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Everything > Geography christmas exam 2023 > Flashcards

Geography christmas exam 2023 Flashcards

1
Q

what is weather

A

day to day conditions of the atmosphere at a place with respect to elements like

humidity, cloud formation or temperature

if I want wind speed, Rainfall and atmospheric Pressure.

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2
Q

what is the atmosphere

A

thin layers of gas surrounding the Earth that helps keep heat in and stop the suns rays killing us.

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3
Q

layers of the atmosphere

A

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
The Edge of Outer Space

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4
Q

what is the Troposphere

A

the lowest from 17 km from sea level to the sky.

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5
Q

what is the Stratosphere

A

second layer from 17km to 50km

the ozone layer in also inside the Stratosphere

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6
Q

the sun: what is solar energy

A

energy from the sun is called solar energy which is the main source of heat, the sun sends light and heat called solar radiation. nearly all energy comes from the sun

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7
Q

what is the Northern and Sothern hemisphere

A

earth is divided from the northern and the Southern hemisphere in-between them is the equator. the lines around the Earth that measure distance from the equator are called lines of latitude.

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8
Q

why does the earth have uneven heating

A

Solar energy is distributed unevenly both over the surface of the Earth and within the atmosphere. its strength depends on the latitude and the earths axis.

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9
Q

the uneven heating of the Earth: the Earth’s axis

A

the earth is on an axis the sun’s heat is uneven so there are seasons and the length of the day and night.

the northern hemisphere is tilting to the sun so the days are long and you get more solar radiation.

summer is with the northern hemisphere is tilted to the sun.

autumn the northern hemisphere began to is starting to tilt away with the days starting to shorting

the winter the northern hemisphere is tilted away with the days really short.

the spring is northern hemisphere starting to tilting to the sun making days longer.

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10
Q

how winds are formed

A

the uneven heating of the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface leads to movement of air/wind. wind blows from high pressure areas to low pressure areas.

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11
Q

why is there low pressure in the equator?

A

because there is so much heat on the equator the air expands making it lighter and rise up.

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12
Q

how does the air cycle

A

30c in the north and south poles the air cools causing it to sink and move to the equator which then heats the air expanding it and moving back to the poles of the earth causing a cycle.

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13
Q

global winds: Trade winds

A

trade winds is air movements towards the equator. they are warm winds with steady almost breeze.

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14
Q

Coriolis effect

A

because the earth is on an axis the trade winds appear to curve towards the west no matter if on the south or north poles and its called Coriolis effect

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15
Q

what are doldrums

A

calm weather forming after trade winds after heated move up causing little movement near the surface.

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16
Q

Global winds: the prevailing westerlies

A

between 30-60c wind that moves towards the poles appear to curve to the east.
winds are named after the direction they come form which are called westerlies.

Prevailing westerlies in the northern hemisphere is most of Europe’s weather, and mainly Ireland.

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17
Q

global winds: the horse latitude

A

found 30c north and south of the equator. forming a belt that blows between the trade winds and the prevailing westerlies.

they are also weak, clear and bright weather.

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18
Q

Global winds: the polar easterlies

A

the polar easterlies form when the atmosphere over the poles cools. as the air sinks form the cold it spreads over the surface

and as the air flows away from the poles the winds moves west from the Coriolis effect because east air moves and that is why it is named Easterlies.

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19
Q

ocean currents

A

water is always moving which is referred to a current.
A current is like water flowing river in the ocean. which happen because

different temperature
earths axis
wind
and they can be cold or warm from where they come from.

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20
Q

warm currents

A

warm currents are oceanic flows with higher temperatures than surrounding areas. originating from warm areas that moves towards to cooler areas influencing climate and marine life.

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21
Q

Cold currents

A

cold currents come from high latitude towards the equator

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22
Q

air masses

A

large moving pockets of air traveling as one unit that are distant from the surrounding atmosphere.

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23
Q

what is Arctic, Polar continental, Polar maritime air masses

A

Polar Maritime: air masses form the north-west Atlantic bring cold, wet air with showers

Arctic: from the North Pole brings cold weather conditions

Polar Continental: north-east Europe bring dry, cold frosty nights and heavy snow at winter.

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24
Q

what is tropical continental and tropical maritime air masses.

A

tropical continental from the Sahara bringing dry and sunny weather.

tropical maritime from the south-west bringing rain all year around.

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25
Q

Isobars

and what happens if the lines are to close

A

Isobars are lines on a weather map which join together places of equal atmospheric pressure.

the closer the lines are the more pressure there is.

26
Q

what is Atmospheric pressure measured in? and what are they usually drawn at intervals

A

millibars usually drawn at intervals of four or eight.

27
Q

Fronts in Isobars and Fronts

A

two different air masses meet.

the different types are warm, cold fronts and occluded fronts

28
Q

what is warm fronts

and there symbol on the map

A

formed when warm air rises over a mass of cold air.
and it lifts into lower pressure areas it expands, cools and condenses the water vapour as wide, flat sheets of cloud. which brings gentle rain.
warm fronts are shown as red semicircles on the maps.

