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geography mock 1 Flashcards

1
Q

when are sand dunes formed

A

when sand deposited by longshore drift is moved up the beach by wind etc.

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2
Q

what is an embryo dune

A

found in upper beach area where sand starts to accumulate around a small obsticle eg wood

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3
Q

what are yellow dunes

A

dune grows, vegetation may develop which stabalises it, the tallest

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4
Q

what are grey dunes

A

sand develops into soil as vegetation dies. this adds nutrients to the sand

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5
Q

what is a dune slack

A

water is trapped between dunes which allows growth of plants

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6
Q

how do wave cut platforms form

A
  1. at high tide, the waves undercut the base of the cliffs by hydraulic action and abrasion forming a wave cut notch
  2. weathering from above cause the unsupported overhang to collapse.this leaves a pile of scree at the base of the cliff
    3.the sea stransports the scree further up the coastline this process repeates and the cliff retreats from its original position inland
  3. the former base of the cliff will be left as a wave cut platform
    - in places it will be gently slopping and will be continually smoothed by attrition
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7
Q

how are caves arches stacks and stumps formed

A
  1. marine erosion widens the cracks in the base of the headland,they get bigger overtime and create a cave
  2. the cave widens and deepens, marine erosion and sub aerial processes eventually a large hole will form through the other side an arch
  3. the arch continues to wien until it is unstable to support itself,the top falls leaving a stack
    4.with maring erosion attacking the base of the stack,eventually the stack will collapse into a stump
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8
Q

how are headland and bays formed

A
  1. there are alternating bands of hard and sift rock, a discordant coastline
  2. the hardrock erodes slower then the soft rock this means they erode at different rates
  3. the areas of hardrock stik out to sea as headlands
  4. the softer rock is more easily eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion
  5. these form bays that are set back from the coast
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9
Q

what is an example of a headland and bay

A

durlston head, dorset
swanage bay,dorset

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10
Q

what is an example of hard rock and soft rock

A

hard-chalk,limestone
soft-clay,sand

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11
Q

what are beaches

A

accumilation of sand and shingle found where deposition occurs

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12
Q

how are sandy beaches formed

A

created by low energy waves and are flat and wide-sand particles are small so the weak backwash can move them back down the beach,creating a long,gentle slope

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13
Q

how are shingle beaches formed

A

created by high energy waves and are steep and narrow-sand particles are washed away but larger shingle i left behind-creates a steep slope

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14
Q

what are bars

A

a spit that has grown across the mouth of bay
this cuts off the sea water from the bay,creating a lagoon with still water and overtime this will become a freshwater lake

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15
Q

what is a spit

A

a long narrow ridges of sand and shingle which project from the coastline into the sea

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16
Q

how are spits formed

A
  1. the prevailing wind pushes the waves at an angle towards the shore
  2. these waves pick up sediment and swash it up the beach at an angle
  3. when the waves retreat down the beach at a right angle it drags sediment with it as backwash
  4. the process contiues in zig zag pattern(longshore drift) this moves sediment anlong the beach
  5. where a river enters the sea it slows down the waves and cause deposition of sediment
  6. deposited material builds up to form a spit, a curved end because of the waves pushing ediment inland
  7. behind the spit a salt marsh can form
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17
Q

what is hold the line

A

existing defences are maintained but no new defences are set up

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18
Q

what is advance the line

A

new defences are built further out into the sea to reduce the stress of current defences

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19
Q

what is managed retreat

A

allow coast line to change but in a staged and managed way

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20
Q

what is soft enginerring

A

involves fitting in and working with the natural coastal process
often more sustainable and cheaper

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21
Q

explain wetland creation

A

-creating a natural barrier between sea and coast,introduce plants whihc absorb wave energy
+ creates ecosystems,fits in with environment
- initial cost is high, wont hold against bad storms

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22
Q

explain beach nourishment/stabilisation

A

moves sand from one part of the beach to the top of the beach
+ wider bech gives protection rom floods,more jobs and toursits
- regularly maintained,high overhead cost

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23
Q

what is hard engineering

A

involves artificla structures to control the forces of nature
- more expensive with short term options

