GEOG1280 Midterm 2 Flashcards
Fossil Fuel
an energy source formed from the residue of plants and animal buried millions of years ago.
The threee principal fossil fuels:
coal, petroleum, and natural gas
Before the widespread use of fossil fuels, the most important source of energy was
biomass
Renewable resource
produce in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans (infinite)
Nonrenewable resource
produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans (finite)
Supply
the quantity of something that producers have available for sale
Demand
the quantity that people wish to consume of energy are in developed countries
Demand for energy in the United States comes from four main sources:
Industry (daily factories), Transportation, Homes, Services
China has recently surpassed the United States as the world leader for
the overall consumption of energy
Distribution of coal
because of drifting continents, todays main reserves of coal are in mid-latitude countries rather than in the tropics
Why is coal typically found at mid-latitudes and not evenly distributed across the globe?
Coal was formed in the tropical regions a long time ago and relocated to the mid-latitudes due to continental drift.
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
made for more control on oil prices
Proven reserve
the supply of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered (last 54 years)
Potential reserve
the supply in deposits that are undiscovered but thought to exist (last 110 years)
Which four nations have the largest proven reserves of coal?
China, Russia, Australia, and the United States
Hydraulic fracturing
which involves pumping a lot of water at high pressure into the ground to further break apart rocks and thereby release more trapped gas
Nuclear Power
10% of the world’s electricity, nonrenewable, viewed as an alternative to fossil fuels
The countries that are most dependent upon nuclear power are clustered in
Europe
Serious challenges nuclear power presents
Radioactive waste, nuclear weapons, and accidents
Biomass fuel
derived from burning wood, plant material, and animal waste directly or converting them charcoal, alcohol, or methane gas
Hydroelectric power
generating electricity from the movement of water
The second most popular source of energy
Hydro-electric
Hydris benefits and drawbacks
benefits:
-renewable, a lot less pollution
drawbacks:
-expensive to build, aquatic ecosystem can be affected along with life, soil erosion, relocating people due to floods, overuse of water in areas that require water
Geothermal energy
energy from hot water or steam
Where is an optimal location to generate geothermal energy?
plate boundaries where volcanism is present
Solar energy currently generates
around 3 percent of the world’s electricity
Passive solar energy system
collects energy without the use of mechanical devices
Active solar energy system
collects solar radiation through the use of mechanical devices and converts the solar radiation either to heat energy or to electricity
Photovoltaic cells
in a direct active solar energy system, solar radiation is collected through these cells
Air pollution
concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air
Photochemical smog
in the presence of sunlight, hydrocarbons, as well as nitrogen oxides
Acid deposition
at the regional scale, air pollution may damage a region’s vegetation and water supply
Acid precipitation
sulfur oxides and nirogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere, and lead to this
Ozone
a gas that absorbs ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Earth’s protective ozone layer is threatened by manufactured chemicals
Greenhouse effect
The increase in Earth’s temperature, caused by carbon dioxide trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface
Nonconsumptive
if the water is returned to nature as a liquid
Consumptive
if the water is evaporated
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
constituted by the oxygen consumed by the decomposing organic wate
Point Source Pollution
enters a body of water at a specific location
Nonpoint Source Pollution
comes from a large, diffuse area
The average American produces how many pounds of solid waste per day?
5 pounds
The most common strategy for solid waste disposal in the United States is
burial in a sanitary landfill
Recycling
the separation, collection, processing , marketing and reuse of the unwanted material.
Remanufacturing
the rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts
What European nation is a leader in recycling, with almost 67% of all solid waste recycled?
Germany
Recycling is carried out in four principal ways
Curbside programs, drop-off centers, buy-back centres, and deposit programs
Circular Economy
Process in which you don’t use new raw materials (re-use materials)
(Emphasis for exam) Nothing goes to waste (landfill)
Technical and Biological materials
Substitution and dematerialisation
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
process that involved capturing waste carbon dioxide, transporting it to a storage site depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere
What is the core disadvantage of a fully electric vehicle?
They must be frequently recharged.
Conservation
the sustainable management of natural resources to meet human needs
Preservation
the maintenance of resources in their present condition with as little human impact on resources as possible
Name the Commission and Report that clearly defined the concept of sustainable development. What is the definition?
Brundtland Commission; Our Common Future
Urban Settlements
A municipality or central city (or simply city) is an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.
Urban Area
consists of a central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs.
Urbanized area
has at least 50,000 inhabitants
Urban Cluster
has between 2,500 and 50k inhabitants.
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
includes an urbanized area; the county within which the central city is located; and adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents work in the central city’s county.
Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA)
urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties tied to the city.
Megalopolis
Collection of the adjacent or overlapping metropolitan areas that merge into a continuous urban region
core-based statistical area (CBSA)
any one metro or micropolitan statistical area.
combined statistical area (CSA)
two or more contiguous CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns.
Central Business District (CBD)
know to regular people as downtown, CBD in smaller places means there’s probably only one
Concentric Zone Model
created in 1923 by sociologist Ernest Burgess, a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, like the growth rings of a tree.
Sector Model
developed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt, a city develops in a series of sectors.
City
complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities occur.
