Geography Y09 Spr1 Flashcards
1.1 plate tectonics
theory of earth’s structure and causes of earthquakes and volcanoes
1.2 natural hazard
a natural event that poses a risk to human life
1.3 crust
the thinnest layer of the earth that we consider the ‘surface’
1.4 mantle
the layer underneath the crust containing liquid rock
1.5 core
the centre layer of the earth that is solid rock
1.6 magma
liquid rock found in the mantle
1.7 convection currents
currents driving moving magma in the mantle
1.8 continental drift
the theory of plate tectonics moving around the earth’s surface
1.9 earthquake
the shaking of the earth’s crust
1.1 focus
the centre of the earthquake underground
1.11 epicentre
the centre of the earthquake found on the crust
1.12 seismometer
an instrument used to measure the power of an earthquake
1.13 magnitude
the power of an earthquake
1.14 Richter scale
measures the magnitude of an earthquake
1.15 Mercalli scale
measure the destruction level of an earthquake
1.16 plate margin
the border where two tectonic plates meet
1.17 destructive plate margin
when one plate pushes under another, into the mantle, e.g. Nazca and South American plates
1.18 constructive plate margin
when two plates pull apart from each other, making new land, e.g. North American and Eurasian plates
1.19 collision plate margin
two plates hit each other and land is forced upwards to form mountains e.g. Indian and Eurasian plates
1.2 conservative plate margin
two plates slide past each other - no land is destroyed or created, e.g. North American and Pacific plates
1.21 adaptation
teaching people how to live with the risk of volcanoes and earthquakes.
1.22 mitigation
the act of protecting people from the effects of volcanoes and earthquakes
2.1 number of layers
four
2.2 inner core
hottest part, dense and made of solid metal
2.3 outer core
dense and made of metals iron and nickel
2.4 mantle
made of liquid rock called magma
2.5 crust
•thin and cold on the surface of the earth
2.6 magma
liquid rock found in the mantle
3.1 place
a portion of geographic space that is unique in some way and can be compared with other places
3.2 space
interactions that link places together e.g. the movement of people from one place to another (migration)
3.3 scale
understanding where certain places are at a variety of scales ranging from local (nearby) to global (worldwide)
3.4 environmental impacts
the effect that people and/or natural occurrences have on the environment and our surroundings
3.5 physical & human processes
Human or physical mechanisms of change, such as migration or sea-level rise
4.1 hemisphere
half of the earth, usually as divided into northern and southern halves by the equator
4.2 continent
one of several land masses
4.3 ocean
a body of water that comprises most of a planet’s hydrosphere
4.4 sea
a body of water found on the margins of theoceanand partially enclosed by land
4.5 monarchy
a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state
4.6 democratic
a form of government in which the people have the authority to choose their government
4.7 conflict
a clash of interest or disagreement between people and/or countries
4.8 relief
the lay of the land: mountainous or flat, rivers or desert
4.9 physical feature
the natural characteristics that make up a place
4.1 human feature
characteristics of a place that have been made by humans
4.11 desert
an area of land that receives no more than 25cm of precipitation per year
4.12 precipitation
rainfall, snow, sleet, hail
4.13 climate
the average or expected weather conditions over a long period of time in an area (usually 30 years)
4.14 development
the process of improving a country and making citizens wealthier
4.15 commodity
a substance or product that can be traded, bought, or sold
4.16 tourism
the operation of holidays and visits to places of interest
4.17 LIC
low income countries
4.18 HIC
high income countries
4.19 water insecurity
a lack of sufficient water to meet human needs, or scarcity of water supplies
4.2 drought
long shortages in water supplies, either through lack of precipitation or a fall in groundwater supplies
4.21 agriculture
the science or practice of farming
4.22 irrigation
the supply of water to land or crops to help growth
4.23 desalination
the process of removing salt from seawater
4.24 sustainable
meeting the needs of people today without impacting future generations
4.25 strategic
to help business or government achieve their overall goals.
4.26 poverty
the state of being extremely poor
4.27 corruption
a form of dishonesty or a criminal offence by a person or an organisation in a position of authority so that only they benefit
4.28 birth rate
the number of live births per thousand of population per year
4.29 life expectancy
the number of years a person can expect tolive
5.1 Positive Impacts of Tourism on employment
provides jobs for locals
5.2 Positive Impacts of Tourism on economy
income from tourists spending money
5.3 Positive Impacts of Tourism on infrastructure
Money from tourism can be spent on improving the country in terms of healthcare, education and roads. This is known as infrastructure.
5.4 Negative Impacts of Tourism on Culture
cultural erosion of the host country
5.5 Negative Impacts of Tourism on Resources
Many tourists can use up valuable resources e.g. water supply.
5.6 Negative Impacts of Tourism on Infrastructure
Money made from tourism is often only spent on making facilities better for the tourists and not the locals.
5.7 Negative Impacts of Tourism on Workers
The tourism industry can exploit migrant workers.
5.8 Negative Impacts of Tourism on the Environment
Tourism can have huge environmental impacts e.g. water pollution impacting on wildlife.
6.2 sustainable development
improving places in such a way that does not harm the environment or the people in it for now or for future generations
6.3 cultural awareness
our understanding of the differences between ourselves and people from other countries or other backgrounds
6.4 cultural diversity
our ability to recognise that there are a large amount of different cultures that exist around our world
6.5 environmental impacts
the effect that people and/or natural occurrences have on the environment and our surroundings
