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Past Paper Crashes > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What classifies class Insecta?

A

segmented bodies, jointed legs, and external skeletons (exoskeletons)

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2
Q

What are some biotic factors

A

Parasitism, Mutalism, Commensalism

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3
Q

What are some biotic factors?

A

Parasitism, Mutualism, Commensalism

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4
Q

What is a food chain?

A

a series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food

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5
Q

Why is only 10% of energy transferred from one trophic level to another?

A

most is lost as heat during the process of respiration

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6
Q

What does non-biodegradable mean?

A

not capable of being broken down by the action of living organisms

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7
Q

Why are coral reefs in the Caribbean at risk?

A

Overfishing/ Since it is a tourist attraction

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8
Q

Which TWO feeding relationships cause hard?

A

Parasitism and Predation

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9
Q

What is most important for biodegradation?

A

Bacteria

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10
Q

Characteristics of decomposers

A

Release nutrients for recycling, more abundant in moist places, prevent accumulation of dead organic matter

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11
Q

What is the MAIN purpose of recycling?

A

To save raw materials

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12
Q

What does a muscle cell contain more of when compared to a cheek cell?

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

What does nicotine do?

A

Increases heart rate

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14
Q

Characteristics of the xylem

A

non-living, lignified walls for support, transports water and salts

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15
Q

K and Ca2+ is important for….

A

Blood clotting

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16
Q

What is artificial immunity?

A

Intentional exposure to pathogens

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17
Q

Why is there no glucose in urine?

A

Selective absorption

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18
Q

THREE examples of excretion in plants

A

CO2 through stomata, substances stored in bark, calcium oxalate crystals when leaf falls

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19
Q

What is the endosperm?

A

Food store for the plant

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20
Q

What is AIDs?

A

A bacterium, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body’s ability to fight infection and disease.

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21
Q

How can AIDs be treated?

A

Penicillin: a commonly used antibiotic that is used to treat a number of bacterial infections

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22
Q

How can AIDs be prevented?

A

Absistence/ Condoms

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23
Q

What does a pathogen do?

A

It causes disease

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24
Q

What is a vector?

A

An animal transporting disease and is unaffected

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25
Q

Consequences of disease

A

Productivity loss, absenteeism, larger budget spent of meds/hospital supplies

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26
Q

Applying a layer of oil on the surface of water is done for what reason

A

Control mosquito population since the oil stops pupa from getting air

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27
Q

If a plant gets a disease why might the surrounding plants die also

A

Since there is NO genetic variation the entirety of the plant species might die

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28
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

structure made of DNA, wrapped in histones

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29
Q

Characteristics of meiosis

A

Random assortment of genes, crossing over chromosomes, genetic recombination of allels

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30
Q

Blood group AB + AB produces what percentage of each possibility

A

AB = 25%, A=25%, B=25%, O=25%

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31
Q

What is the FINAL stage of meiosis

A

Crossing over of homologous chromosomes

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32
Q

Species consist of members that..

A

interbreed with each other under natural conditions

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33
Q

Features of natural selection

A

Variation is generational, overproduction of offspring, competition for food

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34
Q

What is involved in Insulin production by genetic engineering?

A

Transfer of human insulin gene to a bacterium, a vector to transfer insulin gene, production of insulin by the bacterium

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35
Q

What gas does not contribute to the greenhouse effect?

A

Carbon Monoxide

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36
Q

Does autotrophic nutrition occur in a zooplankton

A

No

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37
Q

Why is food stored in the build of an onion plant?

A

To provide for the growth of new plants from bulbs

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38
Q

Where is the control of heartbeat and respiration located?

A

Medulla

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39
Q

Why is haemophilia seen more in men?

A

It is caused by an ‘r’ or a ‘x’ chromosome, there is only one x chromosome in males, woman have 2 ‘x’ chromosomes so the ‘r’ can be dominanted by ‘R’

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40
Q

Difference of insects to arthropods

A

Number of legs

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41
Q

What type of factors are organisms affected by and what are some examples?

