Geography Flashcards
What is a linear settlement?
A linear settlement is a settlement or group of buildings that is formed in a long line. Many of these settlements are formed along a transport route, such as a road, river, or canal
What is a nuclear settlement
village or clustered settlement is one of the main types of settlement pattern.
What is an isolated settlement?
areas either in the long distance away from cities where there is lack of facilities, it may consist of 1 or 2 houses
What is a dispersed settlement?
the scattered pattern of households in a particular area
What is a tributary?
a freshwater stream that feeds into a larger stream, river or other body of water.
What is a confluence?
when two or more flowing bodies of water join together to form a single channel
What is a river distributary?
a river branch flowing away from the main stream
What is a ridge?
a geographical feature consisting of a chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance
What is a plateau
a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side
What is a coastal plain?
a flat, low-lying piece of land next to the ocean
What is a round topped hill?
contours showing round top hills that are circular but do not taper to a points
There are — degrees of longitude and — hours in a day. Every hour, the point where the sun is directly overhead moves — degrees to the —-.
360
24
15
West
What is a cliff?
a mass of rock that rises very high and is almost vertical, like a wall
What is a headland?
sea attacks a section of coast, the resistant rock is left projecting, this is a headland
What is a wave-cut platform?
wide gently-sloping surface found at the foot of a cliff
What is a leeve?
a natural or artificial wall that blocks water from going where we don’t want it to go
What is a terrace?
a step-like landform
What is a waterfall?
an area where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep drops in the course of a stream or river
What is an alluvial fan?
a triangle-shaped deposit of gravel, sand, and even smaller pieces of sediment, such as silt
Conditions necessary for coral growth
warm water (70–85° F or 21–29° C), clear, shallow
Volcanic spine develops when…
Lava is viscous and is slowly being pushed out the vent
What is a caldera?
a large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses
What is a volcanic plug?
a volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano
What is a volcanic dome?
bulbous mounds formed via the slow eruption of viscous lava from a volcano
What is population density?
the number of people in that country divided by the area in square kilometers or miles
What is population distribution?
The way in which people are spread across a given area
What is a pothole?
a circular or cylindrical hole in the riverbed which is produced by force of water and abrasion
What is a river cliff?
lateral erosion on the outside bend causes undercutting of the bank
What is a flood plain?
a generally flat area of land next to a river or stream
What are interlocking spurs?
any number of projecting ridges that extend alternately from the opposite sides of the wall of a young, V-shaped valley down which a river
The different levels or courses of a river cen be easily identified as..
the upper course, the middle course, and the lower course
What is the mouth of a river?
place where a river enters a lake, larger river
What is the source of a river?
where a river begins is
What is the gradient of a river?
a measure of how steeply it loses height
What is exfoliation?
A physical weathering process where joints are widened until a layer of rock is broken away, results in the peeling off, of the outer layers of rocks
What is a meander?
a bend in a river channel
How does vegetation contribute to the development of soil?
deal with the recycling of organic matter and releasing nutrients, create pores
What is an urban area?
the region surrounding a city
What is a rural area?
an open swath of land that has few homes or other buildings, and not very many people
Explain the relationship between weather and climate?
Weather is the day-to-day changes in the atmosphere whereas climate is the average condition for many years
What is mixed farming?
a system of farming which involves the growing of crops as well as the raising of livestock
What is market farming?
small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants
What is subsistence farming?
the practice of growing crops and raising livestock sufficient only for one’s own use, without any surplus for trade
What is commercial arable farming?
the cultivation of crops, as opposed to raising livestock
Explain the water cycle.
The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, is biogeochemical cycle that describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.
What is percolation?
the gravity flow of water within the soil
What is evaporation?
the process by which a liquid turns into a gas
What is precipitation?
any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls back to the Earth
What is transpiration?
Additional water is drawn from the soil by plants, and is then evaporated into the atmosphere from leaves and stems
What is rainfall?
a measurement of how much water falls as rain in a certain period of time, for example, a week or a month
What is latitude?
the measurement of distance north or south of the Equator
What is longitude?
the measurement east or west of the prime meridian
What is the primary industry? Give two examples.
he starting point for all industrial activities. They involve the growing, extracting or collection of raw materials from the Earth or sea. Farming, fishing and mining are examples of primary industries
What is the secondary industry? Give two examples.
those that take the raw materials produced by the primary sector and process them into manufactured goods and products. Examples of secondary industries include heavy manufacturing , light manufacturing , food processing, oil refining and energy production
What is the tertiary industry? Give two examples.
involves the selling of services and skills. They can also involve selling goods and products from primary and secondary industries. Hotel staff, police, health care providers are examples.
In a transform plate margin, plates are
sliding past each other
In a divergent plate margin, plates are
being pushed apart
In a convergent plate margin, plates are
being pushed together
What is monoculture?
the agricultural practice of growing a single crop, plant, or livestock species, variety, or breed in a field or farming system at a time.
