GEOG leftovers Flashcards
Animate Power
power supplied by animals or by people themselves.
What is the worse fossil fuel for the environment?
Coal
What is the least bad fossil fuel for the environment?
Natural Gas
The United States is highly dependent on the
three fossil fuels.
When and Why was Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) created?
Several developing countries possessing substantial petroleum reserves created OPEC in 1960 to originally, enable oil-rich countries to gain more control over their resource.
At current demand, proven petroleum reserves would last ___ years
43
Why has OPEC not exerted a higher degree of control over world oil prices?
-Supply in other regions/countries
-Conflict amongst the members
-Influence from superpowers
Variation in consumption come from a combination of:
-Level of development
-Physical Conditions
-Cultural preferences (food taboos)
Around 2.3 billion people in the world were moderately or severely food insecure in 2021, or nearly ____ percent of the global population
30
Food Security
defined as having physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs
Undernourishment
The level of dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity
The greatest challenge to world food supply in the twenty-first century has been
Food prices
Cereal Grain Vs Grain
Cereal grain: which is a grass that yields grain for good.
Grain is the seed from a cereal grass.
First agricultural revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
The Agricultural Hearths
-Southwest Asia
-East Asia
-Central and South Asia
-Sub-Saharan Africa
-Latin America
Columbian Exchage
The transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe occurred as a result of European colonization and trade
Subsistence Agriculture
found in developing countries, is the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family.
Commercial Agriculture
found in developed countries, is the production of food primarily for sale off the farm.
n developed countries, around ___ percent of workers are engaged directly in farming, compared to around 42 percent in developing countries.
3
Where and when did the 2nd agricultural revolution begin?
England in the 18th century (1700s), it led to the industrial revolution
Subsistence Agriculture Regions
-Intensive Subsistence (wet rice dominant/crops other than rice)
-Pastoral Nomadism
-Shifting Cultivation
-Plantation
The two most widely practiced forms of intensive commercial agriculture are
mixed crop and livestock, as well as dairying
The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling is known as
A milkshed
Green Revolution
more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s, which uses higher-yield seeds and the expanded use of fertilisers.
Aquaculture
the cultivation of fish and seafood under controlled aquatic conditions.
Which oceanic region(s) have been hit hard by overfishing?
North Pacific Ocean and North Atlantic Ocean
The two most important crops in mediterranean agriculture are
Olives (primary for cooking oil) and wine (primarily for wine)
Truck Farming
Truck farms grow many of the fruits and vegetables that consumers demand in developed countries, such as lettuce, peaches, and tomatoes.
The source of nearly 90% of the global opium supply is
Afghanistan.
Shifting Cultivation
where farmers shift farming from one piece of land to another.
Slash and Burn
Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris; rain washes the ashes into the soil to provide needed nutrients.
Frequent relocation
Farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years, until soil nutrients are depleted.
Pastoral Nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals
Transhumance
seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
living organism that possess a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
Most organic farming in the world comes from __________
Australia
Conservation tillage
method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff.
No tillage
leaves all of the soil undisturbed.
Ridge Tillage
system of planting crops on ridge tops.
State
an area organised into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs.
Country
Synonym for state
Microstates
states with very small land areas (smallest is Vatican City)
The number of UN members reached _____ in 2011
193
What was the last country to become a UN member?
South Sudan
De facto country
A territory acting as a country but lacking legal recognition, example being Taiwan (The PRC (peoples republic of China), believes that Taiwan is part of mainland China)
De jure
a functioning government that is legally recognised
Sovereignty
independence from control of its internal affairs by other states.
Unitary
most power is placed in the hands of central government officials. (France and China)
Federal
strong power is allocated to units of local government. (Russia, Canada, and USA)
Devolution
the process of transferring or delegating power to a lower level, especially by a national government to local or regional administration.
Where did agriculture first develop?
Fertile Crescent
City-state
sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside
The Roman Empire was fragmented into a large number of estates owned by:
competing king, dukes, barons, and other nobles.
Nation
large group of people who are united by common cultural characteristics, such as language and ethnicity, or by shared history.
Nation-state
state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular nation. (ex. Slovenia, Slovakia. (Should have around 80% of an Ethnic group)
Self-determination
The concept that nations have the right to govern themselves
Multinational state
state that contains more than one nation. (ex. Russia has 185 ethnic groups)
Irredentism
historical claim over a territory.
Colony
territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent.
The UN identifies ____ places in the world that it calls “non-self” governing territories.
