GEOG leftovers Flashcards
Animate Power
power supplied by animals or by people themselves.
What is the worse fossil fuel for the environment?
Coal
What is the least bad fossil fuel for the environment?
Natural Gas
The United States is highly dependent on the
three fossil fuels.
When and Why was Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) created?
Several developing countries possessing substantial petroleum reserves created OPEC in 1960 to originally, enable oil-rich countries to gain more control over their resource.
At current demand, proven petroleum reserves would last ___ years
43
Why has OPEC not exerted a higher degree of control over world oil prices?
-Supply in other regions/countries
-Conflict amongst the members
-Influence from superpowers
Variation in consumption come from a combination of:
-Level of development
-Physical Conditions
-Cultural preferences (food taboos)
Around 2.3 billion people in the world were moderately or severely food insecure in 2021, or nearly ____ percent of the global population
30
Food Security
defined as having physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs
Undernourishment
The level of dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity
The greatest challenge to world food supply in the twenty-first century has been
Food prices
Cereal Grain Vs Grain
Cereal grain: which is a grass that yields grain for good.
Grain is the seed from a cereal grass.
First agricultural revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
The Agricultural Hearths
-Southwest Asia
-East Asia
-Central and South Asia
-Sub-Saharan Africa
-Latin America
Columbian Exchage
The transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe occurred as a result of European colonization and trade
Subsistence Agriculture
found in developing countries, is the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family.
Commercial Agriculture
found in developed countries, is the production of food primarily for sale off the farm.
n developed countries, around ___ percent of workers are engaged directly in farming, compared to around 42 percent in developing countries.
3
Where and when did the 2nd agricultural revolution begin?
England in the 18th century (1700s), it led to the industrial revolution
Subsistence Agriculture Regions
-Intensive Subsistence (wet rice dominant/crops other than rice)
-Pastoral Nomadism
-Shifting Cultivation
-Plantation
The two most widely practiced forms of intensive commercial agriculture are
mixed crop and livestock, as well as dairying
The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling is known as
A milkshed
Green Revolution
more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s, which uses higher-yield seeds and the expanded use of fertilisers.
Aquaculture
the cultivation of fish and seafood under controlled aquatic conditions.
Which oceanic region(s) have been hit hard by overfishing?
North Pacific Ocean and North Atlantic Ocean
The two most important crops in mediterranean agriculture are
Olives (primary for cooking oil) and wine (primarily for wine)
Truck Farming
Truck farms grow many of the fruits and vegetables that consumers demand in developed countries, such as lettuce, peaches, and tomatoes.
The source of nearly 90% of the global opium supply is
Afghanistan.
Shifting Cultivation
where farmers shift farming from one piece of land to another.
Slash and Burn
Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris; rain washes the ashes into the soil to provide needed nutrients.
Frequent relocation
Farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years, until soil nutrients are depleted.
Pastoral Nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals
Transhumance
seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
living organism that possess a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
Most organic farming in the world comes from __________
Australia
Conservation tillage
method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff.
No tillage
leaves all of the soil undisturbed.
Ridge Tillage
system of planting crops on ridge tops.
State
an area organised into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs.
Country
Synonym for state
Microstates
states with very small land areas (smallest is Vatican City)
The number of UN members reached _____ in 2011
193
What was the last country to become a UN member?
South Sudan
De facto country
A territory acting as a country but lacking legal recognition, example being Taiwan (The PRC (peoples republic of China), believes that Taiwan is part of mainland China)
De jure
a functioning government that is legally recognised
Sovereignty
independence from control of its internal affairs by other states.
Unitary
most power is placed in the hands of central government officials. (France and China)
Federal
strong power is allocated to units of local government. (Russia, Canada, and USA)
Devolution
the process of transferring or delegating power to a lower level, especially by a national government to local or regional administration.
Where did agriculture first develop?
Fertile Crescent
City-state
sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside
The Roman Empire was fragmented into a large number of estates owned by:
competing king, dukes, barons, and other nobles.
Nation
large group of people who are united by common cultural characteristics, such as language and ethnicity, or by shared history.
