Geography Topic Test Preparation Booklet 2024 Flashcards
Year 10 Humanities and Social Sciences
Define ‘Environment’:
The surroundings of an organism including the physical and chemical environment, and other organisms it comes into contact.
Define ‘Global Warning’:
The long-term warming of the planet’s overall temperature due to the greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels.
Define ‘Land Degradation’:
A decline in land conditions, caused by direct/indirect human-induced processes including climate change.
Define ‘Coastal Barrier’:
Unique landforms that protect diverse aquatic habitats and serve as the mainland’s first line of defence against severe coastal storms and erosion.
Define ‘Developing Country’:
A country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index relative to other countries.
Define ‘Multi-dimensional Poverty’:
An international measure of acute poverty covering over 100 developing countries. Considers an individual’s access to healthcare, education, and general living standards.
Define ‘Poverty’:
Not having enough material possessions or income for a person’s needs.
Define ‘Spatial Inequality’:
The unequal distribution of resources and services across different areas or locations, such as healthcare, welfare, public services, household income and infrastructures.
Define ‘Gross National Product (GNP)’:
The measure of the value of all goods and services a country produces in a year – measured in dollar units per capita.
Define ‘Greenhouse Effect’:
A process that occurs when gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap the Sun’s heat. It makes Earth warmer than it would be without an atmosphere - makes Earth liveable
Explain the earth-centred worldviews.
The belief that nature exists for all species on earth. Humans are equal to all other species and have no special right to resources. They advocate for the protection of the environment and all ecosystems.
Explain the human-centred (anthropocentrism) worldviews.
Humans are viewed as the superior species on earth. The value of other species and the natural world is based on how useful they are to humans. The belief is that through intelligence humans can overcome environmental challenges.
Explain the stewardship worldview.
Humans should be caring managers (stewards) of the earth. The belief that it is an ethical responsibility to use resources in a way that ensures availability for future generations.
What are the main causes of climate change?
Consuming too much, generating power and cutting down natural environments like forests.
What are the main reasons a country would be considered a developed, developing, and less developed country?
Developed countries are characterised by their high GDPs per capita, advanced infrastructure, high HDI and standard of living.
Developing countries are characterised by their moderate GDP per capita, improving infrastructure, education and health services and their rising standard of living.
Less developed countries are characterised by their Low GDP per capita, HDI and standard of living, and underdeveloped infrastructure.
