Biology Flashcards
What classifies class Insecta?
segmented bodies, jointed legs, and external skeletons (exoskeletons)
What are some biotic factors
Parasitism, Mutalism, Commensalism
What are some biotic factors?
Parasitism, Mutualism, Commensalism
What is a food chain?
a series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food
Why is only 10% of energy transferred from one trophic level to another?
most is lost as heat during the process of respiration
What does non-biodegradable mean?
not capable of being broken down by the action of living organisms
Why are coral reefs in the Caribbean at risk?
Overfishing/ Since it is a tourist attraction
Which TWO feeding relationships cause hard?
Parasitism and Predation
What is most important for biodegradation?
Bacteria
Characteristics of decomposers
Release nutrients for recycling, more abundant in moist places, prevent accumulation of dead organic matter
What is the MAIN purpose of recycling?
To save raw materials
What does a muscle cell contain more of when compared to a cheek cell?
Mitochondria
What does nicotine do?
Increases heart rate
Characteristics of the xylem
non-living, lignified walls for support, transports water and salts
K and Ca2+ is important for….
Blood clotting
What is artificial immunity?
Intentional exposure to pathogens
Why is there no glucose in urine?
Selective absorption
THREE examples of excretion in plants
CO2 through stomata, substances stored in bark, calcium oxalate crystals when leaf falls
What is the endosperm?
Food store for the plant
What is AIDs?
A bacterium, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body’s ability to fight infection and disease.
How can AIDs be treated?
Penicillin: a commonly used antibiotic that is used to treat a number of bacterial infections
How can AIDs be prevented?
Absistence/ Condoms
What does a pathogen do?
It causes disease
What is a vector?
An animal transporting disease and is unaffected
Consequences of disease
Productivity loss, absenteeism, larger budget spent of meds/hospital supplies
Applying a layer of oil on the surface of water is done for what reason
Control mosquito population since the oil stops pupa from getting air
If a plant gets a disease why might the surrounding plants die also
Since there is NO genetic variation the entirety of the plant species might die
What is a chromosome?
structure made of DNA, wrapped in histones
Characteristics of meiosis
Random assortment of genes, crossing over chromosomes, genetic recombination of allels
Blood group AB + AB produces what percentage of each possibility
AB = 25%, A=25%, B=25%, O=25%
What is the FINAL stage of meiosis
Crossing over of homologous chromosomes
Species consist of members that..
interbreed with each other under natural conditions
Features of natural selection
Variation is generational, overproduction of offspring, competition for food
What is involved in Insulin production by genetic engineering?
Transfer of human insulin gene to a bacterium, a vector to transfer insulin gene, production of insulin by the bacterium
What gas does not contribute to the greenhouse effect?
Carbon Monoxide
Does autotrophic nutrition occur in a zooplankton
No
Why is food stored in the build of an onion plant?
To provide for the growth of new plants from bulbs
Where is the control of heartbeat and respiration located?
Medulla
Why is haemophilia seen more in men?
It is caused by an ‘r’ or a ‘x’ chromosome, there is only one x chromosome in males, woman have 2 ‘x’ chromosomes so the ‘r’ can be dominanted by ‘R’
Difference of insects to arthropods
Number of legs
What type of factors are organisms affected by and what are some examples?
Abiotic factors (pH, soil, minerals, sunlight)
Which organisms are at the second trophic level?
Herbivores
What is commensalism?
association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm
How to conserve and restore an ecosystem?
Restricting hunting season, planting mangroves
What is a short definition on the role of respiration?
Release of energy
After absorption in the —–, glucose is converted into —– by the —–
Ileum, glycogen, liver/muscles
Which part of the teeth is sensitive to temp.
Dentine
Describe what occurs to the ribs when you inhale?
Ribs move up and out
Transport substances in animals?
Amino acids, hormones
What can happen if excretory products accumulate?
It can poison someones
How do thorns affect transpiration?
Thorns reduce the rate of transpiration
What is stimulus?
Change in environment
What is pollination?
the transfer of pollen to a stigma, ovule, flower, or plant to allow fertilization.