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24
Q

explain a sea wall

A
  • placed at foot of cliff or beach,has curved face to reflect the waves back to sea
  • expensive/high maintenance £5000-£10,000
  • effective for many years, gives a sense of security
  • destroys habitats,restricts access to beach
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25
Q

explain revetments

A
  • placed at the foot of cliffs,sloping structures on embankments or beaches to absorb wave energy,can be made of concrete or wood
  • low maintenance,life expectancy of 30-50 yrs
  • expensive to build,visual impact
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26
Q

explain groynes

A
  • wodden barriers down the beach,stops long shore drift
  • £5000 each
  • larger beach attratcs more tourists,lasts up to 40 years
  • unattractive,cant walk down the beach,can be hazardous to children
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27
Q

explain gabions

A
  • metal cages filled with rocks,break wave energy
  • last between 20-25 years
  • easy to constuct,visually appealing if looked after
  • they are dangerous if damaged, restricted to sand beaches
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28
Q

explain offshore breakwater

A
  • artificial re shaping of beaches using existing material, beach is built up
  • can bring more tourists,protected against sea front
  • can be expensive,time consuming
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29
Q

explain rip rap

A

big roaks left on beach,act as barrier,breaks and absorbs energy
- nice to look at when new,effective at lessening wave
- can be moved during storms,rocks can only come from norway or sweden

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30
Q

explain biodiversity in TRF

A
  • over 50% of all plants and animals on the panet live in TRF
  • TRF represent 7% of earths land
  • RF are stable and productive because its climate is constant
  • organims have eveolved to depend on just a few other specied for survival
  • however deforestation can lead to loss of biodiveristy as it destroys ecosystems and many habitats that exist on the ground and in the trees
  • 137 species lost every day
    50,000 species a year
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31
Q

how has bearberry adapted to cold environments

A
  • a low growing plant.it can stay out the wind chill.its fine silky hairs also help to keep it warm.leathery leaves are also an adaptation.a very useful plant
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32
Q

how has the artic poppy adapted to cold environments

A

hairy stem to retain heat. the lower can track the sun in the sky to maximise the amount of sunlight it recieves so it can increase photosyhthesis

33
Q

how are cushion plants adapted to cold environments

A

compact, low growing.help them to survive cold and windy conditions.they trap airborne dust and use it as a source of nurtients

34
Q

how do plants adapt to cold environments overall

A
  • low growing-prtect from winds
  • shallow roots-layer of permafrost beneath soil
  • leaves small-reduce moisture lost
  • dormant-survive cold,dark winters
35
Q

how has the polar bear adapted to cold environemnts

A
  • large furry feet,thivk furr to retain heat,large padded feet to help walk long distance and grip snow,small ears to reduce sa and heat loss,black skin under furr and black nose to absorb and retain heat,insulating fat to keep warm
36
Q

how has the caribou adapted to cold environments

A
  • large hooves to help them travel over soggy gound and break ice for water, strong sense of smell to find food under snow, 2 layers of fur to help them survive
37
Q

how have animals adapted overall

A
  • well insulated
  • hibernate
  • survive on limited food
  • migrate to warmer areas
  • grow white fur to camoflouge
38
Q

tell me about a flood managment scheme

A
  • banbury , oxfidshire
  • a popluation of 45,000 and uch of the town is on the floodplain of the river cherwell
  • 1998 and 2007 floods
  • 1998 closed towns railway and caused £12.5 million in damage
39
Q

why is there a flood problem in banbury

A
  • located on a floodplain near the tribuatry of the river thames
  • geography and goeolgy of valley river runs through makes it susceptible to flooding
40
Q

what was banburys flood scheme

A
  • the consturction of a new defence scheme(2011-2012) with 5 major strategies to reduce flooding in future
41
Q

how did embankments and flood wall help banbury

A

2.9km earth embankment built parallel to M40 for flood storage area. a max height of 4.5 m and can hold 3 million cubic metres

42
Q

what additional measures did bambury use

A
  • 860 metres of A361 was raised in the storage area and improvement of drainage beneath road
  • new pumping station built at moor fields to transfer excess rainwater to the river
  • creation on new biodiversity action plan,habitats with ponds,trees and hedges to absorb and store excess water
43
Q

how did the flood storage area help bambury

A

-on the floodplain a flodd storage area was created
- collects rainwater that would of swelled the banks and burst it
- 2 flow control structures built which control rate of flow downstream(to banbury) so excess water is stored in the reservoir