A

Abiotic factors (pH, soil, minerals, sunlight)

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42
Q

Which organisms are at the second trophic level?

A

Herbivores

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43
Q

What is commensalism?

A

association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm

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44
Q

How to conserve and restore an ecosystem?

A

Restricting hunting season, planting mangroves

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45
Q

What is a short definition on the role of respiration?

A

Release of energy

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46
Q

After absorption in the —–, glucose is converted into —– by the —–

A

Ileum, glycogen, liver/muscles

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47
Q

Which part of the teeth is sensitive to temp.

A

Dentine

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48
Q

Describe what occurs to the ribs when you inhale?

A

Ribs move up and out

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49
Q

Transport substances in animals?

A

Amino acids, hormones

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50
Q

What can happen if excretory products accumulate?

A

It can poison someones

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51
Q

How do thorns affect transpiration?

A

Thorns reduce the rate of transpiration

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52
Q

What is stimulus?

A

Change in environment

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53
Q

What is pollination?

A

the transfer of pollen to a stigma, ovule, flower, or plant to allow fertilization.

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54
Q

What is the amnion?

A

a membrane that covers the baby

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55
Q

Decrease in food prices is a consequence of…

A

disease

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56
Q

What is the most effective birth control method

A

Tubal ligation

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57
Q

What is genetics?

A

a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms

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58
Q

A plant that has few leaves with no chlorophyll, no proper root system, and flowers abundantly can be found

A

living parasitically on another plant

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59
Q

Which organisms have the least amount of energy available?

A

carnivores (secondary consumers)

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60
Q

Which type of bacteria is important in returning nitrogen into the atmosphere?

A

Denitrifying bacteria

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61
Q

Site of anaerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

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62
Q

Products of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen/ glucose

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63
Q

Why are fungi NOT autotrophs

A

they have no chloroplasts, they can only use the energy stored in organic compounds

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64
Q

Why can’t enzymes work at high temperatures?

A

High temperatures denature the proteins of enzymes

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65
Q

What indicates nitrogen deficiency in a plant?

A

Yellowing leaves

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66
Q

Function of HCl in stomach

A

helps your body to break down, digest, and absorb nutrients such as protein

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67
Q

The right ventricle collects blood from

A

right atrium

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68
Q

Conditions for a high transpiration rate

A

High wind speed and sunny

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69
Q

Where is urine emptied in the kidney?

A

passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney

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70
Q

Organs MOST affected when the pituitary gland is malfunctioning

A

Skin/Brain/Reproductive Organs

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71
Q

Function of cartilage

A

Increases flexibility

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72
Q

Describe movement in plants

A

Irreversible, growth movement

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73
Q

What is locomotion?

A

the ability to move

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74
Q

Locomotion is not the same as movement, all animals move, but not all animals locomote. Explain.

A

locomotion is defined as movement that results in progression from one place to another. Animals that spend all or nearly all their entire adult life in one place are called sessile

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75
Q

Why do woodlice prefer damp environments?

A

They are prone to losing water easily via evaporation due to their outer skin being very permeable. This is why they prefer to remain in damp environments

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76
Q

Why do woodlice prefer dark conditions?

A

So moisture cannot disappear due to light

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77
Q

The main parts of the brain involved with memory are

A

the amygdala, the hippocampus, (the cerebellum)

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78
Q

Which hormone allows someones to show enhanced strength or ability in an emergency?

A

Adrenaline

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79
Q

Structures involved in temperature regulation

A

Sweat glands of the dermis, capillaries (blood vessel), erector muscle

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80
Q

Function of the choroid layer in the eye

A

Maintain shape and provide nutrients for the retina

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81
Q

What is moulting?

