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Past Paper Crashes > Geography > Flashcards

Geography Flashcards

1
Q

What is a linear settlement?

A

A linear settlement is a settlement or group of buildings that is formed in a long line. Many of these settlements are formed along a transport route, such as a road, river, or canal

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2
Q

What is a nuclear settlement

A

village or clustered settlement is one of the main types of settlement pattern.

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3
Q

What is an isolated settlement?

A

areas either in the long distance away from cities where there is lack of facilities, it may consist of 1 or 2 houses

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4
Q

What is a dispersed settlement?

A

the scattered pattern of households in a particular area

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5
Q

What is a tributary?

A

a freshwater stream that feeds into a larger stream, river or other body of water.

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6
Q

What is a confluence?

A

when two or more flowing bodies of water join together to form a single channel

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7
Q

What is a river distributary?

A

a river branch flowing away from the main stream

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8
Q

What is a ridge?

A

a geographical feature consisting of a chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance

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9
Q

What is a plateau

A

a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side

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10
Q

What is a coastal plain?

A

a flat, low-lying piece of land next to the ocean

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11
Q

What is a round topped hill?

A

contours showing round top hills that are circular but do not taper to a points

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12
Q

There are — degrees of longitude and — hours in a day. Every hour, the point where the sun is directly overhead moves — degrees to the —-.

A

360
24
15
West

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13
Q

What is a cliff?

A

a mass of rock that rises very high and is almost vertical, like a wall

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14
Q

What is a headland?

A

sea attacks a section of coast, the resistant rock is left projecting, this is a headland

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15
Q

What is a wave-cut platform?

A

wide gently-sloping surface found at the foot of a cliff

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16
Q

What is a leeve?

A

a natural or artificial wall that blocks water from going where we don’t want it to go

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17
Q

What is a terrace?

A

a step-like landform

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18
Q

What is a waterfall?

A

an area where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep drops in the course of a stream or river

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19
Q

What is an alluvial fan?

A

a triangle-shaped deposit of gravel, sand, and even smaller pieces of sediment, such as silt

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20
Q

Conditions necessary for coral growth

A

warm water (70–85° F or 21–29° C), clear, shallow

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21
Q

Volcanic spine develops when…

A

Lava is viscous and is slowly being pushed out the vent

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22
Q

What is a caldera?

A

a large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses

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23
Q

What is a volcanic plug?

A

a volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano

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24
Q

What is a volcanic dome?

A

bulbous mounds formed via the slow eruption of viscous lava from a volcano

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25
Q

What is population density?

A

the number of people in that country divided by the area in square kilometers or miles

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26
Q

What is population distribution?

A

The way in which people are spread across a given area

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27
Q

What is a pothole?

A

a circular or cylindrical hole in the riverbed which is produced by force of water and abrasion

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28
Q

What is a river cliff?

A

lateral erosion on the outside bend causes undercutting of the bank

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29
Q

What is a flood plain?

A

a generally flat area of land next to a river or stream

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30
Q

What are interlocking spurs?

A

any number of projecting ridges that extend alternately from the opposite sides of the wall of a young, V-shaped valley down which a river

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31
Q

The different levels or courses of a river cen be easily identified as..

A

the upper course, the middle course, and the lower course

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32
Q

What is the mouth of a river?

A

place where a river enters a lake, larger river

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33
Q

What is the source of a river?

A

where a river begins is

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34
Q

What is the gradient of a river?

A

a measure of how steeply it loses height

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35
Q

What is exfoliation?

A

A physical weathering process where joints are widened until a layer of rock is broken away, results in the peeling off, of the outer layers of rocks

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36
Q

What is a meander?

A

a bend in a river channel

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37
Q

How does vegetation contribute to the development of soil?

A

deal with the recycling of organic matter and releasing nutrients, create pores

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38
Q

What is an urban area?

A

the region surrounding a city

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39
Q

What is a rural area?

A

an open swath of land that has few homes or other buildings, and not very many people

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40
Q

Explain the relationship between weather and climate?

A

Weather is the day-to-day changes in the atmosphere whereas climate is the average condition for many years

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41
Q

What is mixed farming?

A

a system of farming which involves the growing of crops as well as the raising of livestock

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42
Q

What is market farming?

A

small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants

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43
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

the practice of growing crops and raising livestock sufficient only for one’s own use, without any surplus for trade

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44
Q

What is commercial arable farming?

A

the cultivation of crops, as opposed to raising livestock

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45
Q

Explain the water cycle.