What is birth rate?
the number of babies born every year per 1000 people in a population
What is death rate?
the number of deaths occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year
What is natural change?
the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths recorded over a period per 100 persons as a percentage
What is natural decrease?
there are more deaths than births
What is natural increase?
there are more births than deaths
What is infant mortality?
the number of deaths in the age group of 1-12 months per 1000 births per year
What is child mortality?
the number of deaths of children up to the age of 5 per 1000 children
What is life expectancy?
the number of years individuals are expected to live from birth in a particular country
What is migration?
the movement of individuals from place to place, changing residence and stay for at least a year
What is emigration?
the movement OUT OF ONES COUNTRY to settle in another, with the intention of stay at least one year
What is immigration?
the movement INTO ANOTHER COUNTRY to settle there, with the intention of stay at least one year
What is a sill?
flat intrusion of igneous rock that forms between preexisting layers of rock
What is a dyke?
a barrier used to regulate or hold back water from a river, lake, or even the ocean
What is a laccolith?
any of a type of igneous intrusion that has split apart two strata, resulting in a domelike structure
What is a lava flow?
streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent
What is crop rotation?
the practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health
What is overgrazing?
when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time
What is strip cropping?
the growing of a cultivated crop (such as corn) in strips alternating with strips of a sod-forming crop (such as hay) arranged to follow an approximate contour of the land and minimize erosion
What is contour ploughing?
the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines
What is somg?
air pollution that reduces visibility, consists of both smoke and fog and is common in industrial areas
What is an oil spill?
the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution
The factor distinguishing the difference between weather and climate
time
What is montane forest vegetation
forests are covered by moss-draped bushes and epiphytes (orchids, ferns, moss, lichen, and liverworts). In general, the higher the altitude, the lower the canopy height
What is equatorial forest vegetation?
The equatorial vegetation comprises a multitude of evergreen trees that yield tropical hardwood, e.g. mahogany, ebony, greenheart, cabinet woods and dyewoods.
What is a deciduous forest vegetation?
Lichen, moss, ferns, wildflowers and other small plants can be found on the forest floor. Shrubs fill in the middle level and hardwood trees like maple, oak, birch, magnolia, sweet gum and beech make up the third level
What is a semi evergreen vegetation?
plants that lose their foliage for a very short period, when old leaves fall off and new foliage growth is starting
What is a cold front?
the transition zone where a cold air mass is replacing a warmer air mass. Cold fronts generally move from northwest to southeast
What is a hurricane?
a storm with a violent wind, in particular a tropical cyclone in the Caribbean
What is a tropical wave?
a type of atmospheric trough, an elongated area of relatively low air pressure, oriented north to south, which moves from east to west across the tropics, causing areas of cloudiness and thunderstorms
What is an ITCZ?
a narrow zone near the equator where northern and southern air masses converge, typically producing low atmospheric pressure
What is a trough?
a channel used to convey a liquid
What is an isobar?
lines on a weather map joining together places of equal atmospheric pressure
What is a warm front?
when a mass of warm air meets an area of cold air. The warm air rises above the cold air, and clouds start to develop followed by rain
What is a landslide?
the movement of rock, earth, or debris down a sloped section of land. Landslides are caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factors that make the slope unstable
What is soil creep?
a very slow movement, occurring on very gentle slopes because of the way soil particles repeatedly expand and contract in wet and dry periods
What is soil erosion?
the displacement of the upper layer of soil; it is a form of soil degradation. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice (glaciers), snow, air (wind), plants, animals, and humans
What is mass wasting?
the movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity. Rock falls, slumps, and debris flows are all examples of mass wasting
What is exfoliation?
the movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity. Rock falls, slumps, and debris flows are all examples of mass wasting
What is a hilltop?
the highest part of a hill
What is a water shed?
an area of land that drains or “sheds” water into a specific waterbody
What is a drainage basin?
the area of land around the river that is drained by the river and its tributaries
What is a stack?
landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast, formed by wave erosion
What is wave refraction?
landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast, formed by wave erosion
What is wave reflecition?
when a water wave bounces off of a hard surface
Location of St. Petersburg
60N30E
What is a scarp?
a steep slope, esp one formed by erosion or faulting; escarpment
What is sparsely populated?
an area that contains few people
What is densely populated?
contain many people
What is the focus?
point INSIDE THE CRUST where the pressure is released is called the focus
Potholes form on the bed of the river if the bed has
high volumes over a steep gradient, it is caused by eddying which is the circular motion of water due to currents
As one climbs a mountain the surrounding temp.
decreases
How does vegetation contribute to the development of soils?
it decomposes to form humus
the slow downhill movement of debris and soil under the influence of gravity may BEST be described as
Soil creep
The MAIN difference between weathering and erosion
removal of difference
What is the CORRECT order in the development of a hurricane
tropical disturbance, depression, storm, hurricane
Where do fold mountains form
where crustal plates move towards each other
What is a rain shadow?
a patch of land that has been forced to become a desert because mountain ranges blocked all plant-growing, rainy weather.
