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geog > geog 2051 final > Flashcards

geog 2051 final Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 spheres of the Earth?

A
  • lithosphere
    -hydrophere
    -atmosphere
    -biosphere
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2
Q

what is the solid portion of the globe

A

lithosphere

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3
Q

what is the water portion of the globe

A

hydrosphere

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4
Q

what is the gases that surround the globe

A

atmosphere

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5
Q

what are the living organisms that occupy the globe

A

biosphere

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6
Q

a method for producing new knowledge

A

scientific method

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7
Q

a body of existing knowledge

A

theory

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8
Q

a provisional explanation

A

hypothesis

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9
Q

a set of objects and their attributes that are linked together by a flow of matter and energy

A

system

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10
Q

matter and energy can leave the system

A

open system

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11
Q

the system is self-contained; matter and energy are preserved

A

closed system

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12
Q

whatever is inputted in to the system will either be used as storage or will be outputted

A

budgets

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13
Q

inputs are larger than outputs and storage increases

A

positive budget

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14
Q

outputs are larger than inputs and storage decreases

A

negative budget

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15
Q

inputs are equal to outputs and storage is constant

A

balanced budget (equilibrium)

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16
Q

a fixed balance that is rarely changing

A

static equilibrium

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17
Q

a balance that is constantly changing

A

dynamic equilibrium

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18
Q

systems response to a change in conditions or inputs that acts to influence the initial change

A

feedbacks

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19
Q

system responses that result in positive increases

A

positive feedbacks

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20
Q

system responses that act to reduce environmental conditions and helps the system maintain and preserve itself

A

negative feedbacks

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21
Q

parallels that use the equator as reference

A

latitude

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22
Q

meridians that use Greenwich as a reference

A

longitude

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23
Q

the innermost portion of the earth

A

core

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24
Q

the part of the earth that is very hot, under a lot of pressure and contains solid iron

A

inner core

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25
Q

the part of the earth that is hot, liquid iron

A

outer core

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26
Q

the middle portion of the earth

A

mantle

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27
Q

the plastic layer of the mantle

A

asthenosphere

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28
Q

the ridge layer of the mantle

A

uppermost mantle

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29
Q

the outermost portion of the earth

A

crust

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30
Q

the mantle and crust make up the ____

A

lithosphere

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31
Q

a type of rock formed from cooling magma; broken down by weathering processes

A

igneous rock

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32
Q

a type of rock formed by lithification and sediments

A

sedimentary rock

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33
Q

a rock that is formed by a molecular change due to intense heat and pressure

A

metaphoric rock

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34
Q

large scale movements of the earth’s crust

A

isostasy

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35
Q

the last supercontinent

A

pangea

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36
Q

plate boundaries that move away from each other

A

divergent boundaries

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37
Q

what do divergent boundaries result in?

A

sea floor spreading zone

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38
Q

plate boundaries that move toward one another

A

convergent boundaries

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39
Q

plate boundaries where the plates slide past each other

A

transform boundaries

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40
Q

what do transform boundaries result in

A

subduction zone

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41
Q

areas where volcanic activity is abundant

A

hot spot

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42
Q

a gentle eruption created by magic magma that produces flood basalts and shield volcanoes

A

effusive eruption

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43
Q

a powerful eruption created by felsic magma that produces calderas and neuss ardente