A

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, is biogeochemical cycle that describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.

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46
Q

What is percolation?

A

the gravity flow of water within the soil

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47
Q

What is evaporation?

A

the process by which a liquid turns into a gas

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48
Q

What is precipitation?

A

any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls back to the Earth

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49
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Additional water is drawn from the soil by plants, and is then evaporated into the atmosphere from leaves and stems

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50
Q

What is rainfall?

A

a measurement of how much water falls as rain in a certain period of time, for example, a week or a month

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51
Q

What is latitude?

A

the measurement of distance north or south of the Equator

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52
Q

What is longitude?

A

the measurement east or west of the prime meridian

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53
Q

What is the primary industry? Give two examples.

A

he starting point for all industrial activities. They involve the growing, extracting or collection of raw materials from the Earth or sea. Farming, fishing and mining are examples of primary industries

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54
Q

What is the secondary industry? Give two examples.

A

those that take the raw materials produced by the primary sector and process them into manufactured goods and products. Examples of secondary industries include heavy manufacturing , light manufacturing , food processing, oil refining and energy production

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55
Q

What is the tertiary industry? Give two examples.

A

involves the selling of services and skills. They can also involve selling goods and products from primary and secondary industries. Hotel staff, police, health care providers are examples.

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56
Q

In a transform plate margin, plates are

A

sliding past each other

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57
Q

In a divergent plate margin, plates are

A

being pushed apart

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58
Q

In a convergent plate margin, plates are

A

being pushed together

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59
Q

What is monoculture?

A

the agricultural practice of growing a single crop, plant, or livestock species, variety, or breed in a field or farming system at a time.

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60
Q

What is birth rate?

A

the number of babies born every year per 1000 people in a population

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61
Q

What is death rate?

A

the number of deaths occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year

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62
Q

What is natural change?

A

the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths recorded over a period per 100 persons as a percentage

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63
Q

What is natural decrease?

A

there are more deaths than births

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64
Q

What is natural increase?

A

there are more births than deaths

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65
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

the number of deaths in the age group of 1-12 months per 1000 births per year

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66
Q

What is child mortality?

A

the number of deaths of children up to the age of 5 per 1000 children

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67
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

the number of years individuals are expected to live from birth in a particular country

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68
Q

What is migration?

A

the movement of individuals from place to place, changing residence and stay for at least a year

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69
Q

What is emigration?

A

the movement OUT OF ONES COUNTRY to settle in another, with the intention of stay at least one year

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70
Q

What is immigration?

A

the movement INTO ANOTHER COUNTRY to settle there, with the intention of stay at least one year

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71
Q

What is a sill?

A

flat intrusion of igneous rock that forms between preexisting layers of rock

72
Q

What is a dyke?

A

a barrier used to regulate or hold back water from a river, lake, or even the ocean

73
Q

What is a laccolith?

A

any of a type of igneous intrusion that has split apart two strata, resulting in a domelike structure

74
Q

What is a lava flow?

A

streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent

75
Q

What is crop rotation?

A

the practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health

76
Q

What is overgrazing?

A

when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time

77
Q

What is strip cropping?

A

the growing of a cultivated crop (such as corn) in strips alternating with strips of a sod-forming crop (such as hay) arranged to follow an approximate contour of the land and minimize erosion

78
Q

What is contour ploughing?

A

the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines

79
Q

What is somg?

A

air pollution that reduces visibility, consists of both smoke and fog and is common in industrial areas

80
Q

What is an oil spill?

A

the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution

81
Q

The factor distinguishing the difference between weather and climate

A

time

82
Q

What is montane forest vegetation

A

forests are covered by moss-draped bushes and epiphytes (orchids, ferns, moss, lichen, and liverworts). In general, the higher the altitude, the lower the canopy height

83
Q

What is equatorial forest vegetation?

A

The equatorial vegetation comprises a multitude of evergreen trees that yield tropical hardwood, e.g. mahogany, ebony, greenheart, cabinet woods and dyewoods.

84
Q

What is a deciduous forest vegetation?

A

Lichen, moss, ferns, wildflowers and other small plants can be found on the forest floor. Shrubs fill in the middle level and hardwood trees like maple, oak, birch, magnolia, sweet gum and beech make up the third level

85
Q

What is a semi evergreen vegetation?

A

plants that lose their foliage for a very short period, when old leaves fall off and new foliage growth is starting

86
Q

What is a cold front?

A

the transition zone where a cold air mass is replacing a warmer air mass. Cold fronts generally move from northwest to southeast

87
Q

What is a hurricane?

