geog 2051 exam 2

Question 1

slopes

Answer 1

a curve or incline surface that represents the boundary of a land line

Question 2

inputs (in terms of a slope system)

Answer 2

weathered material from high cliff base

Question 3

outputs (in terms of a slope system)

Answer 3

material removed from slope through slope failure/mass movement

Question 4

equilibrium (in terms of slope system)

Answer 4

slopes are always working toward the angle of repose

Question 5

angle of repose

Answer 5

the steepest angle at which loose material remains stationary without sliding down slope

Question 6

gravity is always pulling _____ and is the ____ force

Answer 6

straight down into earth; primary

Question 7

driving force pulls particles ____

Answer 7

downhill

Question 8

resisting force hold particles

Answer 8

in place/stationary

Question 9

if driving force is smaller than resisting force, the slope is _____

Answer 9

stable

Question 10

if driving force is larger than resisting force, the slope is ____

Answer 10

unstable

Question 11

when does friction occur?

Answer 11

when a particle rolls down a slope or when the particle is being help into place

Question 12

why does friction occur when a particle is being held in place?

Answer 12

because it is acting as a resisting force, giving it more stability

Question 13

cohesion

Answer 13

sticking together

Question 14

cohesion also acts as a ____ force

Answer 14

resisting

Question 15

____ acts to reduce slope stability because it helps material slide past each other easier

Answer 15

water

Question 16

waxing slope

Answer 16

top of slope

Question 17

free/fall face

Answer 17

steepest portion of slope

Question 18

waning/debris slope

Answer 18

decreasing slope

Question 19

material builds up on the waning/debris slope, working towards the _______

Answer 19

angle of repose

Question 20

mass movements

Answer 20

move material down/off slope

Question 21

type of movements are based on the amount of _____

Answer 21

moisture, speed, and material size

Question 22

rock fall/avalance

Answer 22

fastest type of mass movements

Question 23

what kind of slope is necessary for a rock fall?

Answer 23

nearly vertical cliff or overhanging cliff

Question 24

what slows a rock fall down?

Answer 24

friction with the air

Question 25

what slows an avalanche down?

Answer 25

friction with the ground as particles bounce down the slope

Question 26

what is faster? a rockfall or avalance>

Answer 26

rock fall

Question 27

what is more common? a rock fall or avalanche?

Answer 27

avalanche

Question 28

debris flow

Answer 28

material falling downhill that is completely saturated

Question 29

landslide

Answer 29

a chunk of slope that moves as one unit downhill

Question 30

how is a landslide different from other slides>

Answer 30

landslides move as one unit, material does not get mixed up together

Question 31

how does a landslide occur?

Answer 31

the base of the slope gets saturated and moves down - the upper surface loses the force holding it up, making it slide

Question 32

creeps

Answer 32

upper layers of soil moving slowly downhill (could be an inch a decade)

Question 33

what conditions must be present for a creep to occur?

Answer 33

nothing, creps can occur in wet or dry conditions

Question 34

rock strength

Answer 34

how strong the rock that the slope is being composed of is

Question 35

angle of slope is related to _____

Answer 35

rock strength

Question 36

the stronger the rock, the _____ the slope

Answer 36

steeper

Question 37

what climates usually have cliffs?

Answer 37

semi-arid

Question 38

what climates usually have a more rounded slope?

Answer 38

humid-temperate

Question 39

process balance

Answer 39

relative balance between two systems in the slope

Question 40

weathering limited profile

Answer 40

debris pile is small at the bottom

Question 41

transport limited profile

Answer 41

debris pile goes all the way to the top of the slope

Question 42

slope decline theory

Answer 42

slopes get flatter over time

Question 43

parallel retreat theory

Answer 43

the slope maintains a constant profile over time, shifts with weathering, material retreats parallel to itself

Question 44

slope replacement theory

Answer 44

as cliff face retreats, debris pile builds up (example of transport limited profile)

Question 45

what is the biggest water resource in southwest America?

Answer 45

Colorado river

Question 46

what happens when companies have pumped too much groundwater?