A

shed old feathers, hair, or skin to make way for a new growth

82
Q

What it the correct order of the following:

  • repair of the uterus lining
  • ovulation
  • shredding of the uterus lining
  • development of the Graafian follicle
A
  • development of the Graafian follicle
  • shredding of the uterus lining
  • ovulation
  • repair of the uterus lining
83
Q

What part of the flower is responsible for making male gametes?

A

Anthers

84
Q

Small, light, odorless and smooth pollen grains are carried by

A

Wind

85
Q

Purpose of contraception

A

Contraception aims to prevent pregnancy, stop sperm from fertilizing an egg

86
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

In a developing embryo

87
Q

Ecological implications of genetic engineering

A

Loss of biodiversity

88
Q

How can hypertension be treated/controlled

A

Low salt intake and exercise

89
Q

Why is abuse of prescription drugs considered a disease?

A

It affects the functioning of the body

90
Q

Signs of AIDS

A

Skin rashes, weight loss, tiredness, night sweats, sores, diarrhea

91
Q

What kind of immunity is being given antiserum?

A

Natural active immunity

92
Q

What is a community?

A

A group of different organisms living in the same place at the same time is known as a

93
Q

The mark, release, capture technique can be described as

A

capture a small number of individuals, put a harmless mark on them, and release them back into the population. … Mark more individuals and try again. The marking technique must not harm the individual or affect its survival by predation

94
Q

Name some example of renewable energy

A

Solar, wind, biomass

95
Q

Practices that help conserve the environment

A

Crop rotation, reafforestation, using natural fertilizers

96
Q

What would be the effect of the air if trees in a specific area were ‘wiped out’?

A

CO2 would increase

97
Q

What is the net venation of a leaf

A

Netted venation is a form of leaf venation composed of veins arranged in a net-like pattern

98
Q

What is specialization?

A

Variation in cellular structure found in any organism

99
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

100
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

101
Q

Which parts of a flowering plant contain chloroplasts?

A

Mesophyll layer, guard cells

102
Q

Poor night vision and bleeding gums are indications that an individual lacks

A

Vitamin C and A

103
Q

Part of the gut which bile empties

A

Duodenum

104
Q

Features associated with the diffusion of gases

A

thin wall surfaces, good blood supply, always moist, large surface area

105
Q

Apparatus and material needed for the experiment for aerobic respiration

A

Air, soda lime, lime water (calcium hydroxide), jar, black cloth, filter

106
Q

Characteristics of white blood cells

A

different types of cells, nucleus, NO cell wall

107
Q

Why does an amoeba not need a transport system?

A

because the transportation of gases, wastes, and food can be simply accomplished by diffusion and cytoplasmic streaming

108
Q

Storage organ that characterizes an Irish potato

A

Root tuber

109
Q

Why is excretion important in living organisms

A

To get rid of excess material which can poison these living organisms

110
Q

The glomerular filtrate contains

A

Salt, water, urea, glucose

111
Q

What can cause improper functioning of the eye

  • Weak ciliary muscles
  • Lack of vitamin A
  • Hemophilia
A
  • Weak ciliary muscles

- Lack of vitamin A

112
Q

Location of the Pituitary gland

A

Brain

113
Q

Location of the adrenal gland

A

top of both kidneys

114
Q

Location of the thyroid gland

A

at the front of the neck just below the Adam’s apple (larynx)

115
Q

Which method of contraception provides protection from disease and pregnancy

A

Condom

116
Q

Plants grown under the same conditions and then identical ones appearing next to them. This is because…

A

They may have been self pollinated

117
Q

Do males or females produce gametes for a longer period of time

A

Males

118
Q

What is discontinuous variation. Give an example.

A

characteristic of any species with only a limited number of possible values shows discontinuous variation.
Examples: blood group, color, presence of horns, wings

119
Q

What term refers to the visible characteristics of living organisms

A

Phenotype

120
Q

What is artificial selection

A

ability to develop many species of plants and animals with beneficial characteristics

121
Q

Where does mitosis occur in a plant

A

Region behind the root tip

122
Q

What is a pathogen

A

An organism that causes disease

123
Q

Which of the following methods may help to reduce the spread of disease caused by insect vectors?

