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History - 9A > Geography - Chapter 2 + 3 Vocab > Flashcards

Geography - Chapter 2 + 3 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Weather

A

The condition of the bottom layer of the earth’s atmosphere in one place over a short period of time

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2
Q

Climate

A

The term for the weather patterns that an area typically experiences over a long period of time

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3
Q

Rotation

A

The earth spinning on its axis like a top

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4
Q

Revolution

A

One complete orbit around the sun

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5
Q

Solstice

A

The period when the Northern or Southern hemisphere is tilted closest to the sun. Longest or shortest days. Summer and winter

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6
Q

Equinox

A

The sun is directly overhead at the equator. Day and night are equal lengths. Spring and fall

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7
Q

Precipitation

A

All forms of water that fall from the atmosphere onto the earth’s surface

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8
Q

Front

A

Air masses. Can be different temperatures. Cause precipitation

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9
Q

Continental Climate

A

Climate in the great central areas of continents. Most areas have cold snowy winters and warm or hot summers

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10
Q

Troposphere

A

The layer of the atmosphere closest to land

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11
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants make food from carbon dioxide and release oxygen

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12
Q

Clouds

A

A mass of tiny particles of water and dust floating in the atmosphere

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13
Q

Ozone Layer

A

A band of ozone gas in the atmosphere that absorbs the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays

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14
Q

Ecosystem

A

It’s formed by the interaction of plant life, animal life, and the physical environment in which they live

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15
Q

Biome

A

It’s used to describe major types of ecosystems that can be found in various regions throughout the world

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16
Q

Deciduous

A

The dominant trees in the forests of the middle latitudes

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17
Q

Coniferous

A

Found in Northern forests. Named after the cones that protect their seeds

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18
Q

Chaparral

A

It includes small evergreen trees and low bushes, or scrub. Mediterranean climate

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19
Q

Savanna

A

Huge tropical grasslands that grow in warm lands near the Equator

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20
Q

Herbivore

A

Plant-eating animals

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21
Q

Carnivore

A

Mear-eating animals

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22
Q

Prairie

A

Temperate grasslands of North America

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23
Q

Tundra

A

Temperatures are always cool or cold

24
Q

Permafrost

A

A layer of soil just below the surface. It stays permanently frozen

25
Q

Culture

A

The beliefs and actions that define a group of people’s way of life

26
Q

Population Density

A

The average number of people in a square mile or a square kilometer

27
Q

Birthrate

A

The number of live births each year per 1000 people

28
Q

Immigrant

A

People who move into the country

29
Q

Emigrant

A

People who leave the country to live in other places

30
Q

Urbanization

A

The growth of city populations

31
Q

Rural

A

Countryside

32
Q

Culture Hearth

A

A place where important ideas begin and from which they spread to surrounding cultures

33
Q

Cultural Convergence

A

It occurs when the skills, arts, ideas, habits, and institutions of one culture come in contact with those of another culture

34
Q

Diffusion

A

The process by which a cultural element is transmitted across some distance from one group or individual to another

35
Q

Cultural Divergence

A

The restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences

36
Q

Sovereignty

A

A nation’s freedom from outside control

37
Q

Unitary System

A

When one central government runs the nation

38
Q

Federation

A

Some powers are given to the national government and other powers are reserved for more local governments

39
Q

Confederation

A

Smaller political units keep their sovereignty and give the central government only very limited powers, typically in such fields as defense and foreign commerce

40
Q

Authoritarian

A

The leaders held all, or nearly all political power

41
Q

Dictatorship

A

Power is concentrated in a small group or even a single person. Use military force or political terror to gain and exercise power. People not even free to express opinions

42
Q

Totalitarianism

A

Most extreme form of dictatorship. The government tries to control every part of society: politics, economy, people’s personal lives

43
Q

Monarchy

A

Most common kind of authoritarian government. Rulers inherit their positions by being born into the ruling family

44
Q

Democracy

A

Any country in which the people choose their leaders and have the power to set government policy

45
Q

Traditional Economy

A

Nearly all goods and services produces by people are consumed in their own family or village. Little is left over of trade with other communities

46
Q

Market Economy

A

An economic system that gives great freedom to individuals and groups

47
Q

Command Economy

A

When an economic system is controlled by a single central government

48
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process

49
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

50
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

51
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

52
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

53
Q

Toponym

A

A place name, especially one derived from a topographical feature

54
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

Earth’s atmosphere reflects most of the sun’s radiation, but holds what it takes in. Similar to a greenhouse, which traps sun’s warmth for growing plants

55
Q

Sustainable Development

A

Development balancing near-term interests with the protection of the interests of future generations

56
Q

Demography

A

The science of vital and social statistics (like births, deaths, diseases, marriages, etc.)

57
Q

Demographic Transition

A

The transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system

History - 9A (7 decks)

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