44
Q

what were the social issues and benfits of banburys flood scheme

A

-quality of life for local people improved as new footpaths and green areas
- reduced levels of anxiety about flooding
- raised A361 will be open during flooding, to avoid distupring peoples lives but temporary road works causes delays and air pollution

45
Q

what are the economic issues and benefits of banbury flood scheme

A
  • cost £18.5 million
  • protects 441 houses and 73 commercial properties the benefits are over £100 million as reduces cost of flood damage
  • donors were environment agency and cherwell district council
46
Q

what are the environmental issues and benefits of Banbury flood scheme

A
  • 100,000 tonnes of earth needed to build embankment which created a small reservoir near by
  • New BAP, habitats have been created(ponds,trees etc)
  • part of floodplain will be allowed to flood if river levels rise(increase housing shortage)
47
Q

what is a meander

A

a bend in the river

48
Q

how is a river cliff formed on a meander

A

current is fatser on the outside bend as river is deeper so eroison takes place on the outside creating a river cliff

49
Q

how is a slip off slope created in a meander

A

current is slower on the inside of the bend as channel is shallower so theres more friction. material is deposited on the inside bend creating a slip off slope

50
Q

how does an oxbow lake form

A
  1. river has eroison on outisde and deposition on the inside
  2. ersion on outisde makes meander neck get smaller-lateral eroison
  3. when meander neck is small enough, when the river floods, the wter covers the meander neck. the river now takes the shorter course
  4. when flood water goes away, the river continues to take the shorter course so meander is left cut off as an oxbow lake
51
Q

how are interlocking spurs formed

A
  1. in the upper course of the river, most erosion is vertically downwards, this created a steep sided V shaped valley.
  2. the rivers arent powerful enough to erode laterally they wind around the hillsides that stick out in their paths
  3. the hillsides that interlock with each other as the river winds around them are interlocking spurs
52
Q

how does a water fall form, the a gorge

A
  1. a river flows over an area of hard rock followed by softer rock
  2. the soft rock is eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion. this creates a step in the river. this gets eroded more(plunge pool)
  3. hard rock is eventually undercut by erosion.it becomes unsupported and collapses
  4. as the collpased rocks are swirled around the foot of the water fall where they erode softer rock by abrasion- creates a deep plunge pool
    GORGE
  5. overtime, more undercutting cause more collapses. the waterfall will retreat leaving behind a steep-sided gorge
53
Q

what are levees

A

naturally raised river banks along the edges of a river channel

54
Q

how are levees formed

A

in the lower course of the river
1. no sediment available to create levees as river is in its banks
2. when the river floods, larger material is deposited next to the river channel as energy is lost and smaller material is cariied further away
3. after reapted floods, layers of material build up alongside a river to form a floodplain-levees increase in height

55
Q

what do levees create

A

a fertile, flat floodplain which is ideal for farming

56
Q

what is a floodplain

A

the wide valley floor on either side of a river

57
Q

how are estuaries formed

A

the river levels rise and fall each day, the river floods and water carrys silt and sand on to the valley floor
the sediment is deposited and more and more mud builds up

58
Q

what is found at an estuarie

A
  • salt marshes
  • creeks and streams
  • grasses
59
Q

what is good about estuaries

A

protect us from coastal storms

60
Q

what is the problem with deforestation in the brazil RF (amazon)

A
  • amazon is the largest RF on earth- cover 8 million KM
  • 18 million hectres of forest were lost between 2001 and 2012
  • since 2012, deforestation in the amazon has been increasing
61
Q

how does agriculrtures cause deforestation

A
  • forest is cleared to make space for cattle grazing or huge plantations
  • rearing cattle equates to 80% of RF destrction in Brazil
  • amount of land cleared has doubles since 1990 and 2012
  • forest is also cleared for small scale farmers
62
Q

how does mineral extraction cause deforestation

A
  • some minerals that devloping coutries need are found beneath RF. Gold, iron and copper are mined. 1999-10,000 hectres were being used for gold mining, now it is 50,000. explosives are used to clear earth
63
Q

how does energy cause deforestation

A
  • dams have been built to generate power which involves flooding vast areas of RF. the submerged forest, gradually rots making water acidic
  • balbina dam flooded 2400km of RF
64
Q

how does Infrastructure cause deforestation

A

roads are built to bring in equipment and transport products, but means cutting great areas of RF. 1 raod built makes it accesible to other exploiters
- 4000km highway connects brazil coast to peru,colombia and ecuador through amazon

