrigation for out of season food, d.Power showers
3.3 Water Resources: distribution
a.More rain in NW where there is a surplus of water, b.High demand in the SE. Here rainfall is lower. There is a deficit.
3.4 Water Resources: water transfer scheme
The distribution of water from areas of surplus to areas of deficit using pipelines.
5.1 legislation
Strict UK laws on discharge farms and factories put into rivers.
5.2 education
Campaigns to educate public
5.3 wastewater treatments
Invest in more local water treatments plants
5.4 green roofs/walls
Grass/plants can naturally filter out pollutants in rainwater
5.5 pollution traps
Reed beds are used to filter out pollution from roads
4.1 Fertilisers from farmland
Toxic waste can kill wildlife
4.2 Hot water from industrial cooling
Contaminated drinking water
4.3 Oil from ships and boats
Fertilisers cause eutrophication which kills fish
4.4 Untreated waste from industries
People whose jobs depends on clean water may be affected E.G. fishermen
6.1 demand
Energy use has declined by 12% since 1970 .
6.2 energy mix
Coal 35% Gas 25% Nuclear 19% Renewables 21%
6.3 energy mix changes
UK relies on imported fossil fuels. More renewables.
7.1 Non-renewables –Fossil fuels Ecomonic Issues:
Non-renewable so will run out (not sustainable)
7.2 Non-renewables –Fossil fuels Environmental Issues
a. Carbon dioxide released leads to acid rain and climate change, b. Fracking can cause ground water pollution
7.3 Non-renewables – Nuclear Economic Issues
a. Waste is radioactive for 100 years, b. Nuclear accidents, while rare, have long term impacts on wildlife and people
7.5 Renewables Economic Issues
a. High set up costs, b. Tourism declines as visual appeal is damaged
7.6 Renewables Environmental Issues
a. Wind turbines can affect bird migration, b. Considered ugly and ruins views
8.1 distribution
The world produces enough food for everyone, but it is not distributed evenly.
8.2 global food consumption is increasing due to:
a)Global population is growing , b)Economic development means wealthier people spend more on food and eat more meat
9.1 climate
a)Both drought and flooding can affect food production, b)Becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change
9.2 pests & diseases
a)LICs often suffer from pests and diseases more than HICs, b)Locusts can eat crops
9.3 conflict
a)War leads to food shortages, b)People are forced to leave their land and food aid may be restricted by the military.
9.4 technology
LICs lack farm machinery, irrigation, storage facilities, transport infrastructure and processing facilities
9.5 water stress
a)Lack of water means plants don’t grow, b)LICs cannot afford expensive water transfer schemes to irrigate crops
9.6 poverty
a)Farmers in LICs cannot afford high quality seeds or fertiliser or mechanisation, b)They also suffer from malnourishment which reduces their ability to work.
10.1 famine and undernutrition
Famine leads to malnourishment and weakened immune systems.
10.2 soil erosion
Over-cultivation with a lack of rainfall leads to soil erosion. This reduces the fertility of the soil and limits food production
10.3 rising prices
When food supply falls, prices rise
10.4 social unrest
Food shortages can lead to rioting and conflict
11.1 irrigation
a) Can be wasteful – drip irrigation is more effective, b) Usually involves taking ground water which can run dry
11.2 aeroponics and hydroponics
a)Modern techniques using no soil. Plants grow quickly and diseases are eliminated, b)Expensive and require expert knowledge.
11.3 biotechnology
a)The “new green revolution” promotes sustainable techniques, b)Genetically modified crops (GM) can increase crop production. Controversial in some places as long term effects are not known.
11.4 appropriate technology
a)A low-tech solution using local, cheap or recycled materials, b)Widely used in LICs E.g. Using bicycle power to de-husk coffee beans.
12.1 organic farming
Less chemicals used, so less damage to the environment
12.2 urban farming
Gardens are created on unused land in cities/towns
12.3 eating sustainable meat/fish
Use logos on packets to identify sustainably sourced fish and meat
12.4 reduce waste by:
Planning meals, storing food correctly, buying odd-shaped vegetables
1.1 permafrost
Areas of permanently frozen ground.
1.2 tundra
Biome with cold temperatures resulting in permafrost and limited vegetation
1.3 polar
Extremely cold biomes covered with ice sheets
1.4 thermal growing season
The warmer months in the tundra where temperatures rise enough for plants to grow.
1.5 Arctic fox
A fox found in tundra environments, that can camouflage itself.
1.6 bear berry
Small, red berry plants found in the tundra.
1.7 adaptation
The process of being able to survive in an environment due to special characteristics.
1.8 Arctic lichen
A very small plant that grows low to the ground.
1.9 geothermal energy
Heat created in the Earth’s crust due to tectonic activity, then turned into electricity.
1.1 fragile environment
A delicate ecosystem easily impacted by humans.
1.11 wilderness area
An area with very limited human activity and the land is in a natural state.
1.12 albedo effect
The act of snow and ice reflected the sun’s energy back to Space, cooling the area.
1.13 economic development
Using different activities to generate income and growth for an area.
1.14 management
The process of protecting an area whilst still using it for human activity.
1.15 Arctic Council
The 8 Arctic countries join together to protect the Arctic Ocean and environment.
1.16 Paris Agreement
Landmark legislation to protect the environment and reduce the impacts of climate change.
1.17 NGOs
Non-governmental Organisations- charities.
1.18 technology
The internet, mobile phones and data storage.
1.19 Inuit
Local (indigenous) people living in Alaska, Greenland and Canada.
2.1 cold environments
Cold environments can be divided into polar and tundra areas.
2.2 poles
Polar environments are found at extreme latitudes, in the north and south poles.
2.3 Arctic Circle
Tundra environments can be found around the Arctic Circle, at 60 degrees North
2.4 example
For example northern Russia, Alaska and Antarctica
4.1 Arctic lichen
Small, low growing to avoid extreme wind and small leaves to conserve energy for growth
4.2 bear berry
Red berries to attract predators to spread seeds far. Hairy stems to trap heat and create warmer air for growth. Low growing to conserve energy and protect from wind
4.3 snowshoe hare
Large ears to hear predators from far away. Changes colour to camouflage into ice/snow and tundra to hide from predators
4.4 Arctic fox
Large paws to prevent sinking into snow. Changes colour to camouflage into ice/snow and tundra in order to sneak up on prey.
4.5 polar bear
Black skin to absorb heat from weak sun. Hollow hairs to trap sun’s heat next to body and keep it warm. Large paws to prevent sinking into snow