  • Sterilization
  • Use of insecticides
  • Use of disinfectants
A
  • Use of insecticides
124
Q

You can reduce your likelihood of getting a non-communicable disease by changing risk factors that relate to your

A

Lifestyle

125
Q

Organic fertilizers make nutrients….

A

available more quickly

126
Q

What is the correct feeding sequence in a food chain?

A

producer –> herbivore –> carnivore –> top carnivore

127
Q

Which of the following are involved in the recycling of nutrients?

  • bacteria
  • plants
  • earthworms
  • humans
A

Bacteria and plants

128
Q

Test for protein

A

NaOH + Cus = Violet or Purple colour

129
Q

Test for starch

A

Iodine = Blue-Black colour

130
Q

Test for non-reducing sugar

A

Benedicts solution = Orange colour

131
Q

Reasons for placing green plants in an aquarium?

A

Provide food for animals, provide oxygen for animals, removing animals waste products

132
Q

What are the reactants of aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose and oxygen

133
Q

What feature is most important in r.b.c’s for the uptake of oxygen?

A

Disc shape

134
Q

What is egestion?

A

the act of excreting unusable or undigested material from a cell

135
Q

Tendons are strong — that attach your — to —

A

cords, muscles, bones

136
Q

Ligaments are strong — that attach a — to another at a —

A

cords, bones, joint

137
Q

Movement in plants is important for survival because it ensures that…

A

they move towards water and towards light

138
Q

Describe the bicep and tricep if the arm flexes

A

Bicep contracts and tricep relaxes

139
Q

Sensory ending in the skin is a

  • effector
  • receptor
  • stimuli
A

Receptor

140
Q

What is copulation?

A

animal sexual behavior in which a male introduces sperm into the female’s body

141
Q

What is the gestation period?

A

the time between conception and birth, during which the embryo or fetus is developing in the uterus

142
Q

The reproduction of an amoeba by binary fission is an example of asexual reproduction beacause

A

two offspring are produced by one parent

143
Q

Contraception is PRIMARILY used to

A

limit the size of families

144
Q

What confirms that a coconut it a fruit?

A

it has a three-layered pericap

145
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

the testes of a mammal

146
Q

What triggers the formation of r.b.c’s

A

thrombocytes

147
Q

Two soil components that are derived from the parent rock material are

A

Sand and mineral salts

148
Q

Give 5 examples of renewable energy resources

A

solar energy, wind, falling water, the heat of the earth (geothermal), plant materials (biomass), waves, ocean currents, temperature differences in the oceans and the energy of the tides

149
Q

When does respiration occur in plants

A

All the time

150
Q

Energy is released from sugar during which process

A

respiration

151
Q

Plants cells differ from animal cells in their ability to

A

resist turgor pressure

152
Q

What type of teeth is best for peeling or removing meat from a bone

A

Canines

153
Q

Compare the amount of energy in aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration releases a large amount of energy and anaerobic releases small amounts of energy

154
Q

Energy in respiration is temporarily captured in

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

155
Q

As part of the sequence of the heartbeat, the ventricular muscles contract, the atrioventricular valves close, the atrial valves open, this allows blood to flow from…

A

ventricles to arteries

156
Q

A leaf submerged in red ink will show up in which structure first?

A

veins

157
Q

Which conditions INCREASES the rate of transpiration

A

High wind velocity

158
Q

The primary function of the neural spine of the lumbar vertebrae is to

A

attachment of muscles

159
Q

Oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy by

A

preventing ovulation

160
Q

A flower with a long style, feathery stigma, long filaments, no corolla and small sepals is adapted for

A

Cross-pollination and pollination by the wind

161
Q

Where does mitosis occur in a plant

A

the region behind the root tip

162
Q

A pathogen belongs to which group of disease

A

infectious

163
Q

Name some of the NATURAL ways the body can protect itself against infection

A

blood clotting, action of phagocytes, production of antibodies

164
Q

What is the line transect sampling method?