A

explosive eruption

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44
Q

occurs near plate boundaries and is a shaking of the earth’s crust

A

earthquakes

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45
Q

the idea that when forces act on a rock, the pressure builds

A

Elastic Rebound Theory

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46
Q

place in the ground where seismic waves are released

A

focal point

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47
Q

center location of any major disaster

A

epicenter

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48
Q

a scale that measures how much energy is released during an earthquake

A

richter scale

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49
Q

another name for the richter scale

A

moment magnitude scale

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50
Q

a force that results in pulling apart

A

tension

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51
Q

what force causes faulting

A

tension

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52
Q

a force that results in squeezing

A

compression

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53
Q

what force causes folding

A

comression

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54
Q

forces that act in opposite directions and cause horizontal bending in rocks

A

shear

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55
Q

a crack in a rock

A

joint

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56
Q

a particular type of joint

A

fault

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57
Q

faults that are created by tensional forces

A

normal fault

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58
Q

faults that are created by compressional forces

A

reverse/thrust fault

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59
Q

faults created by shear forces

A

strike-slip fault

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60
Q

mountain formation that occurs along collisional plate boundaries

A

orogenesis

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61
Q

the formation of volcanoes in the ocean is what type of orogenesis?

A

oceanic-oceanic

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62
Q

what is an example of oceanic-oceanic orogensis?

A

japan

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63
Q

the formation of mountains along the edge of a continent is what type of orogenesis?

A

oceanic-continental

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64
Q

what is an example of oceanic-continental orogenesis?

A

andes mountains

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65
Q

the formation of mountains when 2 low density plates crash into one another is what type of orogenesis?

A

continent-continent

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66
Q

what is an example of continent-continent orogenesis?

A

himalayas

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67
Q

a large stable block of earth’s crust, forming the nucleus of a continent

A

craton

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68
Q

a fault-bounded area or region with a distinctive stratigraphy structure, and history

A

terrane

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69
Q

difference in elevation of 2 areas

A

relief

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70
Q

what are the 3 topographic regions

A

mountains; hills and low tablelands; plains

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71
Q

areas with relief of more than 600 meters

A

mountains

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72
Q

flattish topography with some elevation and relief less than 600 meters but greater than 100 meters

A

hills and low tablelands

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73
Q

areas where total relief is less than 100 meters

A

plains

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74
Q

refers to a wide range of different processes that break down earth materials over time

A

weathering

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75
Q

weathering processes taht involve mechanical forces

A

physical weathering

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76
Q

weathering processes that involve processes that attack materials at the molecular level

A

chemical weathering

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77
Q

what are the 5 controls of weathering

A

rock characteristics; climate; hydrology; topography; vegetation

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78
Q

what are 3 examples of physical weathering processes

A

root wedging; crystallization; frost action (freeze thaw)

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79
Q

when water gets into the cracks of rocks, and then freezes, cracking the rock

A

frost action (freeze thaw)

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80
Q

the formation of crystals in the crack of rocks

A

crystallization

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81
Q

when roots of trees grow out of the crevices of rocks

A

root wedging

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82
Q

what are 3 examples of chemical weathering processes

A

oxidation; hydrolysis; carbonization

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83
Q

what chemical process results in rust?

A

oxidation

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84
Q

what chemical process strips hydrogen molecules from a substance

A

hydrolysis

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85
Q

an inclined or curved surface that represents the boundary of the land

A

slope

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86
Q

the force that holds a particle down

A

gravity

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87
Q

the force acting opposite to a moving object

A

friction

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88
Q

the force that holds particles together

A

cohesion

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89
Q

the maximum critical steepness of a slope is known as _____

A

equilibrium

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90
Q

the equilibrium of a slope is also known as the ____

A

angle of repose

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91
Q

what are the 3 uses for water?

A

cohesion between particles; lubricant to reduce friction; buoyancy

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92
Q

the zone where inputs are created; the top of the slope

A

waxing slope

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93
Q

zone of accumulation (debris slope)

A

waning slopes

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94
Q

steepest portion of the slope

A

free face

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95
Q

what is the fastest type of mass movement and does not require any water?