A

a storm with a violent wind, in particular a tropical cyclone in the Caribbean

88
Q

What is a tropical wave?

A

a type of atmospheric trough, an elongated area of relatively low air pressure, oriented north to south, which moves from east to west across the tropics, causing areas of cloudiness and thunderstorms

89
Q

What is an ITCZ?

A

a narrow zone near the equator where northern and southern air masses converge, typically producing low atmospheric pressure

90
Q

What is a trough?

A

a channel used to convey a liquid

91
Q

What is an isobar?

A

lines on a weather map joining together places of equal atmospheric pressure

92
Q

What is a warm front?

A

when a mass of warm air meets an area of cold air. The warm air rises above the cold air, and clouds start to develop followed by rain

93
Q

What is a landslide?

A

the movement of rock, earth, or debris down a sloped section of land. Landslides are caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factors that make the slope unstable

94
Q

What is soil creep?

A

a very slow movement, occurring on very gentle slopes because of the way soil particles repeatedly expand and contract in wet and dry periods

95
Q

What is soil erosion?

A

the displacement of the upper layer of soil; it is a form of soil degradation. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice (glaciers), snow, air (wind), plants, animals, and humans

96
Q

What is mass wasting?

A

the movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity. Rock falls, slumps, and debris flows are all examples of mass wasting

97
Q

What is exfoliation?

A

the movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity. Rock falls, slumps, and debris flows are all examples of mass wasting

98
Q

What is a hilltop?

A

the highest part of a hill

99
Q

What is a water shed?

A

an area of land that drains or “sheds” water into a specific waterbody

100
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

the area of land around the river that is drained by the river and its tributaries

101
Q

What is a stack?

A

landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast, formed by wave erosion

102
Q

What is wave refraction?

A

landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast, formed by wave erosion

103
Q

What is wave reflecition?

A

when a water wave bounces off of a hard surface

104
Q

Location of St. Petersburg

A

60N30E

105
Q

What is a scarp?

A

a steep slope, esp one formed by erosion or faulting; escarpment

106
Q

What is sparsely populated?

A

an area that contains few people

107
Q

What is densely populated?

A

contain many people

108
Q

What is the focus?

A

point INSIDE THE CRUST where the pressure is released is called the focus

109
Q

Potholes form on the bed of the river if the bed has

A

high volumes over a steep gradient, it is caused by eddying which is the circular motion of water due to currents

110
Q

As one climbs a mountain the surrounding temp.

A

decreases

111
Q

How does vegetation contribute to the development of soils?

A

it decomposes to form humus

112
Q

the slow downhill movement of debris and soil under the influence of gravity may BEST be described as

A

Soil creep

113
Q

The MAIN difference between weathering and erosion

A

removal of difference

114
Q

What is the CORRECT order in the development of a hurricane

A

tropical disturbance, depression, storm, hurricane

115
Q

Where do fold mountains form

A

where crustal plates move towards each other

116
Q

What is a rain shadow?

A

a patch of land that has been forced to become a desert because mountain ranges blocked all plant-growing, rainy weather.

117
Q

What is frontal rain?

A

when a warm front meets a cold front

118
Q

Reasons why some Caribbean areas are sparsely settleled

A

these are may be hilly or forested, transport links are generally poor

119
Q

Conditions likely to result from the setting up of secondary industries in the Caribbean

A

increased exports, increased employment opportunities, reduction in the importation of consumer goods

120
Q

Rapid urbanization in the Caribbean USUALLY results in

A

housing shortages in the cities

121
Q

Which is MOST important in the location of industries

A

raw materials

122
Q

Algae, nourished by waters enriched with nutrients grow in abundance over corals causing them to die. This situation can result from

A

Sewage discharge

123
Q

Which feature has the GREATEST influence on tourism

A

coral reefs

124
Q

Urban Centers would be found

A

nears roads, railways and ports, airports, docks

125
Q

Problems affecting industrial development in the Caribbean

A

size of market, availability of capital, quantity or raw materials

126
Q

The total output of peasant farms are low because

A

holdings are small

127
Q

Challenges to peasant farmers in the Caribbean

A

lack of capital, soil erosion

128
Q

Practices that may harm marine environment in the Caribbean

A

harvesting coral for souvenirs, discharging sewage and industrial water along the shore

129
Q

Which contributes MOST to pollution of the environment of capital cities in caricom countries

A

discharge of exhaust fumes from motor vehicles

130
Q

A practice that might help eliminate problems of pollution created by organic household waste

A

burying and covering with dirt

131
Q

Harmful gases, liquids and solids which affect the earth and its inhabitants are examples of

A

pollutants

132
Q

What indicates and UNHEALTHY coral reef

A

extensive area of white bright coral

133
Q

Tropical deforestation —> Great overland flow —> X —> Soil erosion. What is X?

