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geog > geog 2051 exam 2 > Flashcards

geog 2051 exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

slopes

A

a curve or incline surface that represents the boundary of a land line

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2
Q

inputs (in terms of a slope system)

A

weathered material from high cliff base

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3
Q

outputs (in terms of a slope system)

A

material removed from slope through slope failure/mass movement

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4
Q

equilibrium (in terms of slope system)

A

slopes are always working toward the angle of repose

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5
Q

angle of repose

A

the steepest angle at which loose material remains stationary without sliding down slope

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6
Q

gravity is always pulling _____ and is the ____ force

A

straight down into earth; primary

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7
Q

driving force pulls particles ____

A

downhill

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8
Q

resisting force hold particles

A

in place/stationary

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9
Q

if driving force is smaller than resisting force, the slope is _____

A

stable

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10
Q

if driving force is larger than resisting force, the slope is ____

A

unstable

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11
Q

when does friction occur?

A

when a particle rolls down a slope or when the particle is being help into place

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12
Q

why does friction occur when a particle is being held in place?

A

because it is acting as a resisting force, giving it more stability

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13
Q

cohesion

A

sticking together

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14
Q

cohesion also acts as a ____ force

A

resisting

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15
Q

____ acts to reduce slope stability because it helps material slide past each other easier

A

water

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16
Q

waxing slope

A

top of slope

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17
Q

free/fall face

A

steepest portion of slope

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18
Q

waning/debris slope

A

decreasing slope

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19
Q

material builds up on the waning/debris slope, working towards the _______

A

angle of repose

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20
Q

mass movements

A

move material down/off slope

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21
Q

type of movements are based on the amount of _____

A

moisture, speed, and material size

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22
Q

rock fall/avalance

A

fastest type of mass movements

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23
Q

what kind of slope is necessary for a rock fall?

A

nearly vertical cliff or overhanging cliff

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24
Q

what slows a rock fall down?

A

friction with the air

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25
Q

what slows an avalanche down?

A

friction with the ground as particles bounce down the slope

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26
Q

what is faster? a rockfall or avalance>

A

rock fall

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27
Q

what is more common? a rock fall or avalanche?

A

avalanche

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28
Q

debris flow

A

material falling downhill that is completely saturated

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29
Q

landslide

A

a chunk of slope that moves as one unit downhill

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30
Q

how is a landslide different from other slides>

A

landslides move as one unit, material does not get mixed up together

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31
Q

how does a landslide occur?

A

the base of the slope gets saturated and moves down - the upper surface loses the force holding it up, making it slide

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32
Q

creeps

A

upper layers of soil moving slowly downhill (could be an inch a decade)

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33
Q

what conditions must be present for a creep to occur?

A

nothing, creps can occur in wet or dry conditions

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34
Q

rock strength

A

how strong the rock that the slope is being composed of is

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35
Q

angle of slope is related to _____

A

rock strength

36
Q

the stronger the rock, the _____ the slope

A

steeper

37
Q

what climates usually have cliffs?

A

semi-arid

38
Q

what climates usually have a more rounded slope?

A

humid-temperate

39
Q

process balance

A

relative balance between two systems in the slope

40
Q

weathering limited profile

A

debris pile is small at the bottom

41
Q

transport limited profile

A

debris pile goes all the way to the top of the slope

42
Q

slope decline theory

A

slopes get flatter over time

43
Q

parallel retreat theory

A

the slope maintains a constant profile over time, shifts with weathering, material retreats parallel to itself

44
Q

slope replacement theory

A

as cliff face retreats, debris pile builds up (example of transport limited profile)

45
Q

what is the biggest water resource in southwest America?

A

Colorado river

46
Q

what happens when companies have pumped too much groundwater?

A

seawater starts seeping in and they have to stop to allow groundwater to replenish

47
Q

what percentage of all water in the world is saltwater?

A

97%

48
Q

what percentage of all water in the world is freshwater?

A

3%

49
Q

why can’t we just distill the saltwater and use it?

A

it’s very expensive

50
Q

what is “hard water?”

A

water that has been deep in the ground for so long that it has dissolved materials in it

51
Q

what percentage of water is groundwater?

A

20%

52
Q

what percentage of groundwater is “hard water?”

A

50%

53
Q

what percentage of water is on/in earth’s surface?

A

80%

54
Q

what percentage of water on the earth’s surface is ice?

A

99%

55
Q

what percentage of water on earth’s surface is resourceful for us? (lakes, reservoirs, rivers, etc.)

A

1%

56
Q

why do we have water shortages?

A

because the 1% of freshwater on earth’s surface is easily accessible and the cheapest but it is not enough

57
Q

hydro logic cycle

A

water cycle

58
Q

what changes in state does water go through in the hydro logic cycle

A

gas, liquid, solid

59
Q

T/F: water is the only substance that goes through each change in state (gas, liquid, solid)

A

true

60
Q

freezing/thawing is the process of

A

water going from liquid to solid, solid to liquid

61
Q

evaporation/condensation is the process of

A

water going from liquid to gas, gas to liquid

62
Q

sublimination

A

the direct change in state from solid to gas, gas to solid

63
Q

what are examples of water’s vertical movements?

A

uplift, percipitation

64
Q

what is resident time?

A

the certain amount of time water spends in a reservoir

65
Q

what is the resident time in the biosphere?

A

1 week

66
Q

what is the resident time for lakes/reservoirs>

A

approx. 10 years

67
Q

what is the resident time for oceans/seas?

A

approx. 4000 years ago

68
Q

what is the resident time for ice glaciers>

A

approx. 1 - 10 thousand years

69
Q

what influences how we can use reservoirs?

A

resident time

70
Q

what reservoirs do we tend to use the most? why?

A

rivers; the replenish often so we can reduce their storage

71
Q

what happens if we reduce storage in a reservoir that doesn’t replenish often enough?

A

it would be damaging to the reservoir

72
Q

what keeps the hydro logic cycle flowing, keeping a balanced budget?

A

excess water in reservoirs

73
Q

how much water does an individual use in one day in the US?

A

1200-1300 gallons

74
Q

aquifer

A

body of porous material below the surface that can store water

75
Q

aquiclude

A

body of impermeable or nonporous material that cannot store water

76
Q

saturated zone

A

portion of aquifer where pore spaces are filled with water

77
Q

zone of aeration

A

pores filled mostly with air rather than water

78
Q

water table

A

top of saturated zone between saturated and aeration zones

79
Q

recharge rate

A

rate of inputs into the groundwater

80
Q

what determines how much groundwater we can use at a time?

A

recharge rate

81
Q

unconfined groundwater

A

open to surface to allow inputs of water over it’s entire extent

82
Q

confined grounfwater

A

aquiclude is above and below aquifer, not entirely open

83
Q

groundwater lining (water table draw down)

A

where water table has a negative outcome, the water in saturated zone goes down and water table falls over

84
Q

cone of depression

A

localized lowering of a water table that results from water being pumped out through a well faster than it can flow through the ground horizontally to replace itself (negative local budget)

85
Q

saltwater intrusion

A

using so much groundwater that it allows saltwater to creep in

86
Q

pollution of groundwater

A

materials get spread out and concentration is lowered (making it not as toxic)

87
Q

pollution in an aquifer

A

concentration is higher because it is not getting moved around; pumped water would have to be thrown out or distilled water would have to be

geog (3 decks)

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