A

avalanches and rock falls

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96
Q

what is a relatively fast type of mass movement with lots of water

A

flows

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97
Q

a type of mass movement where water carries mud

A

mudflow

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98
Q

a type of mass movement where water carries bigger material such as rocks along with mud

A

debris flows

99
Q

a type of mass movement that can be either fast or slow

A

slide

100
Q

a type of mass movement when a big piece of hill detaches itself from the hill and moves as a unit

A

landslide

101
Q

an extremely slow type of mass movement resulting in the slow movement of the upper layers of the soil downhill

A

creeps

102
Q

what are the 4 processes involved in the hydrologic cycle

A

evaporation; advection; precipitation; runoff

103
Q

occurs when groundwater is taken faster than it is replaces; water table drops down

A

grounwater mining

104
Q

occurs when pore spaces fill with air when the water table drops down and the pressure compresses the air, resulting in a collapse

A

aquifer collapse

105
Q

landfills and septic systems can leak and flow into water systems resulting in ____

A

pollution

106
Q

the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers

A

saltwater intrusion

107
Q

a land area that supplies water to a particular river system

A

drainage basin

108
Q

a drainage pattern that resembles a tree or root system and is found in many different systems in life (most energy efficient)

A

dendritic

109
Q

a drainage patter where all tributaries are relatively parallel to one another and flow in the same direction

A

parallel

110
Q

a drainage pattern where the tributaries flow away from a central point and occurs in areas with a high central elevation

A

radial

111
Q

drainage patter where tributaries flow in one direction but for a 90 degree angle with the river

A

trellis

112
Q

a drainage pattern that has no logic to it and occurs in places that were recently disturbed

A

deranged

113
Q

type of channel where water flows year round

A

perennial

114
Q

type of channel where water flows seasonally

A

intermittent

115
Q

type of channel where water very rarely flows; arid regions; can remain dry for years

A

ephermeral

116
Q

volume of water moving past a point per unit in time

A

discharge

117
Q

what is the equation for discharge

A

Q = v * w * d

118
Q

wearing down of particles

A

erosion

119
Q

moving of soil / particles

A

translocation

120
Q

mode of sediment transport when particles are deposited somewhere

A

deposition

121
Q

total amount of sediment a river can move

A

capacity

122
Q

size of sediment that a river can move

A

competence

123
Q

material dissolved in water results in a _____

A

solution

124
Q

type of mode of sediment transport that carries somewhat larger materials

A

suspension

125
Q

mode of sediment transport where the material maintains some degree of contact with the bed

A

bedload

126
Q

type of bedload where the material bounces along

A

saltation

127
Q

type of bedload where the material rolls along the bed

A

traction

128
Q

determines how much energy a river system has

A

longitudinal profile

129
Q

when a river’s ability to carry sediment is equal to the supply of sediment

A

graded stream

130
Q

triangular shaped landform where velocity drops at the mouth

A

delta

131
Q

example of delta with river inputs

A

mississippi delta

132
Q

example of delta with waves

A

sao francisco

133
Q

example of delta with tides

A

fly river

134
Q

3 requirements for effective aeolian processes

A

small sediment size; little to no vegetation; arid conditions

135
Q

wearing away of materials

A

abrasion

136
Q

flat-sided stones

A

ventifacts

137
Q

tear-drop shaped landforms

A

yardangs

138
Q

2 examples of abrasion

A

ventifacts; yardangs

139
Q

the removal of fine grain materials

A

deflation

140
Q

depressions created from wind blowing across a surface

A

blowouts

141
Q

2 examples of deflation

A

desert pavement; blowouts

142
Q

dunes move ____ during dune migration

A

downwind

143
Q

the gentler slope of a dune

A

stoss slope

144
Q

the downwind and steep slope of a dune

A

lee slope (slipface)

145
Q

crescent shaped due with horns pointing downwind; forms in areas with small sediment supply

A

barchans

146
Q

straight crested ridges formed perpendicular to the wind in areas with a larger sediment supply and unidirectional wind

A

transverse ridges

147
Q

linear dune with a crest parallel to the bidirectional winds

A

longitudinal dune

148
Q

a dune created with a star shape; large sediment supply; multidirectional wind

A

star dune

149
Q

what are the 2 dune controls

A

sediment supply; wind direction

150
Q

the dynamic portion of the coastal zone that involves transporting sediment

A

littoral zone

151
Q

the part of the littoral zone that begins at water depth where waves are just starting to stir up sediments