17
Territorial waters
up to 12 nautical miles from shore
Superimposed Boundary
drawn on an area by a conquering or colonising power that ignores existing cultural patterns
Subsequent Boundary
established after the settlement in an area and is changed to accommodate developments such as war
Relic boundary
one that no longer functions but can still be detected on the cultural landscape
Consequent Boundary
drawn in order to separate groups based on ethnic, linguistic, religious, or economic differences
Geometric Boundary
based on a human construct such as a straight line or a parallel of latitude
Landlocked state
lacks a direct outlet to a sea because it is completely surrounded by other countries
Perforated State
state that completely surrounds another one (ex. South Africa)
Prorupted States
otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension(ex. namibia)
Elongated States
have a long and narrow shape (ex. Chile)
Fragmented States
includes several discontinuous pieces of territory (ex. Angola)
Gerrymandering
Redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power
Cracking
Like-minded voters are spread across several districts to prevent them from reaching a majority in any district
Packing
Like-minded voters are clustered in one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts.
Terrorism
systematic use of violence by a group (individual) calculated to create an atmosphere of fear and alarm among a population
The Islamic State
terrorist organisation that originated in 1999 and became an affiliate of al-Qaeda in 2004. The two countries they had most control over aka Iraq and Syria.
Democracy
country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office
Autocracy
country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people
Anocracy
country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic but rather displays a mix of the two types
Weapon of Mass Destruction
nuclear, biological, chemical, or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of people or cause great damage to human-made structures, natural systems, or the biosphere
Ethnicity
identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth (ex. Asian Americans)
Race
identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait. (ex. skin colour)
Nationality
identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country (ex. Canadian)
Racism
the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race
As part of the triangular slave trade system, ships bound for Europe carried
Rum and molasses
Triangular (or Transatlantic) slave trade
At the height of the eighteenth-century slave demand, a number of European countries adopted a trading pattern
Sharecropper
works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops
Blockbusting
where real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell their houses at low prices
Redlining
The process by which financial institutions draw red-coloured lines on a map and refuse to lend money for people to purchase or improve property within the lines
Ethnic Enclave
place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area
Definition of ethnoburb
is a suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic group
The lead contamination of the drinking water in Flint, a city in central Michigan, which is predominantly Black, is an example of
Environmental Racism
The hashtag #BlackLivesMatter first appeared in social media in ____
2013
The movement gained strength and widespread support nationally in 2020 following the death of a Black man, ____________, at the hands of a White police officer
George Flyod
Nationalism
loyalty and devotion to a nationality
Centripetal Force
which is an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
The Kurds
have a large population but are divided among enough countries that they are a minority in every one
Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
Western Asia has been the center of long-standing conflicts among ethnicities. Ethnic diversity is intermixed with religious diversity.
Ethnophobia
Fear of people of a particular ethnicity
Xenophobia
fear of people who are from other countries.
Ethnic Cleansing
as a purposeful policy designed by one ethnicity or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas
Genocide
the mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence
What has been a primary agent for ethnic violence within contemporary Africa?
European imposed boundaries in the 19th century with little regard to ethnic distributions created a host of 20th century nations with a large collection of dissimilar ethnicities.
Language
a system of communication through speech.
The world has over_______ current spoken languages.
7000
Institutional
used in education, work, mass media, and government.
Stable
used for face-to-face communications within all generations
Endangered
threatened or dying because it is losing users and may not be retained by younger generations
A language still used by older people but is NOT in the process of being transmitted to younger generations is known as
an endangered language
Language Family
a collection of languages that existed long before recorded history
Language Branch
a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existing several thousand years ago
Language Group
a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past
Two-thirds of the people in the world speak a language that belongs to
the Sino-Tibetan family
Which of the following is NOT one of the four most commonly spoken branches of Indo-European?
Greek
The Romance languages evolved from _______ spoken by the ______ 2,000 years ago.
Latin; Romans
English belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic branch of the ______
Indo-European family
The first speakers of the language that evolved into English were tribes that lived in present-day
Denmark and Germany
Pidgin Languages
a simplified adoption of a lingua franca (ex. Nigeria)
Lingua Franca
a language mutually understood and commonly used to communicate by people who have a different native languages
English is the leading language on the Internet
but a decreasing share of Internet users speak English
Dialect
a regional variation of a language
Subdialect
a subdivision of a dialect.
Standard Language
a dialect widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, and education.
Isogloss
Tracking and mapping a word’s usage boundaries
Creole
a language that forms over time from the mixing of a coloniser’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Mutual Intelligibility
refers to the ability of people speaking in two ways to readily understand each other without prior familiarity of special effort.
How many sign languages are there?
Ethnologue lists 144 sign languages
Which two countries are home to almost 20% of all the world’s languages?
Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
Switzerland place a lot of power in these small communities and that keeps the language diversity. 4 languages:
German, French, Italian, and Romansh
Nigeria’s Capital City?
Abuja
Largest city?
Lagos
How many endangered languages are there?
2,346 endangered languages
A language without known language relatives is a(n)
isolated language
Ethnologue estimates how many languages have become extinct since 1950?
36
Extinct Language
a language that is no longer in use