What is the amnion?
a membrane that covers the baby
Decrease in food prices is a consequence of…
disease
What is the most effective birth control method
Tubal ligation
What is genetics?
a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms
A plant that has few leaves with no chlorophyll, no proper root system, and flowers abundantly can be found
living parasitically on another plant
Which organisms have the least amount of energy available?
carnivores (secondary consumers)
Which type of bacteria is important in returning nitrogen into the atmosphere?
Denitrifying bacteria
Site of anaerobic respiration
Mitochondria
Products of photosynthesis
Oxygen/ glucose
Why are fungi NOT autotrophs
they have no chloroplasts, they can only use the energy stored in organic compounds
Why can’t enzymes work at high temperatures?
High temperatures denature the proteins of enzymes
What indicates nitrogen deficiency in a plant?
Yellowing leaves
Function of HCl in stomach
helps your body to break down, digest, and absorb nutrients such as protein
The right ventricle collects blood from
right atrium
Conditions for a high transpiration rate
High wind speed and sunny
Where is urine emptied in the kidney?
passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney
Organs MOST affected when the pituitary gland is malfunctioning
Skin/Brain/Reproductive Organs
Function of cartilage
Increases flexibility
Describe movement in plants
Irreversible, growth movement
What is locomotion?
the ability to move
Locomotion is not the same as movement, all animals move, but not all animals locomote. Explain.
locomotion is defined as movement that results in progression from one place to another. Animals that spend all or nearly all their entire adult life in one place are called sessile
Why do woodlice prefer damp environments?
They are prone to losing water easily via evaporation due to their outer skin being very permeable. This is why they prefer to remain in damp environments
Why do woodlice prefer dark conditions?
So moisture cannot disappear due to light
The main parts of the brain involved with memory are
the amygdala, the hippocampus, (the cerebellum)
Which hormone allows someones to show enhanced strength or ability in an emergency?
Adrenaline
Structures involved in temperature regulation
Sweat glands of the dermis, capillaries (blood vessel), erector muscle
Function of the choroid layer in the eye
Maintain shape and provide nutrients for the retina
What is moulting?
shed old feathers, hair, or skin to make way for a new growth
What it the correct order of the following:
- repair of the uterus lining
- ovulation
- shredding of the uterus lining
- development of the Graafian follicle
- development of the Graafian follicle
- shredding of the uterus lining
- ovulation
- repair of the uterus lining
What part of the flower is responsible for making male gametes?
Anthers
Small, light, odorless and smooth pollen grains are carried by
Wind
Purpose of contraception
Contraception aims to prevent pregnancy, stop sperm from fertilizing an egg
Where does meiosis occur?
In a developing embryo
Ecological implications of genetic engineering
Loss of biodiversity
How can hypertension be treated/controlled
Low salt intake and exercise
Why is abuse of prescription drugs considered a disease?
It affects the functioning of the body
Signs of AIDS
Skin rashes, weight loss, tiredness, night sweats, sores, diarrhea
What kind of immunity is being given antiserum?
Natural active immunity
What is a community?
A group of different organisms living in the same place at the same time is known as a
The mark, release, capture technique can be described as
capture a small number of individuals, put a harmless mark on them, and release them back into the population. … Mark more individuals and try again. The marking technique must not harm the individual or affect its survival by predation
Name some example of renewable energy
Solar, wind, biomass
Practices that help conserve the environment
Crop rotation, reafforestation, using natural fertilizers
What would be the effect of the air if trees in a specific area were ‘wiped out’?
CO2 would increase
What is the net venation of a leaf
Netted venation is a form of leaf venation composed of veins arranged in a net-like pattern
What is specialization?
Variation in cellular structure found in any organism
What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is the balanced chemical equation for respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Which parts of a flowering plant contain chloroplasts?