A

newar shore

152
Q

part of the littoral zone where wave crash

A

surf zone

153
Q

part of the littoral zone where water rushes up the beach when a wave crashes

A

swash zone

154
Q

part of the littoral zoen that is exposed to air at low tide and covered with water at high tide

A

foreshore

155
Q

part of the littoral zone that is the dry portion of the beach; sandy

A

backshore

156
Q

the change in elevation of sea level that occurs along a coastline in response to gravitational forces

A

tides

157
Q

tides that range from 0-2 meters in depth

A

microtidal

158
Q

tides that range from 2-4 meters in depth

A

mesotidal

159
Q

tides that are greater than 4 meters

A

macrotidal

160
Q

tide that results in the maximum tidal range

A

spring tide

161
Q

tide that results in the minimum tidal range

A

neap tide

162
Q

highest point on a wave

A

crest

163
Q

lowest point on a wave

A

trough

164
Q

the difference in elevation between a crest and trough

A

wave height

165
Q

the distance between 2 successive wave crests or troughs

A

wavelength

166
Q

a combination of wave heigh and wave length

A

wave steepness

167
Q

the amount of time it takes for a wave to travel one wavelength

A

period

168
Q

3 factors of wave generation

A

wind speed; duration; fetch

169
Q

changes that waves have in shallow water

A

shoaling

170
Q

during shoaling, wavelength ____

A

decreases

171
Q

during shoaling, wave height ____

A

increase

172
Q

during shoaling, wave steepness ____

A

increase rapidly

173
Q

during shoaling, wave period ____

A

remains constant

174
Q

the bending of a wave crest when different portions are moving at different speeds

A

wave refraction

175
Q

when waves approach the shore at an angle

A

longshore currents

176
Q

this is generated by a force that disturbs an area in the ocean over a long period of time

A

tsunamis

177
Q

created by underwater earthquakes

A

tsunamis

178
Q

narrow ridges of sand that run along a coast

A

barrier islands

179
Q

this type of protection reduces wave energy and sediment transport

A

hard protection

180
Q

this type of protection mimics natural processes

A

soft protection

181
Q

area covered by ice or partially covered by ice

A

cryosphere

182
Q

inputs of global temperature

A

solar energy

183
Q

outputs of solar energy

A

longwave energy

184
Q

true or false: global temperature used to be colder than what they are now

A

false

185
Q

what does global temperature depend on?

A

greenhouse gases

186
Q

a geological time period that encompasses the most recent 2.6 million years

A

quaternary

187
Q

what is the quaternary period divided into?

A

holocene and pleistocene

188
Q

what is the current interglacial period known as>

A

holocene

189
Q

what is another name for the holocene?

A

age of man

190
Q

a time of warming and possibly caused by climate changes

A

medieval warming

191
Q

a period of time when there were colder winters than those of the 20th century

A

little ice age

192
Q

what time period is made up of glacial and interglacial periods?

A

pleistocene

193
Q

the cyclical movement related to earth’s orbit around the sun

A

Milankovitch cycles

194
Q

what affects the amount of heat on the earth’s surface and influences climate patterns?

A

milankovitch cycles

195
Q

what are the 3 types of milakovitch cycles

A

eccentricity; obliquity; precession

196
Q

a type of milakovitch cycle where earth’s orbit is an ellipse and a complete cycle takes around 100000 years

A

eccentricity

197
Q

a type of milankovitch cycle that deals with the axial tilt of the earth and takes 41,000 years to complete

A

obliquity

198
Q

a type of Milankovitch cycle where earth’s axis wobbles like a top and is caused by tidal forces; takes 26000 years to complete

A

precession

199
Q

glaciers make up __% of the earth’s land surface

A

11

200
Q

what type of glaciers are found in coastal regions with high moisture?

