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Year 9 > Geography > Flashcards

Geography Flashcards

The Living World

1
Q

Ecosystem

A

A natural system made up of animals/plants/the environment. It has abiotic and biotic components

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2
Q

Producers

A

Producers convert energy from the environment (mainly sunlight) into sugars (glucose)
Example: plants (convert energy from the Sun)

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3
Q

Consumers

A

Consumers get energy from the sugars produced by the producers.
Example: pond snail = eats plants

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4
Q

Decomposers

A

Decomposers break down plant/animal material and return the nutrients to the soil
Example: bacteria = fungi

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5
Q

Food Chain

A

A food chain shows the direct links between producers and consumers in the form of a simple line
Producer - Primary Consumer - Secondary Consumer - Tertiary Consumer - Decomposer

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6
Q

Food Web

A

A food web shows the interrelationships between producers + consumers (it is more complex than a food chain)

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7
Q

Examples of Biotic components

A

Trees
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Bacteria
Seeds
Soil

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8
Q

Examples of Abiotic components

A

Sun
Water
Nutrients
Dead animals/plants
Rocks
Fire/heat
Soil

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9
Q

Humus

A

The substance that is left over after plants/animals have undergone a long process of decomposition (by bacteria/fungi)

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10
Q

Leaching

A

The process in which nutrients are washed away by rainfall

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11
Q

Biome

A

A global scale ecosystem

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12
Q

Examples of Biomes

A

Tropical rainforest
Savannah
Desert
Polar ice
Chaparral
Temperate Grassland
Temperate deciduous forest
Tundra (artic + alpine)

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13
Q

The Structure of Vegetation in a Rainforest

A

1) Emergent Layer
2) Canopy Layer
3) Under Canopy Layer
4) Shrub Layer
5) Forest Floor

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14
Q

Latosols

A

The soils in tropical rainforests

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15
Q

Plant Adaptations in the Rainforest

A

Buttress Roots
Stilt Roots
Red Leaves
Lianas
Leaf Angling
Drip Tips
Epiphytes
Thin Bark

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16
Q

Causes of Deforestation (in Malaysia)

A

Cattle Ranching
Arable Farming
Subsistence Farming
Logging
Mining
Road Building
Hydroelectric Power
Population Growth

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17
Q

Transpiration

A

Where the water held on to the leaves of vegetation is evaporated off because of the intense sunlight

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18
Q

Interception

A

Where trees/vegetation collects falling precipitation (rain)

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19
Q

Sustainability

A

Sustainability is about meeting the needs of the current population without compromising the needs of future generations

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20
Q

Methods of managing deforestation

A

1) Selective Logging
2) Afforestation
3) International Agreement
4) School Visits
5) Eco Tourism
6) Debt Reduction/ Debt Relief

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21
Q

Mitigation

A

Preventing the cause(s) of climate change and stopping the impacts from happening/getting worse

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22
Q

Consumerism

A

A social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts

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23
Q

TNC

A

Trans-National Corporation
a company that operates in many different countries at the same time
(e.g. Nike / McDonalds / Samsung)