Mesophyll layer, guard cells
Poor night vision and bleeding gums are indications that an individual lacks
Vitamin C and A
Part of the gut which bile empties
Duodenum
Features associated with the diffusion of gases
thin wall surfaces, good blood supply, always moist, large surface area
Apparatus and material needed for the experiment for aerobic respiration
Air, soda lime, lime water (calcium hydroxide), jar, black cloth, filter
Characteristics of white blood cells
different types of cells, nucleus, NO cell wall
Why does an amoeba not need a transport system?
because the transportation of gases, wastes, and food can be simply accomplished by diffusion and cytoplasmic streaming
Storage organ that characterizes an Irish potato
Root tuber
Why is excretion important in living organisms
To get rid of excess material which can poison these living organisms
The glomerular filtrate contains
Salt, water, urea, glucose
What can cause improper functioning of the eye
- Weak ciliary muscles
- Lack of vitamin A
- Hemophilia
- Weak ciliary muscles
- Lack of vitamin A
Location of the Pituitary gland
Brain
Location of the adrenal gland
top of both kidneys
Location of the thyroid gland
at the front of the neck just below the Adam’s apple (larynx)
Which method of contraception provides protection from disease and pregnancy
Condom
Plants grown under the same conditions and then identical ones appearing next to them. This is because…
They may have been self pollinated
Do males or females produce gametes for a longer period of time
Males
What is discontinuous variation. Give an example.
characteristic of any species with only a limited number of possible values shows discontinuous variation.
Examples: blood group, color, presence of horns, wings
What term refers to the visible characteristics of living organisms
Phenotype
What is artificial selection
ability to develop many species of plants and animals with beneficial characteristics
Where does mitosis occur in a plant
Region behind the root tip
What is a pathogen
An organism that causes disease
Which of the following methods may help to reduce the spread of disease caused by insect vectors?
- Sterilization
- Use of insecticides
- Use of disinfectants
- Use of insecticides
You can reduce your likelihood of getting a non-communicable disease by changing risk factors that relate to your
Lifestyle
Organic fertilizers make nutrients….
available more quickly
What is the correct feeding sequence in a food chain?
producer –> herbivore –> carnivore –> top carnivore
Which of the following are involved in the recycling of nutrients?
- bacteria
- plants
- earthworms
- humans
Bacteria and plants
Test for protein
NaOH + Cus = Violet or Purple colour
Test for starch
Iodine = Blue-Black colour
Test for non-reducing sugar
Benedicts solution = Orange colour
Reasons for placing green plants in an aquarium?
Provide food for animals, provide oxygen for animals, removing animals waste products
What are the reactants of aerobic respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
What feature is most important in r.b.c’s for the uptake of oxygen?
Disc shape
What is egestion?
the act of excreting unusable or undigested material from a cell
Tendons are strong — that attach your — to —
cords, muscles, bones
Ligaments are strong — that attach a — to another at a —
cords, bones, joint
Movement in plants is important for survival because it ensures that…
they move towards water and towards light
Describe the bicep and tricep if the arm flexes
Bicep contracts and tricep relaxes
Sensory ending in the skin is a
- effector
- receptor
- stimuli
Receptor
What is copulation?
animal sexual behavior in which a male introduces sperm into the female’s body
What is the gestation period?
the time between conception and birth, during which the embryo or fetus is developing in the uterus
The reproduction of an amoeba by binary fission is an example of asexual reproduction beacause
two offspring are produced by one parent
Contraception is PRIMARILY used to
limit the size of families
What confirms that a coconut it a fruit?
it has a three-layered pericap
Where does meiosis occur?
the testes of a mammal
What triggers the formation of r.b.c’s
thrombocytes
Two soil components that are derived from the parent rock material are
Sand and mineral salts
Give 5 examples of renewable energy resources
solar energy, wind, falling water, the heat of the earth (geothermal), plant materials (biomass), waves, ocean currents, temperature differences in the oceans and the energy of the tides
When does respiration occur in plants
All the time
Energy is released from sugar during which process
respiration
Plants cells differ from animal cells in their ability to
resist turgor pressure
What type of teeth is best for peeling or removing meat from a bone
Canines
Compare the amount of energy in aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration releases a large amount of energy and anaerobic releases small amounts of energy
Energy in respiration is temporarily captured in
Adenosine Triphosphate
As part of the sequence of the heartbeat, the ventricular muscles contract, the atrioventricular valves close, the atrial valves open, this allows blood to flow from…
ventricles to arteries
A leaf submerged in red ink will show up in which structure first?