65
Q

how does logging cause deforestation

A
  • timber companies sell trees to other comapnies to make furniture etc. vast arears are cleared in one go, smaller trees are used for fuel
  • amazon has valuable hardwood trees like mahogany
66
Q

how does population growth cause deforestation

A

migration and grwing population is putting pressure on amazon as brazillian government offers land in the RF to poor people from overcrowded cities

67
Q

what happens with typhoon haiyan

A
  • direct hit over the philipeans
  • category 5
  • 4.30 am on friday night
  • 195 mph winds
  • 125,000 evacuted the area
  • coastal areas were devatesed by 5m high storm surges
68
Q

what were the primary effects of typhoon haiyan

A
  • at least 6300 people died from drowning or sever injuries
  • over 400mm rain fell over a few days
  • 30,000 fishing boats destroyed, damaging livelyhoods
  • airports, public services damages
  • 600,000 people were displaced
  • 40,000 homes destroyed mainyl due to storm surges
  • 90% of tacloban destroyed
69
Q

what were the secondary effects of typhoon haiyan

A
  • over 14 million peop,e affected
  • major shoratge sof food, aid and supplies led to outbreak of disease
  • flodding caused landlsides which blocked raods and slowe relief efforts
  • mass burials for thousand of unidentified people to limit spread of disease
  • 6 million people lost source of income
  • lotting and violence in tacloban
  • power in some areas cut off for a month
70
Q

what were the immediate responses of typhoon haiyan

A
  • red cross supplied over 1.1 million people with clean water to limit disease from poor sanitation
  • canade and usa deployed military aircrafts to assist in search and rescue
  • 1200 evacuation shelters set up to help homeless
  • 3 days after airport was reopened
  • france, belgium,israel set up field hospitals to help injured
71
Q

what were the long term responses of typhoon haiyan

A
  • oxfam replaced fishing baots, supporting recovery of vital sector
  • build back better by government which pledged 205,000 homes to be built and created a no build zone
  • set up cash for work, paid people to clear debris and help rebuild tacloban, help provide incomes
  • rice farming and fishing was quickly re established but coconut trees take years to grow, so coconut farmers struggled to recover
72
Q

explain international agreements for climate change

A
  • paris agrrement aims to reuce greenhouse gas ammison and limit global warming, cam into force nov 4th 2016 and signed by 195 parties incl. EU
  • each country has pledged which indicates how much they will try to reduce their greenhoue emmsions-uk has pledged 68% by 2030
73
Q

why live with risks of tectonic hazard

A
  • volcanoes have very fertile soil which means plants grow really well and can have a high profit
  • may not be aware of the hazards due to lack of education
  • building esigns have improved so in many HIc areas at risk have been fitted or re built in guidlines
  • do not occur often so many people feel benefits out weigh the costs
  • monoroting for volcanoes has improved so people believe risk is monitored moe closely so they can evacuate if hazard is detected
  • attract tourists, so work in that industry
74
Q

what is the quaternary period

A

the period of geological time from 2.6 million years ago to now, characterised by appearance and development of humans

75
Q

how are ice cores evidence for CC

A
  • ice sheets are made up of layers of ice, a new layer is formed every year
  • scientists drill into ice sheets to get cores in Antarctica
  • by analysing gases trapped in the ice they can know how the temperatures has changed and how it might chaneg in future
76
Q

how do temperature records give us evidence for CC

A
  • since 1850s, global temperatures have been measured accuratly
  • this gives a reliable but short term record of temp change
  • historical records can also help
77
Q

how are tree rings evidence for climate change

A
  • trees form new rings each year- the warmer and wetter conditions, the thicker the ring
  • reliable source of evidence
78
Q

what other evidence for CC is there

A
  • glaciers are retreating and shrinking, shown by photographs
  • sea ice cover has thinned by 65% since 1975-affects wild like who rely on ice
  • sea level rise by 10-20 cm in 100 yrs-water expand when hot
  • weather patterns-water vapour is increasing in air due to humans, so heavier rainfall
  • migration happening earlier
79
Q

how can tectonic hazards be reduced

A
  • predcitions
  • planning
  • monitoring
  • protection

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