A

humid-maritime glaciers

201
Q

what type of glaciers are found in continental interior areas with dry atmospheric conditions

A

dry-continental glaciers

202
Q

where is snow deposited when forming glaciers

A

accumulation zone

203
Q

what is the snow that has not yet been compressed into ice that accumulates to form glaciers called?

A

firn

204
Q

where seasonal melt and transportation of seasonal ice occurs

A

ablation zone

205
Q

the lower limit of any year’s permanent snowfall that separates the zone of accumulation and ablation

A

snowline

206
Q

when ice melts more quicly than snowfall can accumulate

A

glacial retreat

207
Q

when snow adds more to a glacier than melting and sublimation remove; total volume of the glacier increases

A

glacier advance

208
Q

occurs when the rate of accumulation equals the rate of sublimation

A

stagnant glacier

209
Q

permanent deformation due to pressure and the primary way glaciers move

A

plastic flow

210
Q

when glaciers break instead of flow and occurs in cracks and crevasses of a glacier

A

brittle flow

211
Q

the act of a glacier sliding over the bed due to meltwater under ice acting as a lubricant

A

basal slip

212
Q

glacial movement is generally _____

A

slow

213
Q

rapid movement common in stagnant or receding glaciers

A

glacial surges

214
Q

the mechanical rubbing of ground rock with glacial rock material along the underside of a glacier

A

abrasion

215
Q

ground rocks attack to the base of a glacier as it slides across the landscape and the rocks are removed from the bedrock

A

plucking

216
Q

a huge depression at the valley head created from glaciers plucking rocks from the head of a valley

A

cirque

217
Q

a pyramid shaped peak with jagged edges

A

horns

218
Q

a serrated ridge created as a result of erosion of the interfluve

A

arete

219
Q

a cirque lake created after glaciers melt away

A

tarn

220
Q

a glacial lake connected by a single stream

A

paternoster lake

221
Q

occurs when tributary valleys are left hanging at higher elevation above the valley floor; results in spectacular waterfalls

A

hanging valleys

222
Q

occurs when ice erodes away valley sides and the v-shape valley changes

A

u-shaped valley

223
Q

the furthest position reached by the glacier

A

terminal moraine

224
Q

the position where a glacier was stagnant for a period of time

A

recessional moraine

225
Q

parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier

A

lateral moraine

226
Q

ridges formed in the middle of 2 glaciers; occurs when glaciers merge

A

medial moraine

227
Q

formed from glacial sediments deposited by meltwater outwash at the terminus of the glacier

A

outwash plain

228
Q

material that is deposited directly by the glacier

A

till

229
Q

sediment laid down by glacial meltwater

A

stratified drift

230
Q

flat plain of glacial till formed by an ice sheet detaching from the main body of the glacier

A

till plain

231
Q

lakes formed from meltwater

A

esker

232
Q

created when a chunk of ice gets left behind and outwash gets deposited around it

A

kettle lake

233
Q

small, irregularly shaped hills created from sediment deposits

A

kames

234
Q

teardrop shaped landforms formed of till and ice flows over them

A

drumlin

235
Q

erosional features carved into outcrops of rock and are created as glaciers flow over them

A

roche moutonee

236
Q

what does roche moutonee mean?

A

rock sheep

237
Q

permanently frozen ground

A

permafrost

238
Q

continuous permafrost occurs at ____ altitudes

A

higher

239
Q

discontinuous permafrost occurs at ____ altitudes

A

lower

240
Q

the top later of soil that melts away yearly

A

active layer

241
Q

occasional areas of unfrozen ground in the continuous permafrost zone

A

talik

242
Q

the mixing of soil as a result of freeze thaw; creates patterned ground

A

cryturbation

243
Q

crack in permafrost where water trickles down and overtime freezes and creates a wadge of ice

A

ice wedge

244
Q

formed by large blocks of ice in the ground that attracts water

A

pingo

geog (3 decks)

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