What is frontal rain?
when a warm front meets a cold front
Reasons why some Caribbean areas are sparsely settleled
these are may be hilly or forested, transport links are generally poor
Conditions likely to result from the setting up of secondary industries in the Caribbean
increased exports, increased employment opportunities, reduction in the importation of consumer goods
Rapid urbanization in the Caribbean USUALLY results in
housing shortages in the cities
Which is MOST important in the location of industries
raw materials
Algae, nourished by waters enriched with nutrients grow in abundance over corals causing them to die. This situation can result from
Sewage discharge
Which feature has the GREATEST influence on tourism
coral reefs
Urban Centers would be found
nears roads, railways and ports, airports, docks
Problems affecting industrial development in the Caribbean
size of market, availability of capital, quantity or raw materials
The total output of peasant farms are low because
holdings are small
Challenges to peasant farmers in the Caribbean
lack of capital, soil erosion
Practices that may harm marine environment in the Caribbean
harvesting coral for souvenirs, discharging sewage and industrial water along the shore
Which contributes MOST to pollution of the environment of capital cities in caricom countries
discharge of exhaust fumes from motor vehicles
A practice that might help eliminate problems of pollution created by organic household waste
burying and covering with dirt
Harmful gases, liquids and solids which affect the earth and its inhabitants are examples of
pollutants
What indicates and UNHEALTHY coral reef
extensive area of white bright coral
Tropical deforestation —> Great overland flow —> X —> Soil erosion. What is X?
Flooding
Consequences of tropical deforestation
Flooding, loss of flora
How can flooding be prevented?
planting vegetation, creating reserves for trees
Actions that can be used to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases…
increase use of solar power, reduction in the use of fossil fuel
What are eastings?
Vertical lines that increase in value eastwards
A relationship between longitude and time is that time changes by
4 minutes for 1 degree
Hot, heavy daily rain, tall trees and little undergrowth describe which type of forest vegetation
equatorial
Temp. decrease, wind speed increases, overcast and slight drizzle describe which weather feature
cold front
What Caribbean weather system does not affect the Caribbean during the summer in the northern hemisphere?
Cold fronts
Deposition of a river usually increases when
its velocity increases
What is responsible for the high temps. in the Caribbean?
latitude
What type of settlement is MOST likely to develop along a main road.
Linear settlement
Name some good farming practices
tillage, strip cropping, contour ploughing
In Caribbean peasant farming, to maintain the organic content of soil can be done by
application of manures
Describe a braided river channel.
A shallow and wide river course that has bars and islands around where the river flows
What is longshore drift?
the process by which beach material is moved along the coast by wave action
Problems affecting industrial development inn the Caribbean are
inadequate capital and market, limited raw materials
What measures do governments use to influence the location of industries
provision of tax incentives, provision of physical infrastructure
A typical feature of large scale commercial farming is
intensive mechanization
Compare the fertility to the humus of soil
The fertility increases as the humus content increases
In terms of relief where would a town be built
An area with much flatter land and less disturbance to plant and wildlife, possibly near a good water supply
What is the MOST important contributor to the growth of capital cities in the Caribbean?
Availability of services
The leading foreign exchange earner in MOST Caribbean countries is
Tourism
Common causes of coastal pollution in the Caribbean
Oil spills, discharge of waster into rivers
Which country is located at 13N59W?
Barbados
What country is located at 18N70W
Santo Domingo
Which city is located 1000km from Montego Bay?
Santo Domingo
If the time is 3pm in Belmopan, what time is it in Santo Domingo?
4pm
Gradient can be described as
Gradual
What is a terrace slope?
a flat or gently sloping geomorphic surface
What is an equatorial climate?
climate along the equator
What is true of ALL volcanoes?
Various gases are emitted in eruptions, they occur at weak points in the crust
What is a caldera?
a large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses. (Intrusive feature)
Which type of settlement is most likely to develop at a road junction?
Nuclear settlement
What explains the growth in population in urban centers in the Caribbean?
Migration from rural areas
What is the MOST serious problem hindering rapid agricultural development in the Caribbean?
Lack of capital
Arable farming examples…
fruit farming, cattle farming, sugar can growing
What methods are used by Caribbean governments to improve farming in the region?
providing land, providing loans to purchase supplies and machinery
What are the MOST serious threats to Caribbean rivers?
Deforestation and erosion
Which source of energy is least likely to harm the environment?
Solar energy
What is the sequence that USUALLY takes place when soil erosion is a problem?
Deforestation –> decreased infiltration –> increased run off –> soil erosion
TWO ways to control water pollution along the coast
treatment of sewage, disposal of domestic waste
What can pollute underground water supply?
- Mulch
- Pesticides
- Chemical fertilizers
Pesticides, Chemical fertilizers
TWO things that may result in flooding
deforestation, dumping garbage in rivers
