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Year 9 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the rules of electronic configuration?

A

1.) The first electron shell holds 2 electrons
2.) The second shell holds 8 electrons
3.) The third shell also holds 8 electrons

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2
Q

What method is used to extract very reactive metals (such as potassium, sodium and aluminium) from ores?

A

Electrolysis.

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3
Q

What two metals are found pure in the ground?

A

Silver and gold.

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4
Q

What method is used to extract zinc, iron and copper from ores?

A

Displacement reaction with carbon.

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5
Q

What is the test for oxygen?

A

Oxygen relights a glowing splint.

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6
Q

What is the test for hydrogen?

A

Hydrogen makes a squeaky pop with a lighted splint.

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7
Q

What is the test for chlorine?

A

Chlorine bleaches damp blue citrus paper.

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8
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

A

Take a test tube of limewater, if carbon dioxide is present then limewater will cahange colour from clear/colourless to cloudy/milky.

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9
Q

Define an atom.

A

the smallest stable part of an element.

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10
Q

Define an element.

A

something made up of one type of atom.

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11
Q

Define a compound.

A

More than one element chemically bonded together.

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12
Q

Define a mixture.

A

More than one element combined but not chemically bonded together.

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13
Q

What methods can be used to separate mixtures?

A

Filtration
Distillation
Chromatography
Fractional Distillation

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14
Q

What are the names for the following acids?
HCl
HNO3
H2SO4
H3PO4

A

HCl - Hydrochloric Acid
HNO3 - Nitric Acid
H2SO4 - Sulphuric Acid
H2CO3 - Carbonic Acid
H3PO4 - Phosphoric Acid

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15
Q

Complete the sentences:
Group 1 elements form ___
Group 2 elements form ____
Group 3 elements form ____
Group 5 elements form ____
Group 6 elements form ____
Group 7 elements form ____

A

1 + ions
2+ ions
3 + ions
3 - ions
2 - ions
1 - ions

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16
Q

What are the formulae for the following ions:
hydroxide
nitrate
carbonate
sulphate
phosphate
ammonium

A

HO -
NO3 -
CO3 2-
SO4 2-
PO4 3-
NH4 +

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17
Q

Why are atoms always neutrally charged?

A

Atoms will always be neutral as the amount of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons are always equal.

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18
Q

Complete this equation:
number of neutrons =

A

mass no. - atomic number

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19
Q

mass number =

A

no. protons + no. neutrons

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20
Q

no. protons =

A

atomic number

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21
Q

What was John Dalton’s theory about particles?

A

He suggested the there was tiny particles called atoms which were like tiny spheres that could not be divided.

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22
Q

what did J J Thomson discover and what was his model of the atom called?

A

discovered the electron
suggested the plum pudding model.

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23
Q

how did Rutherford test the plum pudding model and what happened?

A

by firing alpha particles at thin gold foil
some hit the nucleus and deflected back

24
Q

what did Rutherford’s experiment show?

A

The mass of an atoms is concentrated in the nucleus
The nucleus repelled the alpha particles showing the nucleus must be of a positive charge.

25
Q

what did Neils Bohr suggest?

A

suggested that the electrons must orbiting the nucleus at set distances

26
Q

what did Neils Bohr discover?

A

the proton.

27
Q

what did Chadwick discover/

A

the neutrally charged particle, the neutron.

28
Q

what are isotopes?

A

atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

29
Q

relative atomic mass (Ar) =

A

total mass of all atoms / total number of atoms

30
Q

what does the law of conservation state?

A

the total mass of reactants equals total mass of product (matter cannot be created or destroyed).

31
Q

what is oxidation?

A

when metals become tarnished via reacting with oxygen from the air to form metal oxides.

32
Q

how do we obtain a metal from a metal oxide?

A

to obtain the metal, we must carry out the reverse process and remove the oxygen. this process is called reduction.

33
Q

when metals react, they …

A

give away electrons.

34
Q

what happens in a displacement reactions?

A

a more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal

35
Q

why does gold not need to be extracted from ores?

A

due to its low reactivity, it is already pure.

36
Q

what is an ore?

A

an ore is a rock containing metal oxides.

37
Q

what is the difference between a pure metal and an alloy?

A

a pure metal made up of one type of metal atom
alloy made up of at least one metal and one non metal atom.

38
Q

why are alloys harder than pure metals?

A

the non-metal atoms prevent other atoms from shifting.

39
Q

what is phytomining?

A

plant certain plants on low- grade copper ores that absorb metal compounds from soil.

40
Q

what is smelting?

A

copper ore is obtained from the ground and heated in a furnace.

41
Q

what is bioleaching?

A

some bacteria can obtain their nutrients from copper compounds found in copper ores.

42
Q

what is corrosion?

A

the wearing away of any metal via reaction with oxygen and water forming metal oxides.

43
Q

what is rusting?

A

the corrosion of iron ONLY

44
Q

how can you prevent rusting?

A

by coating it in
paint
oil/grease
plastic
a less reactive metal
a more reactive metal

45
Q

what is crude oil?

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons with different chain lengths.

46
Q

define saturated in terms of alkanes

A

only contain single carbon-carbon bonds

47
Q

define unsaturated in terms of alkanes

A

must be at least one carbon-carbon bond.

48
Q

define a hydrocarbon

A

a molecule made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

49
Q

define the homologous series

A

families of compounds with the same general formula.

50
Q

alkanes are…

A

a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula C n H 2n+2 where n is the number of carbons.

51
Q

what is the molecular formula of methane

A

CH4

52
Q

C2H6 =

A

ethane

53
Q

C3H8 =

A

propane

54
Q

C4H10 =

A

butane

55
Q

describe the process of fractional distillation of crude oil.

A

crude oil is heated until it is vaporised.
it is then fed into the fractionating column
the fractionating column is built on a heat gradient, being hottest at the bottom and coolest at the top.
Smaller molecules have lower boiling points and therefore they rise through the column until they condense and are collected at their boiling points.
the crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons and therefore these mixtures will condense at different boiling points, producing separate fuels.

Year 9 (10 decks)

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