Galactic Model (or peripheral model)
developed by Harris in 1960, an urban area consists of a city surrounded by large suburban residential and service nodes tied together by a beltway or ring road.
Edge City
a node of consumer and business services around the beltway
Social Area Analisis
The study of where people of varying living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area
Census Tracts
each contain approximately 5000 residents and correspond, where possible, to neighborhood boundaries.
Informal Settlements (squatter settlements)
which are residential areas where housing has been built on land to which the occupants have no legal claim or where housing has not been built to the city’s standards for legal buildings.
Suburb
A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city
Density Gradient
The change in density between traveling outward from the center of a city, the density at which people lived traditionally declined.
Sprawl
describes the development of suburbs at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.
Annexation
The process of legally adding land area to a city
Smart Growth
Legislation and regulations to limit suburban growth and preserve farmland
Rush Hour
is the four consecutive 15-minute periods that have the heaviest traffic.
Gentrification
The process of converting an inner-city neighborhood from a predominantly renter-occupied area inhabited by people with modest incomes to a predominantly owner-occupied area inhabited by people with relatively high incomes
Developed Country
has progressed further along the development continuum.
Developing Country
has made some progress toward development, though less than the developed countries.
Human Development Index (HDI)
to measure the level of development of every country, the UN created this.
Seven Development Regions
North America, Latin America, Europe, Southwest Asia & North America, Central Asia, East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia
Gross National Income (GNI)
the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country/year
Purchasing power parity (PPP)
adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods.
Gross domestic product (GDP)
measures the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country/year, but it does not account for money that leaves and enters the country.
Primary Sector:
Directly extracting materials from Earth through agriculture or mining, fishing, and forestry.
Secondary sector:
Manufacturing raw materials into products.
Tertiary sector:
Providing goods and services to people in exchange for payment.
Productivity
the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labour needed to make it.
The value of a product compared to the amount of labour needed to make it is known as
productivity
**A baby born today in sub-Saharan Africa can expect to live on average to age 62. What are the two main factors that influence this relatively short lifespan expectation?
Limited access to medical services and public assistance
Adults have spent an average of ________ years in school in developed countries, and an average of ________ years in school in developing countries.
12.2; 7.5
Pupil/teacher ratio:
The fewer pupils a teacher has, the more likely that each student will receive effective instruction.
Literacy rate
the percentage of a country’s people who can read and write.
Inequality-Adjusted HDI
If the IHDI is lower than the HDI, the country has some inequality; the greater the difference in the two measures, the greater the inequality.
The highest inequality is in what region(s)?
Africa and South Asia
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
measures the multiple deprivations in people’s lives using the same three dimensions as the HDI.
Gender Inequality Index
(GII)
The UN combines data on reproductive health, empowerment, and the labour market in a measure of the gender gap
Which country has the highest representation of women in parliament?
Rwanda
female labor force participation rate
he percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home. Worldwide, 51 percent of women work outside the home.
Maternal Mortality Rate
the number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births.
adolescent fertility rate
the number of births per 1,000 women ages 15–19. The teenage pregnancy rate is below 10 per 1,000 in most European countries, where most couples use some form of contraception.
In developing countries, boys complete ________ years of schooling on average, whereas girls complete ________ years of schooling on average.
8.3; 6.9
Gender-related Development Index (GDI)
The U N combines Human Development Index data on income, education, and life expectancy in a measure of the gender gap
Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI)
measures the strength of attitudes biased against women.
GSNI Dimensions
There are 4: Political Empowerment index, Education empowerment index, Economic empowerment index, and Physical integrity index.
Black Market
aspiring businesses may find more profitable sales channels via the black market.
Informal market
knockoff that are sold and aren’t taxed by the usual systems.
Rosrow’s Stages of Development
Traditional society, Preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, and age of mass consumption
The world-systems theory argues all of the following EXCEPT
the line between core and periphery is permanent, and a country cannot change its status
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Investment made by a company based in one country in the economy of another country
Half of all foreign direct investment (FDI) destined for developing countries goes to
China (Hong Kong).
Sustainable Development Goals
- End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
- End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.
- Ensure healthy lives, and promote well-being for all at all ages.
- Ensure inclusive and quality education for all, and promote lifelong learning.
- Achieve gender equality, and empower all women and girls.
- Ensure access to water and sanitation for all.
- Ensure access to affordable, reliable sustainable, and modern energy for all.
- Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment, and decent work for all.
- Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation.
- Reduce inequality within and among countries.
- Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
- Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
- Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
- Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources.
- Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss.
- Promote just, peaceful, and inclusive societies.
- Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.
Planetary pressures-adjusted Human Development Index (PHDI)
modifies the HDI by accounting for two resource factors:
The carbon dioxide emissions per person
The amount of raw materials extracted per person
Fair Trade
international trade that provides greater equity to workers and small businesses in developing countries.
A shirt is made in India which is to be sold on the U.S. market at a retail store. What percent of the American retail price of that shirt will the Indian laborer who sewed that shirt likely receive?
1%
Cooperative
an association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned enterprise.
A cooperative has all of the following advantages EXCEPT
the imposition of tariffs and quotas on their goods when sold to overseas markets.