veins
Which conditions INCREASES the rate of transpiration
High wind velocity
The primary function of the neural spine of the lumbar vertebrae is to
attachment of muscles
Oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy by
preventing ovulation
A flower with a long style, feathery stigma, long filaments, no corolla and small sepals is adapted for
Cross-pollination and pollination by the wind
Where does mitosis occur in a plant
the region behind the root tip
A pathogen belongs to which group of disease
infectious
Name some of the NATURAL ways the body can protect itself against infection
blood clotting, action of phagocytes, production of antibodies
What is the line transect sampling method?
a series of lines is distributed according to some design
The more brighter and attractive the organism indicates it may be more
poisonous
the process which food is carried through the alimentary canal is known as
peristalsis
Substances needed for the formation of bones
Calcium and vitamin D
Function of ATP
transfers energy
As an organism increases in size, the process of diffusion limits the transportation of substances because
the surface area to volume decreases
Plants with vegetative storage organs
Potatoes, ginger, carrot
Through which process does the body get rid of nitrogenic waste
excretion
Adaptions in plants used to conserve water
small leaves, thorns, cuticle thinkens
Name some axial skeletons parts
Skull, vertebral column, ribs
Name some appendicular skeletons parts
humerus, femur, pelvic girdle
What type of lens will correct short-sightedness
Concave
Which part of the brain would be used to solve a mathematical problem
Cerebrum
What is a dicotyledonous seed?
has a pair of leaves, or cotyledons, in the embryo of the seed.
Wind dispersed seeds have feathery leave which allow them to ..
be taken great distances
The production of gametes during the process of meiosis can lead to
variation in a population
A characteristic is said to be sex linked if it is
carried on the sex chromosomes
Why might there be more green grasshoppers in green grass than brown grass
Camouflaging protects them from predators
If a diploid organism has two different alleles for the same gene, it is describes as being
heterozygous
What type of disease is anaemia?
Nutritional deficiency
What type of disease is diabetes?
Physiological
Symptoms that indicate abuse of alcohol
Vasodilation, loss of consciousness, impaired mental functioning
Implications of disease in agricultural crops
loss of jobs, lower income for government, higher food import cost
What dos the term habitat mean?
the place a particular organism lives
Which organism makes solar energy available for other organisms?
Producers
Is a mushroom a producer or composer? Explain.
Mushrooms, as we’ve seen, absorb nutrients from the organic matter they break down as they’re incapable of producing their own food. They consume but they do not produce, which makes them heterotrophs
Function of membrane
Osmatic control
Function of nucleus
nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell , hereditary materials
Function of mitochondrion
produce the energy necessary for the cell’s survival and functioning, release of energy
Sodium hydroxide and weak copper sulphate will produce a violet colour with molecules of
protein
What is starch?
a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers
Characteristics of enzymes
- Enzymes are proteins despite some break fown proteins
- Inactive by high temps. since protein molecules are damaged by heat
- They work best at a particular temp.
- They work best at a particular pH.
- They are catalyst, therefore they aren’t changed and are reused
- They are specific which means each enzyme will only catalyse with one specific type of chemical reaction.
West indian cherries a re rich in vitamin C and therefore are good for
absorption of iron and prevention of bleeding gums
Cigarette smoking makes it difficult for air t get to the lungs, this is MOST likely due to
constriction of the bronchioles
Which process accounts for the movement of oxygen across a respiratory surface?
Diffusion
Large organisms CANNOT depend solely on diffusion for the uptake and transport of gases. This is because as organisms get larger
surface area to volume ratio increases
The structure of r.b.c’s allows them to
squeeze through tiny blood vessels and absorb large amounts of oxygen