Answer 46

seawater starts seeping in and they have to stop to allow groundwater to replenish

Question 47

what percentage of all water in the world is saltwater?

Answer 47

97%

Question 48

what percentage of all water in the world is freshwater?

Answer 48

3%

Question 49

why can't we just distill the saltwater and use it?

Answer 49

it's very expensive

Question 50

what is "hard water?"

Answer 50

water that has been deep in the ground for so long that it has dissolved materials in it

Question 51

what percentage of water is groundwater?

Answer 51

20%

Question 52

what percentage of groundwater is "hard water?"

Answer 52

50%

Question 53

what percentage of water is on/in earth's surface?

Answer 53

80%

Question 54

what percentage of water on the earth's surface is ice?

Answer 54

99%

Question 55

what percentage of water on earth's surface is resourceful for us? (lakes, reservoirs, rivers, etc.)

Answer 55

1%

Question 56

why do we have water shortages?

Answer 56

because the 1% of freshwater on earth's surface is easily accessible and the cheapest but it is not enough

Question 57

hydro logic cycle

Answer 57

water cycle

Question 58

what changes in state does water go through in the hydro logic cycle

Answer 58

gas, liquid, solid

Question 59

T/F: water is the only substance that goes through each change in state (gas, liquid, solid)

Answer 59

true

Question 60

freezing/thawing is the process of

Answer 60

water going from liquid to solid, solid to liquid

Question 61

evaporation/condensation is the process of

Answer 61

water going from liquid to gas, gas to liquid

Question 62

sublimination

Answer 62

the direct change in state from solid to gas, gas to solid

Question 63

what are examples of water's vertical movements?

Answer 63

uplift, percipitation

Question 64

what is resident time?

Answer 64

the certain amount of time water spends in a reservoir

Question 65

what is the resident time in the biosphere?

Answer 65

1 week

Question 66

what is the resident time for lakes/reservoirs>

Answer 66

approx. 10 years

Question 67

what is the resident time for oceans/seas?

Answer 67

approx. 4000 years ago

Question 68

what is the resident time for ice glaciers>

Answer 68

approx. 1 - 10 thousand years

Question 69

what influences how we can use reservoirs?

Answer 69

resident time

Question 70

what reservoirs do we tend to use the most? why?

Answer 70

rivers; the replenish often so we can reduce their storage

Question 71

what happens if we reduce storage in a reservoir that doesn't replenish often enough?

Answer 71

it would be damaging to the reservoir

Question 72

what keeps the hydro logic cycle flowing, keeping a balanced budget?

Answer 72

excess water in reservoirs

Question 73

how much water does an individual use in one day in the US?

Answer 73

1200-1300 gallons

Question 74

aquifer

Answer 74

body of porous material below the surface that can store water

Question 75

aquiclude

Answer 75

body of impermeable or nonporous material that cannot store water

Question 76

saturated zone

Answer 76

portion of aquifer where pore spaces are filled with water

Question 77

zone of aeration

Answer 77

pores filled mostly with air rather than water

Question 78

water table

Answer 78

top of saturated zone between saturated and aeration zones

Question 79

recharge rate

Answer 79

rate of inputs into the groundwater

Question 80

what determines how much groundwater we can use at a time?

Answer 80

recharge rate

Question 81

unconfined groundwater

Answer 81

open to surface to allow inputs of water over it's entire extent

Question 82

confined grounfwater

Answer 82

aquiclude is above and below aquifer, not entirely open

Question 83

groundwater lining (water table draw down)

Answer 83

where water table has a negative outcome, the water in saturated zone goes down and water table falls over

Question 84

cone of depression

Answer 84

localized lowering of a water table that results from water being pumped out through a well faster than it can flow through the ground horizontally to replace itself (negative local budget)

Question 85

saltwater intrusion

Answer 85

using so much groundwater that it allows saltwater to creep in

Question 86

pollution of groundwater

Answer 86

materials get spread out and concentration is lowered (making it not as toxic)

Question 87

pollution in an aquifer

Answer 87

concentration is higher because it is not getting moved around; pumped water would have to be thrown out or distilled water would have to be