Geography: Development Flashcards
Define trade.
The buying and selling of goods.
Define import.
Bringing goods or services in a country from abroad to another country for sale.
Define export.
Sending goods or services to another country for sale.
What does fair trade mean?
Fair trade means that the producer receives a guaranteed and fair price for their product.
Why are LICs often unable to earn more money?
Their products are often primary products, which have a lower value.
The fluctuation of prices of raw materials depending on supply and demand.
Tariffs on certain goods, making it to expensive to trade.
What are the 8 Millennium development goals (MDGs)?
1.) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2.) Achieve universal primary education
3.) Promote gender equality
4.) Reduce child mortality
5.) Improve maternal health
6.) Combat HIV/Aids, malaria and other diseases
7.) Ensure environmental sustainability
8.) Develop a global partnership for development
What is a top-down development project?
Projects that are set up and organised by governments, usually without involving local people and communities.
What are the features of a top-down development project?
1.) Usually large scale
2.) Carried out by governments or international organisations
3.) Well-funded
What is a bottom-up development project?
Development projects that involve and include local communities rather than central government or other agencies.
What are the features of a bottom-up development project?
1.) Small scale
2.) Labour intensive
3.) Run by local people
4.) Limited funding
5.) Independent project
How are HICs distributed across the world?
Mostly in the Western world, some anomalies such as Saudi Arabia, Australia and New Zealand.
How are MICs/NEEs distributed across the world?
Mostly in Asia and South America (i.e China and Brazil).
How are LICs distributed across the world?
Mostly in Africa, some anomalies in Asia such as Mongolia.
What are the 6 Economic Development Indicators?
1.) Gross National Income (GNI)
2.) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
3.) Unemployment
4.) Economic structure
5.) Economic growth
What are the 7 Social Development Indicators?
1.) Birth rate
2.) Death rate
3.) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
4.) People per doctor
5.) Literacy rate
6.) Access to safe water
7.) Life expectancy
What indicator does the UN use to measure development?
The HDI (Human Development Index).
Name two historical/political, two physical and two social factors for the development gap.
Historical/Political:
European colonisation in 19th century
Corruption and political instability
Trade barriers
Money spent on wars instead of development
Physical:
Climate
Natural Resources
Location (landlocked or access to sea etc)
Natural hazards (i.e earthquakes)
Social:
Access to services
Low skilled workers
Diseases
Discrimination
Lack of education
What is colonialism?
The policy or practise of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically.
What is imperialism?
A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonisation, use of military force, or other means.
What are reparations?
The action of making amends for a wrong one has done, by providing payment or other assistance to those who have been wronged.
How can today’s world be described?
Today’s world can be described as a ‘one-hump’ or ‘converging’ world as compared to the ‘two-hump’ world of 1975.
Define interest.
The charge for taking out a loan (in %).
Define a ‘heavily-indebted’ country.
A country with large loans that they can’t repay.
What is the World Bank?
A joint bank set up by governments of 180 countries with the aim to reduce poverty and support development though provision of loans.
What is the IMF (International Monetary Fund)?
A joint fund set up by governments to make loans to countries especially for trade.
What are the positives and negatives of International aid?
Positives:
Some aid is a gift and does not need to be repayed, hence avoiding indebting countries.
Aid can be used to help develop a country via infrastructure and resources to help improve the quality of life.
Negatives:
Often aid requires repayment which indents countries and locks them in a cycle of decline.
A corrupted receiving government may result in the aid not reaching its intended purpose.
The donor government may expect a favour in the future.