A

a series of lines is distributed according to some design

165
Q

The more brighter and attractive the organism indicates it may be more

A

poisonous

166
Q

the process which food is carried through the alimentary canal is known as

A

peristalsis

167
Q

Substances needed for the formation of bones

A

Calcium and vitamin D

168
Q

Function of ATP

A

transfers energy

169
Q

As an organism increases in size, the process of diffusion limits the transportation of substances because

A

the surface area to volume decreases

170
Q

Plants with vegetative storage organs

A

Potatoes, ginger, carrot

171
Q

Through which process does the body get rid of nitrogenic waste

A

excretion

172
Q

Adaptions in plants used to conserve water

A

small leaves, thorns, cuticle thinkens

173
Q

Name some axial skeletons parts

A

Skull, vertebral column, ribs

174
Q

Name some appendicular skeletons parts

A

humerus, femur, pelvic girdle

175
Q

What type of lens will correct short-sightedness

A

Concave

176
Q

Which part of the brain would be used to solve a mathematical problem

A

Cerebrum

177
Q

What is a dicotyledonous seed?

A

has a pair of leaves, or cotyledons, in the embryo of the seed.

178
Q

Wind dispersed seeds have feathery leave which allow them to ..

A

be taken great distances

179
Q

The production of gametes during the process of meiosis can lead to

A

variation in a population

180
Q

A characteristic is said to be sex linked if it is

A

carried on the sex chromosomes

181
Q

Why might there be more green grasshoppers in green grass than brown grass

A

Camouflaging protects them from predators

182
Q

If a diploid organism has two different alleles for the same gene, it is describes as being

A

heterozygous

183
Q

What type of disease is anaemia?

A

Nutritional deficiency

184
Q

What type of disease is diabetes?

A

Physiological

185
Q

Symptoms that indicate abuse of alcohol

A

Vasodilation, loss of consciousness, impaired mental functioning

186
Q

Implications of disease in agricultural crops

A

loss of jobs, lower income for government, higher food import cost

187
Q

What dos the term habitat mean?

A

the place a particular organism lives

188
Q

Which organism makes solar energy available for other organisms?

A

Producers

189
Q

Is a mushroom a producer or composer? Explain.

A

Mushrooms, as we’ve seen, absorb nutrients from the organic matter they break down as they’re incapable of producing their own food. They consume but they do not produce, which makes them heterotrophs

190
Q

Function of membrane

A

Osmatic control

191
Q

Function of nucleus

A

nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell , hereditary materials

192
Q

Function of mitochondrion

A

produce the energy necessary for the cell’s survival and functioning, release of energy

193
Q

Sodium hydroxide and weak copper sulphate will produce a violet colour with molecules of

A

protein

194
Q

What is starch?

A

a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers

195
Q

Characteristics of enzymes

A
  1. Enzymes are proteins despite some break fown proteins
  2. Inactive by high temps. since protein molecules are damaged by heat
  3. They work best at a particular temp.
  4. They work best at a particular pH.
  5. They are catalyst, therefore they aren’t changed and are reused
  6. They are specific which means each enzyme will only catalyse with one specific type of chemical reaction.
196
Q

West indian cherries a re rich in vitamin C and therefore are good for

A

absorption of iron and prevention of bleeding gums

197
Q

Cigarette smoking makes it difficult for air t get to the lungs, this is MOST likely due to

A

constriction of the bronchioles

198
Q

Which process accounts for the movement of oxygen across a respiratory surface?

A

Diffusion

199
Q

Large organisms CANNOT depend solely on diffusion for the uptake and transport of gases. This is because as organisms get larger

A

surface area to volume ratio increases

200
Q

The structure of r.b.c’s allows them to

A

squeeze through tiny blood vessels and absorb large amounts of oxygen

Past Paper Crashes (3 decks)

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