A

Flooding

134
Q

Consequences of tropical deforestation

A

Flooding, loss of flora

135
Q

How can flooding be prevented?

A

planting vegetation, creating reserves for trees

136
Q

Actions that can be used to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases…

A

increase use of solar power, reduction in the use of fossil fuel

137
Q

What are eastings?

A

Vertical lines that increase in value eastwards

138
Q

A relationship between longitude and time is that time changes by

A

4 minutes for 1 degree

139
Q

Hot, heavy daily rain, tall trees and little undergrowth describe which type of forest vegetation

A

equatorial

140
Q

Temp. decrease, wind speed increases, overcast and slight drizzle describe which weather feature

A

cold front

141
Q

What Caribbean weather system does not affect the Caribbean during the summer in the northern hemisphere?

A

Cold fronts

142
Q

Deposition of a river usually increases when

A

its velocity increases

143
Q

What is responsible for the high temps. in the Caribbean?

A

latitude

144
Q

What type of settlement is MOST likely to develop along a main road.

A

Linear settlement

145
Q

Name some good farming practices

A

tillage, strip cropping, contour ploughing

146
Q

In Caribbean peasant farming, to maintain the organic content of soil can be done by

A

application of manures

147
Q

Describe a braided river channel.

A

A shallow and wide river course that has bars and islands around where the river flows

148
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

the process by which beach material is moved along the coast by wave action

149
Q

Problems affecting industrial development inn the Caribbean are

A

inadequate capital and market, limited raw materials

150
Q

What measures do governments use to influence the location of industries

A

provision of tax incentives, provision of physical infrastructure

151
Q

A typical feature of large scale commercial farming is

A

intensive mechanization

152
Q

Compare the fertility to the humus of soil

A

The fertility increases as the humus content increases

153
Q

In terms of relief where would a town be built

A

An area with much flatter land and less disturbance to plant and wildlife, possibly near a good water supply

154
Q

What is the MOST important contributor to the growth of capital cities in the Caribbean?

A

Availability of services

155
Q

The leading foreign exchange earner in MOST Caribbean countries is

A

Tourism

156
Q

Common causes of coastal pollution in the Caribbean

A

Oil spills, discharge of waster into rivers

157
Q

Which country is located at 13N59W?

A

Barbados

158
Q

What country is located at 18N70W

A

Santo Domingo

159
Q

Which city is located 1000km from Montego Bay?

A

Santo Domingo

160
Q

If the time is 3pm in Belmopan, what time is it in Santo Domingo?

A

4pm

161
Q

Gradient can be described as

A

Gradual

162
Q

What is a terrace slope?

A

a flat or gently sloping geomorphic surface

163
Q

What is an equatorial climate?

A

climate along the equator

164
Q

What is true of ALL volcanoes?

A

Various gases are emitted in eruptions, they occur at weak points in the crust

165
Q

What is a caldera?

A

a large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses. (Intrusive feature)

166
Q

Which type of settlement is most likely to develop at a road junction?

A

Nuclear settlement

167
Q

What explains the growth in population in urban centers in the Caribbean?

A

Migration from rural areas

168
Q

What is the MOST serious problem hindering rapid agricultural development in the Caribbean?

A

Lack of capital

169
Q

Arable farming examples…

A

fruit farming, cattle farming, sugar can growing

170
Q

What methods are used by Caribbean governments to improve farming in the region?

A

providing land, providing loans to purchase supplies and machinery

171
Q

What are the MOST serious threats to Caribbean rivers?

A

Deforestation and erosion

172
Q

Which source of energy is least likely to harm the environment?

A

Solar energy

173
Q

What is the sequence that USUALLY takes place when soil erosion is a problem?

A

Deforestation –> decreased infiltration –> increased run off –> soil erosion

174
Q

TWO ways to control water pollution along the coast

A

treatment of sewage, disposal of domestic waste

175
Q

What can pollute underground water supply?

  1. Mulch
  2. Pesticides
  3. Chemical fertilizers
A

Pesticides, Chemical fertilizers

176
Q

TWO things that may result in flooding

A

deforestation, dumping garbage in rivers

Past Paper Crashes (3 decks)

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