Geography In Everday Life topic 3

Question 1

What are the five stages of fieldwork

Answer 1

1. craft research question or hypothesis
2. Collection of data
3. Analysis of data
4. Presentation of findings
5. Conclusion and evaluation

Question 2

Crafting of question or hypothesis

Answer 2

• A research question is a question that outlines a specific scope for investigation related to the topic
• A hypothesis is a measurable statement consisting of one or two variables

Question 3

data collection

Answer 3

• 4 types of data:
  1. Primary data: data that are collected first-hand such as photographs, sketchers, and closed-ended questionnaire
  2. Secondary data: data that are collected by someone else such as newspaper articles, books, journals etc.
  3. Quantitative data: data that can be quantified and measured
  4. Quality data: data that are not easily measurable and are subjective

Question 4

Sequencing data

Answer 4

1. Quantitative data followed by qualitative data:
   Quantitative data are collected to identify patterns and trends. Subsequently, qualitative data are collected to examine the patterns and trends observed
2. Qualitative date followed by quantitative data:
   Firstly, qualitative data are collected to make observations. Subsequently, quantitative data are collected to verify the observations

Question 5

What are some limitations that needs to be considered?

Answer 5

• The scope of investigation: research aims, study area, sample size and time
• Think about questions like:
  1. data collected: How much data can I collect?
  2. Time available: How much time do I have to complete the collection?
  3. Accessibility to place: Which location can I access to?
  4. Availability to equipment: How easy is it for me to get the required equipment?
  5. Manpower: How many people are involved in the investigation?

Question 6

What are the risks of fieldwork?

Answer 6

1. Falls, cuts, or minor injuries:
   - wearing proper outfit like footwear or clothing
   - People to take note of potential risk
2. Traffic accidents, collisions with cyclists:
   - Take note local hazards
   - avoid collecting data on roads

Question 7

Types of sampling

Answer 7

Probability sampling:
1. Simple Random sampling
2. Stratified Random sampling
Non-probability sampling:
1. Convenience sampling
2. Quota sampling

Question 8

What is a probability sampling?

Answer 8

• Samples are randomly selected without the researcher’s conscious decision
• Can be done using a random number generator
• This removes bias in the outcome presented
• Has a greater chance of creating representative sample

Question 9

What is a non-probability sampling?

Answer 9

• Often using the researcher’s conscious thinking
• Researcher subjectively select samples
• This selection may be bias
• These samples are unlikely to be representative since they are selected samples.

Question 10

The 4 types of sampling

Answer 10

1. Simple random sampling: Every member of the population is given a number, a random number generator which generate a random result
2. Stratified random sampling/ Quota sampling:
   Select a sample that has a proportionate makeup to the population based on e.g. age or sex
3. Convenience sampling:
   Convenient sources like people walking down the streets or friends etc.

Question 11

What are the advantages of predefined responses?

Answer 11

• Easier for participants to answer
• Easier for researcher to analyse and interpret
• Useful for quantitative data analysis to examine pattern and trends

Question 12

What are the rating scales?

Answer 12

1. Likert scales present a range of responses and can have predefined responses based on a scale of disagreement and quality
2. Frequency scales present a range of responses based on number of occurrences
3. Ranking scales are used to compare items, the lesser the item the more reliable the data

Question 13

What are mental maps?

Answer 13

• Used to collect data on the experiences of people about the environment
• The dynamic inter-relationship with the environment

Question 14

How are quantitative data collected from closed-ended questionnaire?

Answer 14

1. Measures of Frequency:
   - By counting the total number of times something occurred
   - By using percentage
2. Measures of central tendency:
   - Mean is the sum of all values divided by the number of values
   - Median is the middle value of a set of data arranged in the ascending order
   - Mode is the highest frequency in a data set

Question 15

How are mental maps analysed?

Answer 15

Various aspects of map:
1. Centering and borders. [Capture attention, signal greater importance]
2. Scale of map element. [Comparing the size of the feature of the real and virtual map can show the familiarity of the person]
3. Labelling. [Choice of words can show the emotions of the mapper]
4. Legends, symbol, colors. [Can convey personal experiences and emotions]

Question 16

Examining relationships and patterns

Answer 16

1. In graphs the use of best-fit line if gradient is positive which means the relationship is positive vice-versa
2. Recognisable geometric shapes, clusters and repetitions:
   - Higher the occurrence of something which is the popularity is higher
   -Absence of something can indicate the unfamiliarity of the place

Question 17

How do we present findings using graphs?

Answer 17

1. Bar graphs to present data with discrete categories or to compare data between various categories
2. Pie charts are used to show percentage and/or proportion
3. Line graph is use to represent the changes over time, we can observe the trends and relationship between factors

Question 18

How do we present findings using photographs and texts?

Answer 18

1. Photographs: Can be taken from different orientations offering different perspective
2. Text:
   - Color-coded: draws attention, useful in analysing quotations and presenting findings
   -Word Cloud: Makes it easier to recognise the most important points