29
Q

what is cold fronts

and there symbol on the map

A

cold air mass replaces a warmer air mass.
the cold air slowly goes underneath pushing the warm air up.
as the warm air rises quickly the water condenses and falls making heavy showers
the blue tringles on the maps are cold fronts

30
Q

Anticyclones - high-pressure systems

A

Descending air and temperatures rise.

high atmospheric pressure.

blowing in a clockwise direction

Isobars are well spaced making light winds.

clear skies and cold nights in winter

Dry weather

31
Q

Depressions - low pressure systems

A

Ascending air and temperature falls

low atmospheric pressure

winds blow in an anti-clockwise direction

Isobars are close making strong winds

Cloudy skies

wet weather

32
Q

how are clouds formed

A

tiny droplets of water or ice crystals held in the atmosphere, she small they float in air

all air contains water. Near the ground usually invisible called water vapour. warm air rises and expands but cool air does not hold much vapour and it condenses into tiny droplets and billions come together forming visible cloud.

33
Q

stratus clouds

A

occur below 2000m.
flat sheets of cloud and indicate a rainy day. usually grey colour and covers most of the shy.

34
Q

cumulus clouds

A

below 5000m big fluffy balls of cotton wool with a flat bottom. normally weather will be nice.

Sometimes can look very woolly and brings heavy showers especially warm weather
they form alone with gaps of blue sky in between each other.

35
Q

Cirrus clouds

A

above 8000m wispy clouds. because there is very little water vapour they cannot be thick.

formed when ice crystals which are very thin because of the height at which they form.

36
Q

how rain is formed

A

from warm weather the air evaporates and at a certain height the cold weather makes the water to heavy at 100 per cent saturated called dew point which is called condensation.

37
Q

what is the measurement for water vapour turning into droplets.

A

100 per cent saturated called dew point

38
Q

Convectional rain

A

ground is heated by the sun. it occurs all year in hot areas near the equator warm air rises it becomes cooler and condenses to form clouds, producing rain and sometimes thunder and lightning.

39
Q

Cyclonic (or frontal) rain

A

Cyclonic rain is also called frontal rain because it occurs when two air masses meet causing a front
bringing many different types of rain causing moderate to heavy rainfall.

40
Q

Relief rain

A

moist air is forced to ascend over elevated terrain like mountains. as the air rises it cools condenses and forms precipitation on the side of mountains

41
Q

understanding weather: weather forecast

A

a person who studies these elements is called a meteorologist. they use patterns in weather conditions to put together weather forecast.
satellites, ships, weather stations help gather the information.

42
Q

weather: weather elements

A

temperature, humidity, Atmospheric pressure, wind force, wind direction, precipitation and sunshine.

43
Q

why is the weather forecast so important?

A

help working outside like ships, cars,
airplanes to stop accidents
and weather warnings.

44
Q

weather stations

A

a building that has weather equipment to help observe the recording of weather.

45
Q

weather maps

A

information gathered from weather stations is put onto weather maps called synoptic charts
which use lines and symbols to show what is happening with the weather at a giving time.

46
Q

measuring weather: Temperature

A

measuring by the warmth in the air.
to measure heat is called a thermometer. with a liquid called bulb. that has mercury or alcohol dyed red
Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius

47
Q

what is Isotherms in measuring weather: temperature

A

are lines on a weather map that join places of equal temperature.

48
Q

Calculating mean temperature and temperature range

A

temperature range is different between lowest and highest temperature. calculated from daily, monthly or annual.

49
Q

how is the average daily temperature measured

A

adding the highest and lowest temperature and divide by 2

50
Q

how is the average monthly temperature measured

A

adding all the daily temperatures and dived by the months in the month

51
Q

how is the average annual temperature measured

A

add all the months temperature and divide by 12

52
Q

measuring weather: Atmospheric pressure

A

the weight of the atmosphere pressing down on the Earth.
instrument used is called a barograph.

53
Q

Measuring Weather: Humidity

A

amount of moisture or vapour in the air.
warm air hold more than cold air.
instrument used is called a hygrometer

54
Q

what does the hygrometer look like

A

a dry bulb and a wet bulb next to each other with a muslin sleeve on the wet bulb and a cup of water with the wet bulb in it that can show the different temperature.
the greater the different the dryer the air is this is called relative humidity.

55
Q

what is Humidity measured in

A

percentage of maximum moisture that could be in the air at a certain temperature
relative humidity is 50 per cent and max is 100 per cent like rain or snow.
humidity is shown as percentage on the maps

56
Q

Stevenson screen

A

the instruments used measure temperature, atmospheric pressure and humidity are placed in a Stevenson screen

the box is painted white to reflect the heat. it has slatted sides to allow air to pass through the screen and not to face at direct sunlight

57
Q

Measuring weather: wind direction

A

the direction of the wind can be measured.
called a wind vane which is an arrow with n,e,s,w freely spinning. the tail of the arrow is larger then the tip so the way the wind is blowing that is the direction the arrow is pointing.

58
Q

measuring weather: wind speed

A

strength and speed can be measured. called an anemometer. its the three cups that sin around, measured in km/h

59
Q

Measuring Weather: Precipitation

A

liquid or solid that falls from the sky like rain hail and snow.
instrument is a rain gauge is used to measure the amount of rainfall
units are millimetres
the lines on a weather map shown areas of equal rainfall are called isohyets.

60
Q

Measuring weather: sunshine

A

instrument using a Campbell-Strokes sunshine recorder.
units are hours per day
the lines on a weather map showing areas of equal sunshine are called isohels

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