Geography P2 Flashcards
Social Opportunities - Healthcare:
- How many public hospitals and how many private ones?
- Since 2008 - improvement in Rio’s healthcare provision - health-cover has increased from ……..% to ……% for people in slums.
- Family Health Teams (GP, nurse) have provided healthcare for ………. people.
3 public
6 private
4% to 70%
3000 people
Social Opportunities - Education:
- Over ……… primary schools and ……. secondary schools.
- ……. unis.
- In poorer favelas, NGO’s such as ‘………………….’ work to improve education provision –> In ………. the Estáscio de Sá Uni opened in Rosçinha favela.
- Government provides …….. to help kids stay in school and supports extra-curricular activities.
1000+ primary schools
400 secondary schools
‘Schools for Tomorrow’
2001
Grants
Social Opportunities - Water:
- Rio has the ……… water treatment water works in the world.
- Since 1987, new treatment plants and ……..km of new water pipes have been built.
- Around …….% of Rio’s water comes from the Guandu River.
- Around ……..% of city has safe piped water but only ……..% of houses in favelas are connected.
Largest
300km
80% from Guandu River
96% city = safe water
88% of houses in favelas connected
Social Opportunities - Energy:
- About …….% of the city’s residents have direct access to electricity.
- System extended by installation of new power lines + construction of ……………………. plant, 2013 –> increased city’s electricity supply by …….%
- 2 nuclear reactors constructed in ………… slum, and a community energy programme has fitted ………..+ of solar panels to the roof.
99%
Simplicito hydro-electric power plant
Increased city’s electricity supply by 30%
Santa Marta slum and 150+ solar panels
Economic Opportunities - What are the factors associated with economic development in Rio?
- Rio has one of the highest levels of ………. in country = high demand for service and retail.
- Rio = …… most important industrial centre.
- Growing pop + ………………. = large labour supply.
- Extensive industrial areas + ………. facilities. Rio is the …….. busiest port in Brazil - raw materials include ……, ……. and ……… + ……….. refining and ……… building employ locals = secure incomes + economic dev.
- Existing industries = development of new industries to support supply chain –> ……. discovered off-shore = increased no. of oil-related industries.
- Ternium Steelworks, Sepetiba Bay - attracts construction and supply industries = employment and incomes.
- Brazil has rich iron ore depostits in central Minas Gerais region. Brazilian mining company Companhia Vale do Rio Doce.
GNI
2nd most important industrial centre
Skilled migrants
Port facilities. Rio = 3rd busiest port in Brazil.
Coffee, sugar and oil + oil refining and ship building.
Oil discovered off-shore.
What is Rio’s local importance?
Employment - oil (Ternium steel works)
Big service industry
What’s Rio’s national importance?
Petrobras Headquarters
2nd biggest city in Brazil
Rio’s international importance?
World Cup 2014
Olympics 2016
Tourist destination - 2019 = 1.25 million
What is Rio’s locational importance?
65% of growth from migration
Skilled workers fro abroad (UK, USA, SK and China)
Rural –> urban migration
Rio’s Challenges: Services
In the non-improved favelas, around ………% of homes have no access to …………….
Over………….% no ………..
………% no ……………..
12% - no running water
30%+ - no electricity
50% - no sewage connections
Rio’s Challenges: Health
Waste buildup in streets = disease - pop densities of ………………km squared
Infant mortality rates are as high as ….. per ………
Fires break out = smoke
37000/km squared
50/1000
Rio’s Challenges: Construction
Landslides from heavy rain + steep slopes - 2010, ………. people killed amd ……………… lost homes
Limited road access
Houses poorly constructed + built illegally
224 killed
13000 lost homes
Rio’s Challenges: Unemployment
Most = poorly paid with irregular jobs in informal sector
Rates as high as ……%
Average incomes may be less than £…./month
20%
£75/month
Rio’s Challenges: Crime
Around ………. favelas across city = ……..% of Rio’s pop
High murder rate of …… per ………. people
….. in ……. people die in police custody
Lots of drug gangs - ……….
1000 = 24%
20/1000
1/23
Red Command
Solving Rio’s problems:
Pacification: to remove drug gang + gun trafficking (Red Command)
= ……………………………..
……………….: pacification worked in 2008
BUT:
Alemáo: not worked - drug gangs returned
People sceptical about BOPE as …../…… people die in police custody
POLICE PACIFICATION UNITS (UPPs)
Santa Marta
Solving Rio’s problems:
Site and service scheme = FAVELA BAIRRO PROJECT
Pros:
- By …….. around ….. favelas had been improved
- Medical Services for …………, …………… and ……………
- ………………. and ……………… so adults could seek secure employment + improving adult literacy rates to increase employment opps and income
- Replacement of wooden buildings with brick = permanent + less weather damage
- Inhabitants can apply to ………………………. so can own own houses
- Residents granted ………….. + roads paved + new child care centres
- Quality of life improved
- Cable Car system in ……………………. = a ………km public transport system
- ‘The most ambitious squatter settlement in world’ = recognised as a UN model that’s used in other Brazilian cities
BUT
- Training for employment = limited success - many lacked literacy skills
- ………… not widely available to help residents afford to improve their homes
- Some of new infrastructure improvements = costly + not maintained
- New ……………… caused rainwater to flood homes
- Morality from vector-borne diseases = not improved (malaria)
2005 - 100 improved
Drug addicts, victims of domestic abuse and alcoholics
Daycare and afterschool care
Own properties legally
Land ownership
Complex de Alemao = 3.5km
BUT
Credit schemes
Elevated pavements
Solving Rio’s problems: Environment
Traffic congestion + air pollution:
- WHO - air = …………… more polluted than what is deemed safe - air pollution causes ………… deaths per year
- Exhaust fumes + industrial pollutants = SMOG
- ………… congested city in South America increases stress levels + air pollution
- Rio’s mountainous coastal location restricts ………….. = congestion on main routes
- Car ownership increased by ……..%
SO
- ………………….
- ……….. extended under bay
- ………………………………. to improve traffic jams
x2-3 = 5000 deaths / year
Most congested city in South America
Road building
40%
SO
- Toll roads
- Metro extended
- 1 way system in rush hour
Solving Rio’s problems: Waste pollution
- Most rubbish dumped in water system - little waste collection
SO
- New ………………….. to generate electricity from rotting rubbish
Power Plant
Solving Rio’s problems: Water pollution
- ……………….. Bay = highly polluted = major threat to wildlife
- Commercial fishing declined by ………% in last …….. years
- Danger that pollution could affect ………….. and …………… beaches = impacting tourism + local economy
- Many rivers flowing into bay = heavily polluted with sewage + waste = over ……… tonnes of industrial waste discharged each day
- Oil spills + ship discharges contaminate bay
SO
- ….. new sewage works
- ……………….. for emptying fuel into bay
- …… of new sewage pipes built
- Guanabara Bay
- 90% in last 20 years
- Ipanema + Copacabana Beaches
- 50 tonnes + /day
SO
- 12 new sewage works
- Ships fined
- 5km of new sewage pipes built