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24
Q

The Nutrient Stores of the Nutrient Cycle

A

Biomass
Soil
Litter

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25
The Nutrient Transfer to soil
Input weathered by rock
26
The Nutrient Transfer from soil
Loss by leaching
27
The Nutrient Transfer from soil to biomass
Uptake by plants
28
The Nutrient Transfer from biomass to litter
Fallout as tissues die
29
The Nutrient Transfer to litter
Input dissolved in rainfall (from atmosphere)
30
The Nutrient Transfer from litter
Loss in runoff
31
The Nutrient Transfer from litter to soil
Release as litter decomposes
32
The height of the shrub layer
>10m
33
The height of the under canopy layer
>20m
34
The height of the canopy layer
>30-40m
35
The height of the emergent layer
>50m
36
Describe the shrub layer
Rich soil - good for bacteria/fungi/insects to live in. Very dense. Shady + damp.
37
Describe the under canopy layer
Warm + damp. Key concept here = pollination by animals. Still air - only stronger gust of wind gets through.
38
Describe the canopy layer
80% of sunlight and rainfall ends up here. Most trees are here.
39
Describe the emergent layer
Climate is extreme and temperamental (changes quickly). Key concept = bird + insect pollination. Named "sunlight zone".
40
Arable Farming
Crop farming - farmers clear land for cash crops (e.g. tea / coffee / soya beans / palm oil / soap)
41
Subsistence Farming
Only chopping down and burning small areas to the move onto another part and then move back. This cycle is called "SLASH AND BURN". For farmers in poor countries + indigenous people.
42
Polar Bear Adaptations
Small surface area to volume ratio Thick layers of fur and fat Large, dimpled feet Acute sense of smell Closable nostrils
43
Pros to large, dimpled feet (Polar Bear Adaptation)
Gives more surface area on the slippery snow. Provides support by putting an even amount of weight across the snow/ice. Helps maximise speed and strength (while swimming).
44
Pros to closable nostrils (Polar Bear Adaptation)
Prevents water from entering the nose when swimming
45
Plant Adaptations to cold environments
Shallow root systems Grow in close proximity to one another Can photosynthesise during extremely cold weather Develops/produces seeds relatively fast Ability to survive on lichen (bare rock) Grow close to the ground Small leaves Stems, buds and leaves are covered in small hairs
46
Shallow root systems (Cold Environment Adaptation)
Allows the plant to grow in the active layer and avoid the frozen permafrost (a thick layer of permanently frozen soil)
47
Grow in close proximity to one another (Cold Environment Adaptation)
Each plant acts as a barrier for others in the wind and precipitation
48
Can photosynthesise during extremely cold weather (Cold Environment Adaptation)
Allows the plant to store energy despite a lack of sunlight for most parts
49
Develops/produces seeds relatively fast (Cold Environment Adaptation)
Allows for germination to be possible in a small favourable climate
50
Grow close to the ground (Cold Environment Adaptation)
Reduces damage caused by wind and ice particles
51
Small leaves (Cold Environment Adaptations)
Conserves water which could be lost through the leaf's surface
52
Stems, buds and leaves are covered in small hairs (Cold Environment Adaptation)
Creates a layer of insulation for protection against cold temperatures
53
Opportunities for development in Svalbard
Fishing Energy Development Mineral Extraction
54
Informal Economy
A type of illegal employment where jobs are offered behind the government's backs, leading to rising crime rates. This is because of the growing demand for skilled labour.
55
HIC
High Income Country
56
LIC
Low Income Country
57
NEE
Newly Emerging Economy
58
BRICS
Brazil Russia India China South Africa
59
MINT
Mexico Indonesia Nigeria Turkey
60
GNI (full definition)
Gross National Income: A measurement of economic activity - the total value of goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned from, and paid to, other countries
61
Buttress Roots (Rainforest Adaptation)
Rainforest soils are very thin and therefore shallow roots are needed to soak up nutrients in these thin soils. Since trees in the rainforest grow very tall (many over 30m) massive buttress roots form to give these trees extra stability in shallow soils.
62
Stilt Roots (Rainforest Adaptation)
In a similar way to buttress roots, these provide tall rainforest trees with support as they are anchored in the shallow rainforest soils.
63
Red Leaves (Rainforest Adaptation)
Young rainforest plant saplings may have these to give them protection from the sunlight whilst their internal organs for photosynthesis are still developing. They act as a sunscreen by reflecting red light whilst the leaf is still young.
64
Lianas (Rainforest Adaptation)
These plants have their roots in the ground and use other trees to climb up into the canopy to maximise the sunlight they receive. Many start life in the canopy before sending roots down to the ground.
65
Drip Tips (Rainforest Adaptation)
Leaves often have a waxy surface with pointed tips at the end to enable excess rainwater to run-off easily. This is important because it prevents the growth of algae, which if able to grow would block out sunlight and reduce a plants ability to photosynthesise.
65
Leaf Angling (Rainforest Adaptation)
Leaves are often arranged at different angles so that a plant avoids shading its own leaves - important in rainforests where competition for light is intense.
66
Epiphytes (Rainforest Adaptation)
These plants live on the surface of other plants, mostly tree trunks and branches. This allows them to make the most of the sunlight in the canopy layer.
67
Thin Bark (Rainforest Adaptation)
Rainforest trees do not need thick bark to prevent moisture like those in temperate deciduous forests - there is always plenty of rain and thus moisture available. Therefore bark is often thin and smooth - the smoothness may also make it more difficult for other pans to grow on tree surfaces.

Year 9 (8 decks)

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